广元植烟土壤有效态微量元素的空间变异特征及影响因素

为揭示广元植烟区土壤有效态微量元素含量空间变异特征及影响因素,采用地统计学、相关分析及回归分析等研究方法,结合地理信息系统(GIS)技术对研究区土壤有效铁、锰、铜、锌钼及硼等6种土壤有效态微量元素进行分析。结果表明,研究区土壤有效铁、锰及铜含量丰富,总体处于中等以上水平;有效钼含量适中;有效锌和硼缺乏,总体处于缺乏或极度缺乏水平。半方差分析表明,6种土壤有效态微量元素块金系数均在29.72%~67.59%之间,具有中等强度的空间自相关性,其空间变异受结构性因素和随机性因素共同影响。空间分布上,土壤有效铁、锰、铜及钼含量表现出北高南低的空间分布趋势,土壤有效锌和硼含量呈现出西高东低的空间分布格局。影响因素分析表明,6种土壤有效态微量元素与土壤有机质呈正相关,与p H值呈负相关,相关性总体高于地形因子。土壤有机质对有效铁、铜、锌及硼有极显著影响,其空间变异性为5.5%~27.2%。除有效锌外,土壤p H值对其余5种土壤有效态微量元素含量空间变异均有极显著影响,其空间变异性为5.0%~30.4%。土类对土壤有效铁、锰及铜有极显著影响,其空间变异性8.4%~12.3%。熟制和种植制度对6种土壤有效态微量元素含量空间变异的影响较弱,进一步说明研究区土壤有效态微量元素含量空间变异受结构性因素和随机性因素共同影响,但结构性因素的作用强于随机性因素。本研究结果为广元植烟区土壤微肥施肥管理及优质烤烟栽培提供了可靠的参考依据。     

吉林省黑土某些微量元素环境地球化学特征

根据吉林省第二次土壤普查资料 ,对黑土中微量元素B、Cu、Fe、Mn、Mo和Zn的全量、有效态含量、它们在土壤剖面中的迁移分布等环境地球化学特征及其影响因素进行了研究 ,得出如下结论 :①吉林省黑土B、Mn、Mo、Zn的全量缺乏 ,Cu、Fe的全量略低 ;②黑土B、Cu、Zn的有效态含量缺乏 ,其中Zn严重缺乏 ;③黑土剖面中 ,B、Cu、Fe、Mn、Mo、Zn等微量元素全量与有效态含量分布相似 ,均以淋溶层最低 ,表层和淀积层较高 (Mo的全量除外 )。微量元素有效态含量剖面分布中淀积层层次较深 ,表层富集程度稍强 ;④黑土中B、Fe、Mn、Mo、Zn的有效态含量与土壤有机质含量呈显著的正相关 ;B、Mo的有效态含量与 pH值呈显著正相关 ,而Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn的有效态含量则与pH值呈负相关 ;黑土B、Cu、Fe、Mn、Mo、Zn有效态含量与其全量均达到显著相关水平。根据吉林省黑土中微量元素全量和有效态含量分布的特点 ,需施用微量元素肥料 ,增加黑土中微量元素的含量 ,促进该地区农业的可持续发展     

湖北省黄棕壤若干微量元素环境地球化学特征

在湖北省黄棕壤上采集32个土样，研究了微量元素B、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn和Mo的总含量、有效态含量、它们在土壤剖面中的迁移分布等环境地球化学特征及其影响因素。所得结果如下：（1）湖北黄棕壤B、Mn、Fe、Cu的总含量较丰富，Zn的总含量中等，Mo的总含量缺乏；B、Cu、Zn、Mo的有效态含量较缺乏；（2）各微量元素总含量在黄棕壤剖面中的分布均以心土层中最高，而有效态含量均以表土层中最高；（3） Zn、Mo的有效态含量与总含量呈显著或极显著正相关；B、Mo的有效态含量与黄棕壤pH值呈极显著正相关，Fe、Zn有效态含量则与pH值呈显著负相关；除Fe外其他微量元素的有效态含量均与土壤有机质含量呈显著或极显著正相关。     

