化肥减量配施有机肥对土壤有机碳及其组分的影响

为了探究化肥减量配施两种不同黄腐酸钾有机肥对土壤有机碳及其组分的影响,采取盆栽模拟大田种植,以不施肥和纯施化肥为对照,以100%化肥配施100%有机肥、75%化肥配施25%有机肥、50%化肥配施50%有机肥、25%化肥配施75%有机肥和100%有机肥为处理,探讨土壤有机碳（SOC）、可溶性有机碳（DOC）、微生物量碳（MBC）、易氧化有机碳（LOM）和惰性有机碳（ROC）在不同生育期内的含量特征。结果表明：化肥减量配施有机肥各处理有机碳及其组分含量各生育期均表现为：花针期显著高于结荚期和成熟期,其中可溶性有机碳和微生物量碳结荚期含量显著高于成熟期（P＜0.05）;各处理有机碳及其组分含量均表现为：25%化肥配施75%生化黄腐酸钾处理显著高于不施肥、单施化肥和单施有机肥处理,50%化肥配施50%矿源黄腐酸钾处理显著高于不施肥、单施化肥和单施有机肥处理;其中花针期25%化肥配施75%生化黄腐酸钾处理SOC、DOC、MBC、LOM和ROC含量分别为133.0 g·kg-1、284.4 mg·kg-1、269.7 mg·kg-1、30.76 g·kg-1和111.2 g·kg-1,50%化肥配施50%矿源黄腐酸钾处理SOC、DOC、MBC、LOM和ROC含量分别为130.9 g·kg-1、250.5 mg·kg-1、251.7 mg·kg-1、29.86 g·kg-1和110.8 g·kg-1。综上,化肥减量配施生化黄腐酸钾对土壤有机碳及其组分含量的影响整体优于配施矿源黄腐酸钾（P＞0.05）,各生育期有机碳及其组分含量均表现为：化肥减量配施黄腐酸钾花针期显著高于结荚期和成熟期（P＜0.05）,其中25%化肥配施75%生化有机肥处理对提升土壤中有机碳及其组分含量效果最佳,其SOC、DOC、MBC、LOM和ROC含量各生育期分别增加0.15%-13.50%、3.45%-122.11%、15.37%-133.54%、2.56%-60.44%和0.36%-18.80%。     

黄土高原区长期施用有机肥对土壤肥力及小麦产量的影响

黄土高原区长期定位试验麦秸、玉米秸、绿肥、厩肥及化肥等培肥物质对土壤养分及小麦产量的影响结果表明,长期施用有机肥可明显提高土壤有机质、全量养分和速效养分含量,提高土壤酶活性,改善土壤有机无机复合体、土壤水分、物理形状和土壤团聚度,提高调节土壤水、肥、气、热等能力,其中秸秆增产效果最显著。     

生物质炭与有机物料配施的土壤培肥效果及对玉米生长的影响

生物质炭作为一种多功能的土壤培肥材料被广泛应用,但其与传统有机物料的对比及配施研究还比较少。通过盆栽试验,研究了生物质炭与秸秆、发酵鸡粪单施及配施对壤质潮土和砂土养分含量、酶活性及玉米生长的影响,并采用主成分分析方法对3种有机物料的培肥效果进行综合评价。试验设6个处理,分别为不添加有机物料(CK)、添加生物质炭(BC)、小麦秸秆(WS)、发酵鸡粪(CM)、秸秆和生物质炭(WS+BC)、鸡粪和生物质炭(CM+BC)。研究结果表明,各处理均增加了砂土玉米生物量和株高,3种有机物料的提升幅度排序为:鸡粪生物质炭秸秆,鸡粪还可增加壤质潮土玉米生物量和株高。添加生物质炭和有机物料还可提高土壤有机质含量,其中生物质炭的提升幅度最大。此外,3种有机物料对土壤养分和酶活性的影响各异,单施鸡粪分别增加壤质潮土和砂土的碱解氮22.08%和26.67%,速效磷91.92%和53.65%,脲酶活性40.54%和36.94%;单施生物质炭分别增加壤质潮土和砂土速效磷83.52%和89.91%,速效钾79.38%和127.02%,过氧化氢酶活性3.41%和11.22%,却降低了土壤碱解氮含量,且与鸡粪配施后会抑制鸡粪中氮的有效性;单施秸秆分别增加壤质潮土和砂土速效钾49.48%和63.02%,β-葡糖苷酶活性51.86%和59.09%;生物质炭与鸡粪或秸秆配施可以更均衡地提升土壤肥力。通过主成分分析和相关分析发现,玉米生物量和株高与土壤氮、磷供应正变化的第2主成分(PC2)得分呈极显著正相关关系。因此,3种有机物料中,鸡粪对土壤氮、磷含量及相关酶活性影响最大;秸秆对土壤钾以及纤维素分解相关酶影响较大,而生物质炭对土壤肥力的提升作用更均衡,且土壤肥力综合得分最高。秸秆或鸡粪配施生物质炭可以更全面地提高土壤肥力。     

