大田条件下模拟UV-B辐射滤减对水稻生长及内源激素含量的影响

对大田栽培条件下人工模拟的UV-B辐射滤减环境对晚稻品种“协优432”的叶绿素含量、株高、内源激素吲哚乙酸(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)、赤霉素(GA3)、玉米素(Zeatin)含量的影响研究结果表明,在正常日光处理组与UV-A滤光组之间叶绿素a含量变化显著;正常日光处理组与UV-A滤光组、UV-A UV-B滤光组之间株高无明显变化。UV-A UV-B滤光组IAA、GA3、Zeatin含量分别比正常日光处理组降低了40.42%、48.60%、36.21%;分别比UV-A滤光处理组降低了36.52%、70.94%、54.54%。单因素方差分析及多重比较结果显示,UV-A UV-B滤光组与正常日光处理组之间IAA、GA3含量差异显著;UV-A UV-B滤光组与UV-A滤光处理组之间GA3、Zeatin含量差异显著。UV-A UV-B滤光组ABA含量比正常日光处理组降低了29.74%,比UV-A滤光处理组降低了5.19%,经单因素方差分析后发现差异不显著。     

Cadmium concentrations in the phloem sap of rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) treated with a nutrient solution containing cadmium

To obtain direct evidence for the translocation of cadmium (Cd) via the phloem, we measured the Cd concentrations in the phloem sap of 5-week-old rice plants (Oryza sativa L. cv. Kantou) treated with a nutrient solution containing Cd. The phloem sap was collected from the leaf sheaths through the cut ends of stylets of the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål.). Cd concentrations in the phloem sap from the plants treated with 10 and 100 µM Cd for 3 d were 4.6 ± 3.4 and 17.7 ± 9.8 µM, respectively. Detection of Cd in the phloem sap indicated that Cd was translocated via sieve tubes in rice plants. Cd concentrations in the xylem exudate collected from the cut basis of the leaf sheaths of the plants treated with 10 and 100 µM Cd for 3 d were 18.9 ± 6.4 and 64.2 ± 14.6 µM, respectively. Cd concentrations in the phloem sap were significantly lower than those in the xylem exudate, indicating that Cd is not concentrated during the transfer from xylem to phloem. To our knowledge, this is the first determination of Cd concentrations in the phloem sap of plants, and the first direct proof that Cd is translocated via sieve tubes in rice plants.     

Cytosolic glutamine synthetase is present in the phloem sap of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The presence of glutamine synthetase (GS) in the rice sieve tube was examined. Proteins in the rice phloem sap from leaf sheaths were separated by sodium dodecylsulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, transferred to polyvinylidine difluoride membranes and immunoblotted with anti-GS1 antibody. A cross-reacting band, thought to be GS1, was detected in the phloem sap. Moreover, the phloem sap contained a significant amount of GS transferase activity. Previous studies have shown that the concentrations of substrates and cofactors in the rice phloem sap are sufficient for cytosolic GS reaction. These data suggest that physiologically active GS1 is present in rice phloem sap, which might convert glutamate to glutamine in vivo .     

Quantification of zinc transport via the phloem to the grain in rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) at early grain-filling by a combination of mathematical modeling and 65Zn tracing

Zinc (Zn) is an essential nutrient for human beings, and most Zn intake occurs through vegetables or cereals such as rice (Oryza sativa L.) grains. Recently, we detected Zn as well as cadmium, which may be partitioned to rice grains, in the phloem saps from the uppermost internodes of rice and in the xylem saps from the cut stems at early grain-filling. To quantify Zn transport to the grains via the phloem and xylem, a mathematical model previously developed for cadmium transport to rice grains was applied. We examined the translocation of zinc into the grains of rice plants at early grain-filling by feeding zinc-65 (⁶⁵Zn) via a root-bathing medium, through culm cuts above and below the flag-leaf nodes, and through the flag leaves. The estimate made using the mathematical model and experimental data for three types of ⁶⁵Zn transport suggests that the grain Zn may be accumulated predominantly via the phloem through two means of transport, phloem transport of stored Zn from the leaves and, more importantly, xylem-to-phloem transfer at the nodes from Zn as it is being absorbed. The Zn transport via the phloem to the grains is more selective than that of cadmium, a non-nutrient element, as also evidenced by the greater transport of cadmium to the glumes via the xylem.     

