长期施磷对土壤磷素吸附演变的影响

Knowledge of phosphorus （P） behavior in long-term fertilized soils is essential for programming fertilization practices and for sustaining environmental quality. The long-term （1984-1997） effects of various fertilization treatments on P changes and sorption isotherms as well as the relationship of soil properties to P sorption and P forms were evaluated in an Ustic Isohumisol, a calcareous soil, on the Loess Plateau, China. Compared to 1984, after 13 years of crop production, total soil P in the no-P treatments （control and N treatment） decreased by 5%-7%, but in the phosphorus fertilizer alone （P）, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers in combination （NP）, manure alone （M）, and nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers and manure in combination （NPM） treatments, it increased by 22%, 19%, 28%, and 58%, respectively. Residual fertilizer P was found mainly in NH4Ac-soluble P （Cas-P）, followed by NaHCO3-soluble P （NaHCO3-P）, and NH4F-soluble P （Al-P）. Phosphorus sorption in the soils with different fertilization practices fit the Langmuir equations. Phosphorus sorption capacity in the no-P treatments increased, whereas it decreased in the P-included treatments （P, NP, and NPM treatments）. Phosphorus sorption maximum （Qm） was significantly and negatively correlated to inorganic P including NaHCO3-P, Cas-P, NaOH-Na2CO3-soluble P （Fe-P）, and Al-P （P ≤ 0.01）. Moreover, long-term fertilization increased soil organic carbon in the NP, M, and NPM treatments and decreased pH in the NP and NPM treatments. Thus, the ability of the soil to release sorbed P to the environment increased under long-term P fertilization.     

Soil micromorphological and physical properties after application of composts with polyethylene and biocomponent-derived polymers added during composting

Composts are considered to be one of the best soil amendments. However, the effects of composts with added polymeric materials on soil physical,hydraulic, and micromorphological properties have not been widely discussed. Changes in soil physical properties influence the numerous services that soils provide. We studied the impacts of composts with the addition of three different polymers(F1–F3) produced from polyethylene and thermoplastic corn starch on the physical, hydraulic, and micromorphological properties of two soils, a Cambic Phaeozem and a Luvic Phaeozem. Applying composts with polymers had limited or no significant effect on soil bulk density and porosity, but increased the field water capacity by 18%–82% and 3%–6% and the plant-available water content by 15%–23% and 4%–17% for the Cambic Phaeozem and Luvic Phaeozem, respectively. The application of composts with polymers had a greater effect on the Cambic Phaeozem than on the Luvic Phaeozem. It was suggested that the use of modified composts led to changes in soil physical properties and micromorphological features and this effect was dependent on the compost application rate. Composts made with the addition of composite synthetic and natural material-derived polymers during composting were found to be a composite mixture that can be successfully used in agriculture.     

长期定位施肥对土壤磷素吸持特性与淋失突变点影响的研究

通过对黄土旱塬地区长期(26a)定位施肥条件下的不同施肥处理的土壤磷素及其吸持参数的测定,以及通过室内模拟试验对土壤磷素淋失突变点的测定,研究了土壤磷素吸持参数、土壤磷素淋失突变点和部分土壤性质之间的关系。结果表明,经过26年的长期施肥,M75P60和M75N120P60处理的Olsen-P含量比CK处理的提高了10.7和9.8倍,全磷(T-P)含量比CK处理的提高了60.4%和57.7%。长期磷肥和有机肥投入可以减低土壤磷素的最大吸附量(Qm),而提高土壤磷素的吸附饱和度(DPSS),M75N120P60处理的Qm比CK的减低了49.92%,而DPSS比CK的提高了21.5倍。相关分析表明,黄土旱塬土壤的Qm与Olsen-P、T-P和CaCl2-P呈极显著的负相关关系(P<0.01),与土壤有机质呈显著负相关关系(P<0.05)。零净吸附浓度磷(EPC0)与Olsen-P和CaCl2-P呈极显著正相关关系,与T-P和SOM也达到显著正相关,而与pH值的关系不显著,但土壤磷最大缓冲能力(MBC)与pH值的关系达到极显著。DPSS与Olsen-P、T-P、CaCl2-P和SOM呈极显著正相关关系。土壤磷素淋失的Olsen-P突变点值与土壤吸持参数Qm呈极显著正相关,与MBC也达到显著正相关,与DPSS、Olsen-P、T-P和CaCl2-P呈极显著负相关关系。该地区土壤磷素淋失的Olsen-P突变点值与DPSS15%的值极为吻合,即可以用DPSS15%值作为该地土壤磷素淋失的突变点值。     