有机肥与无机肥在提高土壤肥力中的作用

以在山东禹城试验区持续近20年的定位试验为依据，对长期施用有机肥、无机肥、有机无机结合等不同施肥条件下的土壤养分演变进行了系统总结。结果表明，在同等施肥情况下，有机肥不但在增加土壤有机营养，改善土壤有机质质量等方面具有极其显著的作用，而且随着年限的增长，在增加土壤速效养分方面，有机肥的效果也逐渐超过无机肥。     

长期施有机肥与缺素施肥对潮土微生物活性的影响

利用中国科学院封丘农业生态国家实验站潮士农田生态系统养分平衡长期定位试验地,研究长期施有机肥或缺索施肥对农田土壤呼吸强度及酶活性的影响.结果发现,与不施肥对照(CK)相比.施肥处理均不同程度地提高了土壤的呼吸强度及转化酶、脲酶与磷酸酶活性;从N、P、K平衡施肥角度比较,施有机肥[OM)与有机无机配施(1/20M+1/2NPK)的效果均显著高于施无机肥(p<0.05);从缺素施肥角度分析,缺P显著低于NPK处理(p<0.05),缺N次之,缺K影响较小.结果表明,长期配施有机肥更有利于提高潮土的微生物活性,长期缺施P肥最不利于保育潮土的微生物学质量.     

Effects of municipal solid waste compost and sewage sludge on mineralization of soil organic matter

This work sets out to verify whether the application of municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) or treated urban sewage sludge (USS) organic amendments efficiently promote organic matter (OM) increases in a Haplic Podzol (PZha) and in a Calcic Vertisol (VRcc). For that purpose, carbon (C) mineralization and C kinetic parameters were studied, using a laboratory experimental incubation setup. The results showed that the addition of the amendments to the soils increased their mineralization capacities, and that the highest C mineralization rate was reached at the end of the first 2 d of incubation. The different characteristics of the soils seem to have influenced the C mineralization rates during the 28-d incubation. The USS induced higher C mineralization than the MSWC, and the PZha soil gave rise to higher C mineralization than VRcc. For all treatments, C mineralization adjusted well to an exponential plus linear kinetic model, suggesting that the organic C of the amendments was made up of two organic pools of differing degrees of stability. With the exception of the application of USS 60 t ha⁻¹, all the treatments increased the OM content on both soils, or at least the OM remained constant throughout the incubation.     