高空气球搭载水稻种子后代变异的研究

以籼稻品种惠阳珍珠早干种子为材料 ,经高空气球 30km搭载飞行 8h后返地种植 ,从第1代发现较多变异单株 ,从第 1、2代选出的株高变矮、育性降低、穗长增长 3个株系的变异性状在其后代种植过程中稳定遗传 ,与原种比较达到极显著差异水平 ,通过连续 6代种植、田间观察、考种和差异显著性的统计学分析表明 ,高空气球搭载水稻种子能诱导其遗传变异     

水稻雄蕊导管发育研究

本文以水稻粤泰保持系为材料，采用ATPase定位方法研究了单核至三核花粉期雄蕊导管的发育。单核边位花粉期，分化的导管胞质变浓厚、细胞核染色质浓缩、核转变为新月形并出现凋亡小体；此外，导管内物质也可以大分子形式直接撤离。单核边位晚期，雄蕊导管发育成熟。在二核和三核花粉期，导管内重新出现具有ATPase活性的物质，同样的现象也存在于农垦58s可育花药成熟导管中。以上结果暗示水稻雄蕊导管分化存在程序性死亡及非程序性死亡多种途径，水稻成熟导管内具有ATPase活性物质可能是一种普遍现象。     

Asymmetric warming effects on N dynamics and productivity in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Climate warming exhibits strong diurnal variations, with higher warming rates being observed at nighttime, which significantly affects rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth and grain yield. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of asymmetric warming (all-day warming, AW; daytime warming from 07:00 to 19:00, DW; nighttime warming from 19:00 to 07:00, NW, and a control, CK) on rice nitrogen (N) dynamics and productivity. Two rice bucket warming experiments were performed in Nanjing in Jiangsu Province, China, using the free air temperature increase (FATI) technique. The daily mean temperatures in the rice canopy in the AW, DW and NW plots were 2.0, 1.1 and 1.3ºC higher than those in the rice canopy in the CK plots, respectively. The results indicated that the total N accumulation of rice was 8.27–40.53% higher in the warming treatment than in the control during the jointing, anthesis and maturity stages. However, there was no significant difference detected among the three warming treatments. The warming treatment substantially decreased N translocation efficiency, leading to the retention of more N in the plant stems during grain filling. The warming treatment also decreased the N harvest index, N utilization efficiency based on grain yield and N utilization efficiencies based on biomass in both growing seasons. The warming treatment significantly increased the aboveground biomass (9.26–16.18%) in the jointing stage but decreased it (2.75–9.63%) in the maturity stage. Although DW increased the carbon (C) gain by photosynthesis and NW increased the C loss by night respiration, the daytime higher-temperature treatment affected rice photosynthesis and reduced its photosynthetic rate and product. This effect may be one of the primary reasons for the insignificant difference in the aboveground biomass between the DW and NW treatments. In the AW, DW and NW plots, the grain yield was reduced by an average of 10.07, 5.05 and 7.89%, respectively, across both years. The effective panicles and grains per spike tended to decrease in the warmed plots, whereas irregular changes in the 1000-grain weight were observed. Our results suggest that under the anticipated climate warming, rice productivity would further decline in the Yangtze River Basin.     