磷素吸附特性演变及其与土壤磷素形态、土壤有机碳含量的关系

在黄土旱塬区长期试验(1985-1997年)中,选取对照(不施肥,CK)、磷肥(P2O5.60.kg/hm2,P)、氮肥(N.120kg／hm2,N)、氮磷(N,120.kg／hm2,P2O5,60.kg/hm2,NP)、氮磷有机肥(N.120.kg/hm2,P2O560.kg/hm2,有机肥75.t／hm2,NPM),种植方式为冬小麦连作的5种有代表性的施肥处理,研究了石灰性土壤磷素吸附特性的演变及其与土壤磷素形态、土壤有机碳(SOC)含量的关系。结果表明,P素的最大吸附量(Qm),1997年对照(CK)、N处理比1985年分别提高了18％和14％;而P、NP和NPM处理分别降低了26％、13％和24％。吸附能常数(k值)随时间延长,对照和N处理相对稳定,P和NP处理呈升高趋势,而NPM处理有降低趋势。土壤磷素吸附饱和度(DPS)和零净吸附磷浓度(EPC0)对照和N处理随时间延长呈降低趋势,P、NP和NPM处理呈升高趋势。Qm与Ca8-P、Al-P存在极显著相关关系(P0.001),与Ca2-P、Pe-P存在显著相关关系(P0.05)。Ca2-P、有机磷含量变化与土壤DPS的相关性达到显著水平(P0.05)。EPC0只与有机磷间存在显著的相关关系(P0.05)。Qm、DPS和EPC0变化与SOC存在显著或极显著的线性相关关系(P0.001)。     