有机肥施用模式对蔬菜产量、土壤化学性质及微生物的影响

在广州市蔬菜集约化种植区连续进行了6茬菜心试验,探讨有机肥施用模式[施无机肥(CK)、无机肥配施国产生物有机肥(BM)、无机肥配施腐殖酸(HA)、无机肥配合淋施复合芽孢杆菌剂(BSP)、无机肥配施腐殖酸并淋施复合芽孢杆菌剂(HA+BSP)、无机肥配施水沤腐熟鸡粪并淋施复合芽孢杆菌剂(CM+BSP)、无机肥配施复合芽孢杆菌剂堆沤腐熟鸡粪(BSPCM)]对蔬菜产量、土壤化学性质及微生物的影响。结果表明,不同茬别菜心产量差别较大。连续6茬试验中,CM+BSP处理菜心产量均为最高且显著高于CK处理,BSPCM处理菜心产量仅次于CM+BSP处理。BM、CM+BSP、BSPCM处理能提高土壤pH,降低连作土壤的酸化风险。随着种植茬数的增加,CM+BSP处理土壤细菌、真菌和微生物总数持续增加,显著高于原始土壤和其他施肥处理,BSPCM处理次之。CK处理土壤中细菌、真菌及微生物总量均比原始土壤下降。在连作菜地蔬菜生产中,在施用无机肥基础上配施适量水沤腐熟鸡粪,并在蔬菜生长过程中淋施复合芽孢杆菌剂,不但可提高蔬菜产量,而且具有培肥、活化和改良土壤生物质量的作用,有利于减轻蔬菜连作障碍,实现集约化蔬菜种植的可持续发展。     

Effects of sugarcane residue and green manure practices in sugarcane-ratoon-wheat sequence on productivity,soil fertility and soil biological properties

In a field experiment conducted during 2002 to 2004 in silty clay loam soil at Pantnagar, India, treatment of trash burning + Sesbania aculeata green manure (GM) incorporation gave the highest increases of 50.6 and 17.7% in ratoon cane yield and 15.0 and 19.4% in wheat grain yield over trash removal and trash burning treatments, respectively. Soil organic C and available N after ratoon and wheat crops were highest with trash removal + GM incorporation and available P and K with trash removal + GM mulch. The different treatments of trash and GM management were also superior to trash removal and trash burning in organic C and available N and P in soil at termination of the study. Soil microbial biomass C and dehydrogenase activity at the end were at a maximum with trash burning + GM mulch and trash removal + GM mulch treatments, respectively. Compared to trash removal and trash burning, counts of bacteria in soil after ratoon and wheat crops were significantly more only with different GM treatments; however, all GM and trash application treatments recorded significantly higher counts of fungi and actinomycetes. Irrespective of the treatments, population of total bacteria in soil decreased, while that of fungi and actinomycetes increased as compared to their initial counts following sugarcane-ratoon-wheat sequence.     

有机替代下麦后复种绿肥的土壤培肥效应

明确夏休闲期种植并翻压不同绿肥对不同施肥处理麦田土壤主要肥力性状的影响,为提高滴灌麦田土壤质量提供理论及数据支持。通过两年的田间定位试验,在3种施肥方式(CK:不施肥、CF:常规施用氮磷肥、OF:有机肥替代20%化肥,均已连续3年)下设置两个绿肥处理(DD:大豆,YK:油葵)及休闲对照(XX),分别在绿肥生育期20、40、60 d测定绿肥植株干物质、养分积累及土壤理化性质。结果表明,2020年和2021年不同施肥处理的绿肥产量均为OF最高,两种绿肥生物量均表现为YK>DD;绿肥翻压第二年,OF-YK生物量为68213.9 kg·hm-2,其地上部N、P、K积累量分别为200.6、64.5、340.9 kg·hm-2;OF-DD收获期土壤碱解氮增加了15.1%,OF-YK收获期土壤速效钾含量增加了6.5%。不同绿肥处理土壤含水量2年均表现为绿肥>休闲;不同施肥处理土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)含量均表现为OF>CF>CK,不同绿肥处理SOC表现为YK>DD>XX,TN表现为DD>YK>XX。2021年与2020年相比,XX处理SOC减少了2.6%,TN减少了6.9%;OF处理2021年与2020年相比,YK的SOC增加了5.9%,DD的TN增加了1.22%。综上,大豆、油葵填闲并还田能够有效改善土壤水分条件,提高土壤TN、SOC、碱解氮、速效钾含量;具有培肥土壤、提高土壤SOC含量的作用;大豆绿肥填闲具有结合减量施用氮肥进而改善农田生态的潜能,有机替代20 %化肥结合油葵绿肥能够增碳培肥土壤。     