Positional difference in potassium concentration as diagnostic index relating to plant K status and yield level in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Plant tissue testing is used as a guide for rice (Oryza sativa L.) fertilization and has been extensively used in the diagnosis of potassium (K) deficiency. However, little attention has been paid to the variation in the diagnostic index of K status in different parts of the rice plant. Here, we assessed the feasibility by testing K concentrations of whole plants, leaf blades and leaf sheaths to develop a suitable diagnostic index of plant K status and yield level in rice under different K application rates. The results showed that this research could satisfy the requirements of K status diagnosis, based on the quadratic-plus-plateau relationship between K application rates and grain yield. The K concentrations of the leaf blades and leaf sheaths on the main stem showed differences based on position. Leaf blade K concentrations significantly decreased from the top of the plant to the bottom in the effective tillering and jointing stages. Conversely, K concentrations in the lower leaf blades exceeded those in the upper leaf blades in the booting and full heading stages. K concentrations in the leaf sheath were significantly reduced with declining leaf position except during the jointing stage under high K treatments. Leaf sheath/leaf blade K concentration ratios increased significantly more in lower tissues than in upper plant tissues. Correlation analysis showed that the K concentrations of all sampled plant tissues were positively correlated to plant K uptake and grain yield. However, K concentrations of the whole plant were more useful as a diagnostic index at the effective tillering stage than at other growth stages. Leaf sheaths in lower positions were preferable to upper leaf sheaths and all leaf blades for evaluating plant K status, although their K concentrations were greatly influenced by plant growth stage. Furthermore, this study demonstrated that the ratio between the K concentrations of the first and fourth leaf blades (LBKR_1/4) was grouped into significantly exponential curves (P < 0.01) to describe the relationship between plant K uptake and relative grain yield. Thus, LBKR_1/4 could be an ideal indicator of rice plant K status and yield level, as it eliminated the effects of plant growth stage.     

锌铬复合污染对水稻根系抗氧化酶活性的影响

为了研究水稻在金属复合污染条件下的适应过程,该文就成都平原两种常见的重金属污染元素(锌、铬)对土壤复合处理后,进行水稻盆栽试验.结果表明,锌铬复合污染条件下,在水稻不同生育期,水稻根系3种抗氧化酶(SOD,POD和CAT)活性随锌、铬浓度的增加而表现出不同的变化趋势.在水稻分蘖期,随铬浓度的增加,水稻根系SOD活性和POD活性呈先降后升的变化趋势;随锌浓度的增加,水稻根系SOD活性和POD活性呈升高的趋势;而水稻根系CAT活性则随锌、铬浓度的增加呈一定的降低趋势.在水稻孕穗期,随锌、铬浓度的增加,水稻根系SOD活性呈先降后升的变化趋势,POD活性及CAT活性则呈降低的趋势.在水稻灌浆结实期,水稻根系SOD、POD及CAT活性均呈一定的降低趋势.水稻籽粒产量随锌、铬浓度的增加呈降低的趋势.锌、铬浓度对水稻籽粒产量产生了复合效应,并与水稻籽粒产量有极显著的线性回归关系.这表明水稻通过调节自身的生理代谢能提高对锌铬复合污染的生态适应性,这能为培育适合重金属污染地区生长的水稻品种提供理论基础.     

Combined effects of soil waterlogging and compaction on rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth, soil aeration, soil N transformations and 15N discrimination

 The combined effects of soil compaction and soil waterlogging on the growth of two rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L., cultivars Kanto 168 and Koshihikari) and soil N transformations were studied in pots. Although waterlogging eliminated initial differences in mechanical resistance between compacted and loose soils, Kanto 168 and Koshihikari roots had, respectively, less biomass and a lower porosity if soil was compacted prior to waterlogging. The cause for this was probably established before waterlogging. Redox values showed that upland soils were well aerated. Loose waterlogged soils contained oxic sites, but compacted waterlogged soils did not. Potential denitrification was stimulated by waterlogging and, to a larger extent, by plant presence. Waterlogging lowered potential nitrifying capacities, by competition between plants and micro-organisms for NH₄ ⁺ rather than by oxygen shortage. Compaction prior to waterlogging benefited the potential nitrifying capacity of soils with either cultivar and the potential denitrifying capacity for soils with Koshihikari. Compaction had no effect on nitrification or denitrification in upland soils. N recoveries were low, especially in pots without plants, as a result from sampling strategy and N loss. On day 42/43 after potting, total δ¹⁵N values of waterlogged pots were positive, whereas after 22 days all pots had negative total δ¹⁵N values. Final δ¹⁵N values of plant parts from waterlogged and upland soils were positive and negative, respectively. Although the δ¹⁵N values generally accorded well with the other results, they did not support higher N losses from compacted waterlogged soils than from loose waterlogged soils with plants, as suggested by potential denitrifying activities. Received: 4 February 2000     