土壤微量元素含量及其影响因素的研究

论述了临沂市土壤中硼、锌、锰、铜、铁等5种主要微量元素的状况与其它因素的关系。有效硼含量0.09~3.67 mg/kg,平均0.35 mg/kg;有效锰22~572 mg/kg,平均244 mg/kg;有效锌0.15~4.02 mg/kg,平均0.53 mg/kg;有效铜0.09~5.78 mg/kg,,平均1.03 mg/kg;有效铁3.2~162 mg/kg,平均21.5 mg/kg;有效锰2.0~131.4 mg/kg,平均23.4 mg/kg。不同土壤类型的以上5种微量元素有明显差异,其特征是砂姜黑土缺锌,棕壤、水稻土富含铁、铜、锰、锌;成土母质是影响土壤微量元素的重要因素之一,发育在基性岩上的土壤一般含量较高,而由红土母质发育的土壤则含量较低。土壤有机质含量与土壤微量元素有明显正相关关系,其中速效锌、速效硼和速效铜与有机质的关系尤为显著。     

Monthly variation of forage and soil minerals in central Florida II. trace minerals

Abstract

A two‐year study was conducted to determine the trace mineral status of cattle grazing forages (bahiagrass) and soils on a ranch in central Florida. Forage and soil samples were collected every month for two years. Month effect (P < 0.05) on soil trace mineral concentrations were observed in manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) in years 1 and 2, and in copper (Cu) and iron (Fe) only in year 2. All soil trace minerals studied showed higher (P < 0.05) concentrations in year 2. Month differences (P < 0.05) in forage trace mineral concentrations were found in cobalt (Co), Cu, Fe, Mn, molybdenum (Mo), selenium (Se), and Zn. The majority of forage trace minerals were higher in spring‐summer months. Year means were similar (P > 0.05) in forage trace mineral concentrations. Few and low correlation coefficients were observed between and within soil and forage trace minerals concentrations. Percentages of total forage collected with trace minerals below critical values (in parentheses) and suggestive of deficiency were as follows: in forage, Co (0.1 ppm), 93%; Cu (8 ppm), 98%; Fe (50 ppm), 75%; Mn (40 ppm), 41%; Mo (> 6 ppm), 0%; Se (0.2 ppm), 98%; and Zn (25 ppm), 84%; in soil, Cu (0.3 ppm), 77%; Fe (2.5 ppm), 7%; Mn (5 ppm), 91%; and Zn (1.5 ppm), 53%.     

四川西南烟区土壤有效态微量元素含量评价

本文根据川西南主要烟区土壤近200个样本的测试数据，对该地区烟田土壤有效态微量营养元素含量状况及分布规律进行分析和探讨。结果表明：川西南烟区土壤有效Cu、Fe、Mn含量较丰富和极其丰富，有效Zn含量较大面积上缺乏，整个烟区有效B极其缺乏。为川西南地区烟草种植的合理施肥提供了依据。     

Long‐term application of biowaste compost versus mineral fertilization: Effects on the nutrient and heavy metal contents of soil and plants

In recent years the use of biowaste compost (BC) as a soil amendment is of increasing interest. The aim of the experiment was to investigate the influence of different fertilization systems: biowaste compost, annual average of 32 Mg ha^—1 BC (fresh matter) and mineral fertilizer (83:52:95 kg ha^—1 NPK fertilizer) on the nutrient and heavy metal contents of soil and plants. Soil samples (1997) and harvest products (1996—1998) from a field trial (initiated 1992) were analyzed for K, Mg, P, Cu, Mn, Mo, Zn, Cd, Ni, and Pb. The five‐year fertilization with composted biowaste did not influence the total contents of Cd, Mn, Mo, and Ni in soil. The total soil contents of Zn and Pb were significantly higher in soils of the BC treatment than in the unfertilized control. Both fertilized plots tended to have higher Cu and Zn contents in harvest products than the unfertilized control. The mineral fertilization inhibited the Mo uptake by plants. In 1998 the mineral fertilization led to higher, and the biowaste compost application to lower, Cd contents in potato tubers as compared to the control.     