Effects of traditional and biodynamic farmyard manure amendment on yields,soil chemical,biochemical and biological properties in a long-term field experiment

We studied the effects of applications of traditionally composted farmyard manure (FYM) and two types of biodynamically composted FYM over 9 years on soil chemical properties, microbial biomass and respiration, dehydrogenase and saccharase activities, decomposition rates and root production under grass-clover, activity and biomass of earthworms under wheat, and yields in a grass-clover, potatoes, winter wheat, field beans, spring wheat, winter rye crop rotation. The experiment was conducted near Bonn, on a Fluvisol using a randomised complete block design (n=6). Our results showed that plots which received either prepared or non-prepared FYM (30 Mg ha^–1 year^–1) had significantly increased soil pH, P and K concentrations, microbial biomass, dehydrogenase activity, decomposition (cotton strips), earthworm cast production and altered earthworm community composition than plots without FYM application. Application of FYM did not affect the soil C/N ratio, root length density, saccharase activity, microbial basal respiration, metabolic quotient and crop yields. The biodynamic preparation of FYM with fermented residues of six plant species (6 g Mg^–1 FYM) significantly decreased soil microbial basal respiration and metabolic quotient compared to non-prepared FYM or FYM prepared with only Achillea. The biodynamic preparation did not affect soil microbial biomass, dehydrogenase activity and decomposition during 62 days. However, after 100 days, decomposition was significantly faster in plots which received completely prepared FYM than in plots which received no FYM, FYM without preparations or FYM with the Achillea preparation. Furthermore, the application of completely prepared FYM led to significantly higher biomass and abundance of endogeic or anecic earthworms than in plots where non-prepared FYM was applied.     

生物有机肥对作物生长、土壤肥力及产量的效应研究

通过7年的生物有机肥试验表明:施用生物有机肥可以使作物保持良好的生长发展态势,促进干物质的积累;长期施用生物有机肥可以显著提高土壤有机质含量与土壤全氮、碱解氮的含量,提高土壤肥力,其中施用生物有机肥15000kg/hm2的处理有机质含量上升的最快,从1996年的1 26%升高到2001年的1 96%。施用生物有机肥可以持续稳定的提高作物产量。施用生物有机肥15000kg/hm2的处理冬小麦年平均产量比常规施肥和对照分别增产1808 14kg/hm2和3652 39kg/hm2;夏玉米产量分别增产2668kg/hm2和5062kg/hm2。     

施用有机肥对土壤生物性状影响的研究进展

施肥是农业生态系统中的重要一环,因土壤生物特性如土壤酶活力、微生物量、呼吸以及生物多样性等对外来扰动的灵敏性优于理化特性而在近几年受到了广泛关注。长期配施有机肥能显著调节土壤营养环境,提高微生物碳氮含量,降低代谢呼吸商值并提高多种土壤酶的活力和土壤生物多样性,为作物稳产高产创造良好的土壤生态环境,而化肥施用的效果恰相反。土壤生物特性的变动关系到土壤质量、农业生产的产量以及生态系统的稳定,本文综述了近几年国内外关于施用有机肥对土壤生物性质影响的研究结果。     

Use of organic carbon and loss-on-ignition to estimate soil organic matter in different soil types and horizons

Summary Loss-on-ignition (LOI) and the organic C content have been used to estimate soil organic matter. Organic matter is often estimated from organic C by applying a factor of 1.724. Several authors have examined the relationship between LOI, used as an estimate of organic matter, and C by simple linear regressions. In the present study, this approach was examined in relation to two sets of data. LOI overestimates organic matter in soils with significant proportions of clay minerals because of bound water, and correcting for bound water gives some LOI: C ratios of less than 1. It is concluded that differences in the nature of the organic matter in different soils and horizons make the simple regression approach unsuitable. More attention needs to be paid to studies of the nature of the organic matter.     