水稻间歇灌溉研究: Ⅰ. 水分利用率

The effects of individual and combined additions of urea(100μg N g^-1soil) and insecticide (triazophos at field rate,FR) under different moisture levles of air-dried soil(AD),50% of water-holding capacity(WHC),100%,WHC and flooded soil(FS) on some selected soil properties in a paddy field soil were examined in a laboratory incubation study.The results indicated that after 21-day incubation at 25℃ ，the different moisture levels led to significant changes in the parameters studied,Flooding of soil with distilled waer significantly increased the electron transport system(ETS)/dehydrogenase activity and phenol content of the soil compared to the other moisture levels,while protein and phospholipis behaved differently at varied moisture levels with or without the addition of urea and /or triazophos.Increased ETS activity was observed with N addition at higher moisture levels thile insecticide incorporation decreased it at all moisture levels as compared to the control(moisture only).The phenol contents slightly decreasd and increased with N and insecticide applications ,respectively,The soil protein contents were found to be unaffected among all the soil treatents at all moisture levels.The soil protein contents were found to be unaffected among all the soil treatments at all moisture levels.However,among different moisture levels,reduced quantities of proteins were estimated at 50% WHC ,suggesting more N-mineralization.Lower quantities of soil biomass phospholipids,among all treatments,were recored at higher moisture levels(100% WHC and FS) than at the loer levels,An overall slight enhancement in phospholipid contents with N and small reduction with insecticide addition,respectively,was noticed against the untreated soil.The toxictiy of fertilizer and insecticide decreased as the soil moisture contents increased,suggesting rapid degradation of agrochemicals.     

缺钾对水稻不同品种光合和能量耗散的影响

试验测定了钾敏感型(二九丰)和钾钝感型(原丰早)两个水稻品种在缺钾处理41.d后其剑叶的生长、光合光响应曲线、叶绿素荧光参数光响应曲线和暗弛豫动力学曲线。结果表明,缺钾降低了水稻剑叶的光合作用,显著抑制了生长。但是缺钾条件下导致两个水稻品种净光合速率(Pn)下降的主导因子并不相同。在缺钾条件下,原丰早(YFZ)剑叶的Pn随气孔导度(Gs)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)的下降而下降,但叶绿素荧光参数和叶绿素含量几乎没有变化,说明其Pn下降主要归于气孔的限制。缺钾处理41.d后,二九丰(EJF)在低光强下[500mol/(m2.s)],Pn随Gs和Ci下降,但在更强的光强下,Pn和Gs继续下降,而Ci开始上升,并在1200mol/(m2.s)处超越了对照,说明此时主导因子不单受气孔限制,还受非气孔因子限制;它的光饱和点从1200mol/(m2.s)下降到大约500mol/(m2.s);同时,其荧光参数Fv/Fm、ФPSII、qP和ETR随光强上升而迅速下降,而L(PFD)、E和PP迅速增加,NPQ在1200mol/(m2.s)光强下上升,但是在高光强下却迅速降低,甚至低于对照,而且Fm、Fv/Fm下降,Fo上升,均说明缺钾处理可能使光合机构受到了伤害,发生了光抑制。对非光化学猝灭的分析得到其中间组分qNm可能起了更大的能量耗散作用,部分激发能从PSⅡ转移到PSⅠ,降低了PSⅡ耗散能量的压力。以上结果表明,两品种对钾敏感性不同极可能也与缺钾条件下光保护能力的差异有关。     