长期施肥对菜田土壤微量元素有效性的影响

利用田间试验研究了长期定位施用有机肥和氮、磷、钾化肥对菜田土壤重要微量元素有效性的影响。结果表明,长期施用氮肥会提高土壤有效态铁、锰、锌、铜含量,随着氮肥用量增加,土壤酸化程度加重,土壤中铁、锰、锌、铜有效性亦随之增强。磷、钾化肥能够提高土壤有效铁、锰含量,对土壤锌有效性不会产生明显影响,在一定范围内可以提高土壤有效性铜含量,但效果不明显。长期施用有机肥对土壤微量元素的影响与配施的化肥种类有关。土壤有效铁、锰、铜含量与土壤pH呈极显著负相关,而有效锌含量与pH相关性不明显,而且关系比较复杂。总之,影响微量元素有效性的首要因素是土壤酸碱度。     

Effects of pasture‐applied biosolids on forage and soil concentrations over a grazing season in north Florida. II. microminerals

Abstract

The experiment rationale was to determine forage micromineral concentrations as effected by biosolids fertilization. We determined the effects of two exceptional quality biosolids on bahiagrass trace mineral concentrations as related to beef cattle requirements. Twenty‐five 0.8‐ha pastures were divided into five blocks. Two biosolids were applied as normal and double agronomic rates. The control received NH₄NO₃. Forages were analyzed for total copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), molybdenum (Mo), cobalt (Co), and selenium (Se), and soils were analyzed for Mehlich I extractable Cu, Mn, and Zn. Some significant increases (P<0.05) in forage Co, Cu, Fe, Zn, and Se were observed at various sampling times, but the increases were generally small and biologically insignificant. Although forage Mo samples from pastures with the Tampa biosolids applied were consistently higher than the control (P<0.05), at no time did they approach levels considered toxic. Similar results were seen in forage Mn concentrations, with treatment Baltimore‐2X elevating (P<0.05) Mn concentrations as well. Deficiencies of Co, Cu, Zn, and Se are common in this Florida region and slight elevations due to biosolids treatment could be beneficial. Biosolids applied at the highest rates improved soil Cu and Zn concentrations above control soils and soil Mn was increased over the control at both sampling times for Baltimore‐2X. In relation to beef cattle requirements, the majority of forages were deficient in Co, Cu, Se, and Zn. In summary, biosolids fertilization slightly improved the micromineral status of forage and soil, without creating toxicity.     

天津小站稻种植区土壤主要微量营养元素的有效量及其影响因素

土壤调查研究表明，天津小站稻种植区土壤的微量元素全量中，Fe、Mn、Zn、S丰富，Cu中等，B、Mo和Se偏低；有效态含量中，Fe、Cu、Mn、S丰富，Zn和B中等偏上，较普遍缺Se，少部分土壤缺Mo。Cu、Mn、B、Mo、Se和S的有效量受全量的影响较大，Fe和Zn的有效量与其全量相关性不明显。Cu、Fe、Mo、Se、S和Mn的有效量受有机质含量的影响显著，pH对Mn和Se有效量的影响明显，水溶性盐含量与Fe、B和S呈显著正相关。天津稻田土壤需要针对性施用微肥、配施有机肥并适当调理土壤酸碱度。本研究对于稻田土壤改良和水稻品质提升具有重要理论与实用价值。     

宜宾地区土壤有效态微量元素空间变异特征及影响因素

为揭示宜宾地区土壤有效态微量元素含量空间变异特征及影响因素,采用地统计学、相关分析及回归分析等方法,结合GIS技术对研究区6种土壤有效态微量元素进行分析。结果表明:研究区土壤有效态Fe、Mn、Cu和Zn含量达丰富及以上水平,有效Mo含量适中,而有效B含量则处于缺乏水平,均值为0.24 mg kg~(-1)。半方差结果表明,6种指标均具有中等强度的空间自相关性,其空间变异受结构性因素和随机性因素共同影响。空间分布上,土壤有效Mo呈现出由西北逐渐向东南递增,有效B则呈现出大块面状缺乏,而其他4种元素总体表现为西南-东北沿线上含量相对较低,沿线两侧含量丰富的分布格局。影响因素分析表明,6种元素与pH总体呈极显著负相关,与有机质和氮素呈现极显著正相关;不同土壤类型对有效态微量元素含量具有一定的显著影响;海拔和坡度与有效态微量元素之间存在显著关系;而6种土壤有效态微量元素均在一熟和三熟制中平均含量相对较高。总体来看,土壤化学性状对土壤微量元素的空间变异作用强于土壤类型、地形因子和熟制。     