有机无机垃圾复混肥对土壤理化性质与小麦产量的影响

试验研究有机无机垃圾复混肥对土壤理化性质与小麦产量的影响结果表明,与不施肥处理相比,有机无机垃圾复混肥处理0~20cm土层土壤容重降低0.04g/cm3,总孔隙度增加1.51%,>0.25mm团粒结构增加5.10%,自然含水量增加71.68g/kg,贮水量增加153.50m3/hm2,阳离子交换量增加7.03cmol/kg,土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾分别增加1.77g/kg、20.51mg/kg、2.95mg/kg、11.10mg/kg,pH值降低0.07。小麦穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、产量分别增加17万穗/hm2、8.73粒、7.24g、1.53t/hm2,增产率达31.23%。并对土壤重金属Hg、Cd、Cr、Pb富集有明显减缓趋势,且经LSR检验不同处理间差异显著性达显著和极显著水平。     

有机肥替代化肥对土壤肥力和玉米产量的影响

为研究有机肥替代化肥对土壤培肥和玉米产量的影响,在北京市房山区布置田间小区试验,试验设置不施肥对照(CK)、常规化肥(CN)、常规化肥等氮量的有机肥(ON)、有机肥使用量是ON处理的一半(0.5 ON)、一半化肥氮一半有机肥氮(0.5 CN)5个处理.结果表明:有机肥替代100％化肥处理第2年玉米产量降低,降幅5.2％...     

有机肥等氮量替代化肥对土壤养分及酶活性的影响

通过5年定位试验,研究有机肥等氮量替代化肥对玉米地土壤养分及酶活性的影响,探索有机肥等氮量替代化肥,实现化肥减量增效。田间试验设置5个不同施肥处理：（1）100%化肥氮（CK）;(2)25%有机肥氮+75%化肥氮（M25）;(3)50%有机肥氮+50%化肥氮（M50）;(4)75%有机肥氮+25%化肥氮（M75）;(5)100%有机肥氮（M100）。研究结果表明：与CK相比,有机肥替代处理的土壤全氮和碱解氮含量在2019年（施肥第4年）和2020年（施肥第5年）均无显著差异,全磷含量在2019年无显著差异,但在2020年有机肥替代处理的土壤全磷含量均比CK少,其中M50、M75、M100处理为0.89、0.91、0.90 g/kg,与CK相比分别显著减少17.87%、15.24%、16.47%,M25处理与CK相比差异不显著。在2019和2020年试验中,M100处理的土壤有效磷含量为31.03～36.37 mg/kg,与CK相比,M100处理显著提高了土壤有效磷含量;在2020年试验中,各有机肥替代处理的土壤有效磷含量显著大于CK。与CK相比,有机肥替代处理的土壤脲酶活性和磷酸酶活性...     

温度与土壤水分对有机碳分解速率的影响

试验研究温度与土壤水分对有机碳分解速率的影响,结果表明:相同水分条件下,培育初期(1～20d)各处理CO2排放速率较高,相对值表现为35℃处理>25℃处理>15℃处理>5℃处理;随培育时间延长(>20d),CO2排放速率渐趋平稳。相同温度条件下,30%～90%田间持水量时培育初期(1～20d)各处理CO2排放速率初始值较高,之后降低,当趋于某一定值时,相对值大小随土壤水分含量增加而增加。相同温度与土壤水分条件下,CO2排放速率相对值大小随土壤有机碳含量增加而增加。     

施用有机肥对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响

施用有机肥是循环农业的典型措施,能够净化环境、保证食品安全、加强土壤的可持续利用。本文以中国农业大学曲周试验站长期设施蔬菜地为研究对象,试验已进行6年,共设单施有机肥、有机无机配施与无机肥3种施肥处理。结果表明:施用有机肥处理的土壤有机C含量显著高于有机无机配施和无机肥处理107.02%、171.71%;干筛分析表明有机肥处理下的土壤非水稳性团聚体的平均重量直径(WMD)和几何平均直径(GMD)值均显著高于有机无机配施与无机肥65.68%、4.18%和16.80%、8.26%;湿筛结果也表明有机肥处理下的土壤水稳性团聚体WMD、GMD值显著高于有机无机配施与无机肥41.12%、34.78%和77.78%、63.16%;0~20 cm耕层有机肥处理增加了土壤分散系数,而20~40 cm耕层有机肥处理显著降低了土壤分散系数。在蔬菜有机栽培中单施有机肥可增加土壤有机C、非水稳性团聚体、水稳性团聚体及耕层下微团聚体含量,是改良土壤结构的有效措施。     