长期不同施肥对红壤性水稻土磷素及水稻磷营养的影响

【目的】合理的土壤磷素管理对作物生产和环境保护具有重要意义。南方双季稻田土壤磷素特征及磷素吸收信息相对缺乏,本文利用江西省稻田土壤质量演变定位监测试验为平台,系统分析长期不同施肥措施下土壤全磷、磷活化系数及水稻磷素吸收量的变化特征和全磷与磷盈亏的响应关系等,为指导磷肥合理施用提供重要科学依据。【方法】从1984年开始在江西省南昌市进行长期定位试验,设置8个处理,分别为不施肥对照(CK),PK、NP、NK、NPK、70%化肥氮+30%有机肥氮(70F+30M)、50%化肥氮+50%有机肥氮(50F+50M)、30%化肥氮+70%有机肥氮(30F+70M)。早稻施用纯N、P2O5和K2O量分别为150、60和150 kg/hm^2,晚稻分别为180、60和150 kg/hm^2。早、晚稻施用的氮、磷、钾化肥均分别为尿素、过磷酸钙和氯化钾,有机肥分别为紫云英(N、P2O5、K2O含量分别为0.30%、0.08%、0.23%)和腐熟猪粪(N、P2O5、K2O含量分别为0.45%、0.19%、0.60%)。除30F+70M处理,其余处理均为等氮磷钾设计。于1984-2012年每年早、晚稻收获期采集秸秆和稻谷计产,并于晚稻收获后,测定土壤全磷和有效磷含量。分析土壤全磷、磷活化系数(PAC)及早、晚稻磷素吸收量随种植年限的变化规律,研究土壤全磷含量与磷累积盈亏的响应关系。【结果】经29年连续试验,NK处理土壤全磷含量以每年4.6 mg/kg的速度下降,而含磷化肥处理土壤全磷含量升高速率为3.3~19.4 mg/(kg·a)。有机无机配施处理(70F+30M、50F+50M和30F+70M)升高速率平均为16.1 mg/(kg·a),是施NPK肥处理的4.89倍。施磷土壤全磷含量平均增至1.07 g/kg (2010-2012平均值),较初始值提高了1.18倍。不施磷肥处理土壤磷活化系数(PCA)由试验初始的4.24%下降至2.5%左右,施磷肥处理则均显著升高,其中有机无机配施处理平均升高至8.51%,平均年升高速率是施NPK处理的2.89倍。早、晚稻磷素吸收量,施磷肥(PK、NP和NPK)和化肥配施有机肥处理(70F+30M、50F+50M和30F+70M)均显著高于CK,提高幅度分别为29.9%~124%和28.6%~103%,均衡施肥(NPK、70F+30M、50F+50M和30F+70M)磷素吸收量显著高于不均衡施肥(PK和NP)处理,前者平均分别较后两者提高了38.7%和32.9%。早、晚稻产量与磷素吸收量呈极显著线性正相关关系,每吸收磷(P) 1 kg,早稻和晚稻产量分别可提高115和106 kg/hm^2。不施肥(CK)条件下,土壤全磷变化与累积磷盈亏间无显著相关关系,施NK肥处理土壤中每亏缺磷100 kg/hm^2,土壤全磷含量降低6.0 mg/kg,施化学磷肥的3个处理,土壤中每盈余磷100 kg/hm^2,平均提高9.3 mg/kg,而3个有机–无机配施处理,土壤中每盈余磷100 kg/hm^2,平均增加63.3 mg/kg,是无机磷肥的6.78倍。【结论】无论是单施化学磷肥,还是有机无机配施均有效提高土壤全磷含量及磷活化系数,且在等磷量投入条件下,有机无机配施较单施化肥的效果更优。建议减少中国南部红壤性稻田土壤的总磷输入量和提高有机肥施用比例,以改善粮食生产和保护环境。     

长期施肥红壤性水稻土磷素演变特征及对磷盈亏的响应

研究双季稻种植制度下长期不同施肥红壤性水稻土磷素含量及磷素有效性演变特征及其对土壤磷盈亏(磷平衡)的响应,为南方双季稻区红壤性水稻土科学施磷提供依据。以35年长期肥料定位试验为平台,研究不同施肥处理土壤全磷、有效磷及磷活化系数(PAC)的演变规律,计算不同处理土壤-作物系统每年磷素盈亏量及累积磷素盈亏量,探讨土壤全磷、有效磷及PAC与累积磷盈亏量的响应关系。结果表明,不施磷肥的CK和NK处理土壤全磷、有效磷和PAC随试验年限呈持平或下降趋势;不施磷肥仅施猪粪的NK+PM处理土壤全磷呈缓慢上升趋势,有效磷和PAC呈下降趋势;施化学磷肥或化学磷肥配施稻草的NP、NPK、NP+RS和NPK+RS处理土壤全磷在试验前10年上升速率较快,之后25年上升速率变缓或随时间变化不显著,土壤有效磷在试验前5年急剧升高,之后随时间变化速率减缓或基本持平。CK、NK和NK+PM处理35年土壤PAC平均值较试验初始值分别下降33.2%、29.7%和16.6%,NP、NPK、NP+RS和NPK+RS土壤PAC较初始值分别提高66.2%、60.6%、65.6%和52.9%。不施磷肥导致红壤性水稻土磷素亏缺,不施化学磷肥仅施猪粪土壤磷素基本持平,施用化肥磷及化肥磷配施稻草土壤磷素盈余。土壤全磷、有效磷及PAC与土壤磷累积盈亏量均呈极显著正相关关系,土壤每盈余磷100 kg hm-2,全磷含量提高0.03 g kg-1,有效磷提高1.20 mg kg-1,土壤PAC上升0.09%。外源磷投入是影响土壤磷素及磷有效性的重要因素,在本试验条件下,长期不施磷或磷投入不足导致土壤磷亏缺,进而导致土壤磷及磷有效性降低,而化肥磷及有机无机磷配施促进了土壤磷盈余及土壤磷素肥力的提高。     