山东典型植烟土壤微量元素有效态含量研究

为摸清山东典型植烟区土壤微量元素有效态含量分布情况,采集和分析了临朐、蒙阴、诸城、费县、五莲、莒县6个主要植烟县的烟田耕层和剖面土样。结果表明:①耕层土壤有效Fe和Mn含量丰富,有效Cu含量适中,有效Zn含量较低。②石灰性砂页岩发育的土壤中微量元素有效态含量相对较低。③有效态Fe、Mn和Zn主要为表层富集型,有效Cu垂直分布相对均匀。④土壤有效态Fe、Mn、Cu和Zn含量随pH升高而降低,随有机质增加而增加;pH是影响有效态Fe和Mn的重要因素,而有机质是影响有效态Cu和Zn的重要因素。     

农田土壤有效态微量元素空间预测方法及影响因子定量分析

为深入研究土壤有效态微量元素的影响因素,以重庆市江津区农田土壤为研究对象,利用1 265个样点数据,加入种植制度和母岩类型数据,构建土壤微量元素的虚拟变量回归预测模型,采用随机森林算法,定量分析了分类变量对土壤有效态微量元素影响的相对重要性。结果表明:加入种植制度和母岩的回归模型的拟合度高于普通线性回归模型,对土壤有效铁、锰、铜和锌变异的解释度分别提高了9.20%、38.99%、20.75%和29.96%,并且提高了对土壤有效铁的预测精度,但对提高土壤有效锰、铜和锌的预测精度作用不明显。土壤养分和种植制度是影响土壤有效态微量元素含量的重要因素,种植制度和母岩中,种植花椒、种植水稻和遂宁组发育的土壤对农田有效态微量元素含量的影响相对较大。     

Chemical fractions of copper and zinc in organic‐rich particles from aqueous extracts of a metal‐contaminated granite soil

Abstract

Chemical fractions of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in the organic‐rich particles collected from filtered aqueous extracts (<20 μm) of an acid soil were determined. A sequential extraction procedure was used to partition the particulate Cu and Zn into four operationally defined chemical fractions: adsorbed (ADS), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) oxides bound (FeMnOX), organic matter bound (OM) and residual (RESD). Total extractable concentrations of Cu and Zn in the fine particles were higher than their total concentrations in the original bulk soil. The concentration of particulate Cu was usually much higher than that of particulate Zn. Addition of lime stabilized sewage sludge cake and/or inorganic metal salts markedly increased the concentrations of particulate Cu and Zn in aqueous extracts, especially from limed soil. The proportional distributions of particulate Cu and Zn were quite similar. The two particulate metals were present predominantly in the ADS and FeMnOX fractions, with less (about 20%) in the OM and RESD fractions. Some of the ADS metal fraction was associated with dissolved organic substances. The concentrations of particulate Cu and Zn in the various extractable fractions were significantly affected by the application of lime, lime stabilized sewage sludge cake, or inorganic metal salts.     

Assessment of Heavy Metals in Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) Grown in Sewage Sludge–Amended Soil

The assessment of heavy metals in spinach (Spinacia oleracea) grown in sewage sludge–amended soil was investigated. The results revealed that sewage sludge significantly (P < 0.01) increased the nutrients and heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) in the soil. The contents of metals were found to be below the maximum levels permitted for soils in India. The most agronomic performance and biochemical components of S. oleracea were found at 50% concentrations of sewage sludge in both seasons. The contents of Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, and Zn in S. oleracea were increased from 5% to 100% concentrations of sewage sludge in both seasons. The order of contamination factor (Cf) of different heavy metals was Mn > Cd > Cr > Zn > Cu for soil and Cr > Cd > Mn > Zn > Cu for S. oleracea plants after application of sewage sludge. Therefore, use of sewage sludge increased concentrations of heavy metals in soil and S. oleracea.     