Long-term effect of chemical fertilizer,straw, and manure on labile organic matter fractions in a paddy soil

To assess the effect of long-term fertilization on labile organic matter fractions, we analyzed the C and N mineralization and C and N content in soil, particulate organic matter (POM), light fraction organic matter (LFOM), and microbial biomass. Results showed that fertilizer N decreased or did not affect the C and N amounts in soil fractions, except N mineralization and soil total N. The C and N amounts in soil and its fractions increased with the application of fertilizer PK and rice straw. Generally, there was no significant difference between fertilizer PK and rice straw. Furthermore, application of manure was most effective in maintaining soil organic matter and labile organic matter fractions. Soils treated with manure alone had the highest microbial biomass C and C and N mineralization. A significant correlation was observed between the C content and N content in soil, POM, LFOM, microbial biomass, or the readily mineralized organic matter. The amounts of POM–N, LFOM–N, POM–C, and LFOM–C closely correlated with soil organic C or total N content. Microbial biomass N was closely related to the amounts of POM–N, LFOM–N, POM–C, and LFOM–C, while microbial biomass C was closely related to the amounts of POM–N, POM–C, and soil total N. These results suggested that microbial biomass C and N closely correlated with POM rather than SOM. Carbon mineralization was closely related to the amounts of POM–N, POM–C, microbial biomass C, and soil organic C, but no significant correlation was detected between N mineralization with C or N amounts in soil and its fractions.     

Crop yield and soil fertility response to reduced tillage under organic management

Conservation tillage (no-till and reduced tillage) brings many benefits with respect to soil fertility and energy use, but it also has drawbacks regarding the need for synthetic fertilizers and herbicides. Our objective was to adapt reduced tillage to organic farming by quantifying effects of tillage (plough versus chisel), fertilization (slurry versus manure compost) and biodynamic preparations (with versus without) on soil fertility indicators and crop yield. The experiment was initiated in 2002 on a Stagnic Eutric Cambisol (45% clay content) near Frick (Switzerland) where the average annual precipitation is 1000 mm. This report focuses on the conversion period and examines changes as tillage intensity was reduced. Soil samples were taken from the 0–10 and 10–20 cm depths and analysed for soil organic carbon (C_org), microbial biomass (C_mic), dehydrogenase activity (DHA) and earthworm density and biomass. Among the components tested, only tillage had any influence on these soil fertility indicators. C_org in the 0–10 cm soil layer increased by 7.4% (1.5 g C_org kg⁻¹ soil, p < 0.001) with reduced tillage between 2002 and 2005, but remained constant with conventional tillage. Similarly, C_mic was 28% higher and DHA 27% (p < 0.001) higher with reduced than with conventional tillage in the soil layer 0–10 cm. In the 10–20 cm layer, there were no significant differences for these soil parameters between the tillage treatments. Tillage had no significant effect on total earthworm density and biomass. The abundance of endogeic, horizontally burrowing adult earthworms was 70% higher under reduced than conventional tillage but their biomass was 53% lower with reduced tillage. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and spelt (Triticum spelta L.) yield decreased by 14% (p < 0.001) and 8% (p < 0.05), respectively, with reduced tillage, but sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) yield was slightly higher with reduced tillage. Slurry fertilization enhanced wheat yield by 5% (p < 0.001) compared to compost fertilization. Overall, C_org, C_mic, and DHA improved and yields showed only a small reduction with reduced tillage under organic management, but long-term effects such as weed competition remain unknown.