不同水分处理旱稻农田蒸散特征和水分利用效率

该文通过2001～2004年4年北京地区早稻田间试验,利用农田水量平衡方法计算了早稻农田蒸散量,用微型棵间蒸渗仪测定了不同土壤水分条件下农田土壤棵间蒸发,在此基础上分析了不同水分处理旱稻生长期间的农田蒸散特征、土壤棵间蒸发特征和水分利用效率.结果表明:北京地区早稻出苗～成熟的农田蒸散量为574～630 mm,年际间略有波动;日蒸散强度孕穗～抽穗期最高,平均为9.8 mm/d,该阶段为旱稻需水关键期;在出苗～拔节期间土壤棵间蒸发量占农田蒸散量比例最大,在此生育阶段应采取适当措施降低土壤蒸发无效消耗,提高水分利用效率;限量灌溉处理中以前期适当胁迫,后期充分灌溉处理的水分利用效率最高.     

Effect of methods of application on the efficiency of urea broadcast onto lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Summary We evaluated the effect of different methods of application on the efficiency of urea broadcast at a rate of 100 kg N ha^-1 onto lowland rice (Oryza sativa L. var. SPR 60) in a field experiment conducted on a Phimai soil (Fluvic Tropaquepts) during the dry season of 1989. Analysis of the floodwater on the first day after the fertilizer application showed a high initial concentration of urea-N. Addition of the urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (nBTPT), broadcast with the urea into the floodwater, caused an apparent reduction in the rate of urea disappearance and a subsequent accumulation of NH₃–N in the floodwater; this ureas inhibitor also suppressed the rise in floodwater pH, with a resultant reduction in the partial pressure of ammonia (pNH₃) compared with the unamended urea application. The use of nBTPT did not decrease the N loss from broadcast urea not did it increase the grain yield. Among the different methods of applying broadcast urea that we tested, the broadcast application of granular urea onto drained soil shortly after removing floodwater followed by flooding 2 days later appeared to be a good N management practice, offering considerable potential for improving the efficiency of urea applied to lowland rice crops.     

High-resolution DNA fingerprinting of Indian rice (Oryza sativa L) varieties by amplified fragment length polymorphism

To assess diversification of indica rice, fingerprinting of 42 Indian rice varieties (Oryza sativa L) and one accession of O. brachyantha Chev. et Roehr. was taken up using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). Six primer combinations of PstI and MseI were used for this purpose. On denaturing polyacrylamide sequencing gel, on average 41 scorable AFLP bands were obtained of which 81% were polymorphic. Each variety revealed a distinct fingerprint. Data were scored on the basis of presence and absence of bands and cluster analysis was performed using Dice similarity coefficients. The resultant dendrogram showed four major clusters and traits. Some varieties especially landraces revealed more polymorphism and unique loci. Such study will be a valuable tool for proper choice of parents in mapping populations or breeding programs to produce heterotic several inexplicable minor clusters. Some varieties were grouped according to parentages of the cross while some were grouped according to physiological combinations apart from providing a characteristic fingerprint.     

稻草覆盖还田对水稻氮素吸收和氮肥利用率的影响

以杂交稻“天优998”为材料, 设置覆盖还田和不还田2种稻草还田处理, 4种氮肥处理, 进行了连续2年的田间试验, 研究稻草还田对水稻氮素吸收和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明: 稻草还田显著促进了水稻对氮素的吸收, 其总吸氮量比稻草不还田处理增加13.7%~20.3%, 但对不同生育阶段吸氮量占总吸氮量的比例影响不大。与稻草不还田处理相比, 稻草还田处理的水稻在分蘖中期(MT)、穗分化始期(PI)和抽穗期(HD)叶片叶绿素含量显著提高[实地养分管理(N1)的MT时期除外]。稻草还田可提高氮肥吸收利用率(RE)、农学利用率(AE)和氮肥偏生产力(PFP)。两年平均, 稻草还田处理的RE比稻草不还田处理提高8.23个百分点, 相对提高23.4%, 达极显著水平。AE、RE、PFP与MT~PI期间的吸氮量呈正相关, 其中AE和PFP达极显著水平。RE与HD~MA期间的吸氮量呈极显著正相关。在MT施氮、促进MT~PI期间的氮素吸收对提高AE、RE和PFP有重要意义。创造条件增加抽穗后的氮素吸收, 对于提高RE、减少氮肥损失和面源污染至关重要。     