四季柚生育期叶片和果实中矿质元素含量变化的研究

本研究以四季柚为试材,定期测定果实发育周期内叶片与果实的矿质元素含量,研究四季柚叶片和果实矿质养分需求特征与相关性,为树体营养科学调控,优质高效施肥提供理论依据。结果显示,叶片生长过程中N、 P元素含量呈逐渐下降趋势,K、 Ca、 Mg、 B、 Zn含量呈先增后降趋势,S含量总体保持上升趋势,Fe含量呈现先降后稳再上升趋势,Cu含量总体较稳定,Mn含量呈现出先上升后下降再上升趋势; 果实生长过程中,N、 P、 K、 Ca、 S含量呈下降趋势,Mg含量呈现先升后降的趋势,微量元素中Fe、 Mn元素含量变化幅度较小,B、 Zn、 Cu元素含量变化趋势略有不同。叶片与果实之间矿质元素协同吸收作用较弱,而果实与果皮之间作用较强。研究表明,萌芽前应适当增施氮、 磷肥,6月中旬增施钙肥,7月中旬增施钾肥和镁肥,以及重视微量元素肥料的应用。     

小尺度下茶园土壤有效态微量元素空间变异特征及其影响因素分析

  【目的】  开展小尺度下茶园土壤有效态微量元素空间变异及影响因素研究,以指导茶园养分管理和土壤培肥。  【方法】  于2020年,在四川雅安名山区中峰镇面积约2 km2的生态茶园,采用随机布点法布设94个采样点,每个采样点取 0—30 cm 表层土壤,分析土壤pH、有机质以及有效铁、有效锰、有效铜和有效锌4种微量元素含量,用阈值法(平均值±3倍标准差)对分析数据进行异常值处理。采用地统计学与GIS空间分析技术相结合的方法,探讨了小尺度下茶园土壤有效铁、有效锰、有效铜和有效锌4种有效态微量元素的空间异质性,并运用相关性分析和回归分析方法探究其影响因素。  【结果】  研究区土壤有效铁、有效锰、有效铜和有效锌平均含量分别为56.0、28.0、1.2和1.8 mg/kg,变异系数分别为52.59%、89.95%、38.81%和32.90%,属于中等程度变异。有效铁、有效铜和有效锌含量均服从正态分布,而有效锰含量服从对数正态分布。土壤有效铜呈纯块金效应,全局Moran’s I指数为负值;有效铁、有效锰以指数模型为最优拟合模型,有效锌以球面模型为最佳,块基比在36.57%～61.85%,均呈中等空间相关性,全局Moran’s I指数均为正值,且有效铁含量具有极显著空间自相关性。4种土壤有效态微量元素空间分布格局差异较大,有效铁含量呈现南高北低的趋势,有效锰含量随地面坡度的增加呈现降低趋势,有效铜含量斑块状分布明显,有效锌含量则呈现出从研究区两端向中部递减的分布特征。有效铁含量与有机质、pH显著正相关,有效锌含量则与有机质呈极显著正相关,有效锰含量与坡度之间存在显著相关性,有效铜含量则与各因子均无显著相关性。  【结论】  中锋生态茶园土壤有效铁、有效锰、有效铜和有效锌含量总体上均较丰富,均属中等变异强度。土壤有效铜存在空间孤立现象,有效铁、有效锰和有效锌表现为空间聚集特征。茶园土壤有效铁和有效锌含量主要受土壤有机质含量的影响,有效锰含量则主要受坡度的影响。     

Micronutrient Soil-Test Levels and Eucalyptus Foliar Contents

Eucalyptus is the most widely planted forest species in Brazil (～3.4 million hectares). Ongoing rotations and high yields lead to the occurrence of copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) deficiency symptoms. The objectives of this work were to identify the most appropriate extractant for evaluating micronutrient availability in commercial Eucalyptus plantations and to evaluate the influence of soil properties on Eucalyptus foliar micronutrient contents. Soil micronutrient contents were extracted by Mehlich 1, Mehlich 3, and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA). Mehlich 1 and Mehlich 3 extracted the greatest amounts for all micronutrients analyzed. Foliar Cu, Mn, and Zn contents showed significant and positive relationships with soil Cu, Mn, and Zn contents extracted by the three solutions. Soil organic carbon (SOC), soil clay content, and soil pH improved significantly the power of regression models in estimating foliar micronutrient contents. The improvement was greater for Mehlich 3 and DTPA extractants than for Mehlich 1.     

生态环境与施氮量协同对小麦籽粒微量元素含量的影响

【目的】铁、 锰、 铜、 锌等微量元素含量的高低不仅直接关系到小麦植株的生长发育也直接影响到小麦籽粒的营养价值。不同地区、 品种以及种植方式小麦微量元素营养品质不稳定。本试验主要研究不同生态环境与栽培措施协同对小麦籽粒微量元素含量的影响,以期为小麦高产优质生产提供参考。【方法】试验位于生态环境差异较大的北京、 河北任丘和河北赵县,采用裂区设计,以试验点为主区,即任丘、 北京、 赵县; 施氮量为副区,设5个氮素水平0、 90、 180、 270、 360 kg/hm2; 小麦品种为副副区,为济麦20、 皖麦38、 京冬8号、 中麦8号。收获后于每个小区中随机取样测定籽粒样品中Fe、 Mn、 Cu、 Zn等4种微量元素的含量。比较微量元素含量的差异显著性,分析不同试点生态条件与施氮量对小麦微量元素含量的影响,探讨不同生态环境下小麦微量元素含量的稳定性以及氮肥的调控补偿效应。【结果】 1）小麦籽粒中铁、 锰、 铜、 锌微量元素含量受生态环境、 栽培因素及品种遗传因素的共同作用,各试验因子均对其有显著影响。其中以生态环境的影响最大,生态环境差异越大,对小麦微量元素的影响作用越大。降水量可以影响小麦对铁和锰的吸收, 锌则受土壤有机质含量和试点纬度影响较大; 土壤中的钾可以促进小麦对铁、 锰、 铜、 锌的吸收利用。2）在0~360 kg/hm2 施氮范围内,氮肥有利于促进小麦对土壤中铁、 铜和锌的吸收,不利于锰的吸收积累。适当施用氮肥有利于缩小小麦籽粒铁、 锰、 铜元素含量的生态环境变异,提高其生态稳定性,但对锌元素试点间稳定性影响较小。施用氮肥对不同小麦品种微量元素含量差异有不同程度的调节效应,有利于缩小小麦品种间铁、 锰、 锌含量的差异。【结论】栽培环境对小麦籽粒微量元素含量的影响大于遗传因素,即小麦籽粒微量元素含量有较强的栽培可塑性。施氮有利于弥补生态环境或品种差异引起的微量元素含量不稳定性,调节品种差异并补偿生态环境对小麦造成的不利影响。适宜的栽培环境对提高小麦籽粒微量元素含量有明显效果。     

重庆市柑橘园土壤养分现状研究

采集了重庆市柑橘主产区104个柑橘园0~30 cm的土壤样品进行土壤养分状况分析。结果表明,重庆有90.5%柑橘园土壤p H适合柑橘生长;有87.5%的柑橘园土壤有机质含量偏低;土壤速效氮和有效磷缺乏的柑橘园分别占到77.9%和55.8%,土壤速效钾缺乏和过量并存;柑橘园土壤缺乏有效硫、钙、镁、硼、锰、铜、铁和锌的比例分别为24.0%、13.5%、44.2%、92.4%、35.6%、45.2%、41.3%和72.1%;部分柑橘园的土壤有效钙、镁、铁、锰和铜含量存在过量现象,分别占所有调查柑橘园的54.8%、6.7%、21.2%、16.4%和4.8%;除土壤p H与有效硼外,大部分柑橘园土壤农化样的有机质与其他有效养分含量均高于土壤背景样。因此,该区柑橘生产需根据果园所处地形、土壤养分与管理措施等条件合理施肥,建议在柑橘园增施硼、锌肥,同时要控制含微量元素的农药施用量。