Identification of genomic regions associated with low phosphorus tolerance in japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.) by QTL-Seq

ABSTRACT

Phosphorus (P) is a major nutrient supporting rice productivity. Improving low-P tolerance of rice is expected to reduce dependence on P fertilizer, thereby reducing rice production costs and environmental impacts. This report describes the mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with P deficiency tolerance in japonica rice. An F5 population derived from a cross of the low-P tolerant cultivar Akamai (Yamagata) and the sensitive cultivar Koshihikari was evaluated for shoot growth under low-P conditions. Then single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) profiles of the low-P tolerant and sensitive bulks were compared on a genome-wide scale by QTL-Seq, a rapid QTL mapping method using next-generation sequencing technology. Results show a major QTL associated with low-P tolerance located on the long arm of chromosome 12. It has been named QTL for low-P tolerance 1 or qLPT1. SNPs were detected in 45 genes of qLPT1 region and the 5 genes were harboring synonymous SNPs, although none of them had been reported as involved in low-P tolerance. This result implies that the novel gene responsible for low-P tolerance exists in qLPT1. This study will contribute to the elucidation of mechanisms underlying low-P tolerance of Akamai and will facilitate the breeding of rice with low-P tolerance.     

Genotypic Divergence in Expression of Zinc-Deficiency Symptoms of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Sand Culture

Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a ubiquitous disorder constraining rice production worldwide. A sand culture experiment was conducted in factorial randomized block design with three replications to study the relative performance of 18 rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes experiencing Zn stress. Modified Hoagland’s solution was employed as the nutrient medium and the experiment was maintained for 60 days from sowing. The genotypes were categorized as efficient (Norungan, ASD 16, Pokkali, Pusa Vikas, TRY 1, and Triveni), moderately efficient (White Ponni, CO 47, ADT 36, IR 8, ASD 20, and TRY 2), and inefficient (ADT 38, PMK 3, CO 43, CSR 10, ADTRH 1, and MDU 5) to Zn stress based on the preliminary solution culture experiment (Sudhalakshmi 2007). Growth performance, dry-matter production, biochemical constituents, and enzymatic activity of rice were measured employing graded levels of Zn (at 0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mg L^?1) and were statistically analyzed using the method of Panse and Sukhatme (1978). The efficient rice genotypes showed minimum reduction in dry-matter production in Zn stress conditions while the inefficient rice genotypes suffered severe reduction. Zinc-efficient rice genotypes were not responsive to fertilizer. Dry-matter production, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, soluble protein, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) oxidase activity can be employed as diagnostic tools to differentiate Zn-efficient and Zn-inefficient rice genotypes in sand culture.     

Selection of efficient vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for wetland rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Summary We tested the response of the wetland rice cultivar Prakash to inoculation with ten vescular-arbucular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi (three selected from the first screening and seven isolated from local paddy fields) in a pot experiment under flooded conditions in order to select the most efficient mycorrhizal fungi to inoculate the rice nursery. A sandy clay loam soil was used as the substrate, fertilized with the recommended N and K levels (100 kg N ha^–1 as ammonium sulphate and 50 kg K ha^–1 as muriate of potash) and half the recommended level of P (25 kg ha^–1 as super phosphate). The inoculation was made into dry nursery beds and the beds were flooded when the seedlings were about 25 cm high, in 15 days. Twenty-eight-day old seedlings were transferred to pots filled with well puddled soil flooded with 5 cm of standing water. Based on the increase in grain yield and total biomass, Glomus intraradices and Acaulospora sp. were considered efficient and suitable for inoculation into rice nurseries.