An assessment of various pools of organic phosphorus distributed in soil aggregates as affected by long-term P fertilization regimes

The phosphorus (P) forms in long-term fertilization determine the fate and transport of P in soil. However, the fate of various pools of organic P of added P in the long-term measured with sequential chemical fractionation is not well-understood. Four soil physical aggregates (>250, 125–250, 63–125 and <63 μm) from 0- to 20-cm depth after 35 years of long-term fertilization treatments including control (CK), nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer (NP) and NP combined with farmyard manure (NPM) under continuous winter wheat were separated using settling tube apparatus. Results showed that the application of long-term P fertilization had no apparent effects on promoting the mass proportion of soil aggregates except for >250 μm, where the NP and NPM treatments significantly increased the mass proportion by 60% and 70% over CK, respectively. Compared with CK, P fertilizer (NP and NPM) treatments significantly increased organic P (Po) contents in each size aggregate. In particular, mean labile Po increased by 35% and 246%, moderately labile Po by 125% and 161%, nonlabile Po by 105% and 170% and total Po (TPo) by 101% and 178%, respectively, under NP and NPM treatments, respectively. There was a significant correlation between soil organic carbon (SOC) and Po fractions. SOC was exponentially positively correlated with labile Po but linearly positively correlated with moderately labile Po, nonlabile Po and TPo fractions among soil aggregates. A reduced C:Po ratio (<100) in soil aggregates among treatment indicates a large amount of available P accumulated in soils, and soil P loss risk in the study site is still high. Our results show that the Po pool measured by sequential chemical fractionation may represent an important, yet often overlooked, source of P in agriculture ecosystems. According to the result, long-term mineral P fertilizer combined with organic amendments better sustains soil structural stability in large aggregates, contributing more Po availability in the moderately labile P followed by labile P in soil aggregates.     

Reactive natural phosphate enriched with filter cake enhances soil P content and noni seedlings growth*

One of the major challenges in crop production is increase efficiency of non-renewable P sources, or replace them with renewable sources. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of phosphorus (P) fertilization using reactive natural phosphate, filter cake, peat and biofertilizer on soil P content, foliar P content and growth of noni seedlings. The treatments were: control (without P fertilization); phosphorus; filter cake; phosphorus?+?filter cake; phosphorus?+?filter cake?+?peat; and phosphorus?+?filter cake?+?peat?+?biofertilizer. All treatments were replicated four times and arranged in a completely randomized design. The treatments phosphorus?+?filter cake; phosphorus?+ filter cake?+?peat; and phosphorus?+?filter cake?+?peat?+?biofertilizer increased phosphorus content in soil and in leaf, and the growth of noni seedlings. Our results indicates that natural reactive phosphate enriched with filter cake can be used as phosphate fertilizer on noni seedlings cultivation.     

长期施肥对黑土磷素积累、形态转化及其有效性影响的研究

1980年开始,在小麦大豆玉米轮作制中,研究长期定位施用常量的氮、磷、钾(小麦、玉米施肥量为N150、P2O575、K2O75kg/hm2;大豆为N75、P2O5150、K2O75kg/hm2)和有机肥(马粪,折N75kg/hm2,只在玉米后茬上施用),以及二倍和四倍量对土壤磷素积累、形态变化及磷肥后效的影响。23年研究结果表明,长期不施肥,黑土土壤全磷下降37.4%、速效磷下降了60%;施用磷肥土壤全磷增加53.9%～65.7%、速效磷增加6～15倍。积累的磷素大部分以有效性较高的Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P形态积累在土壤中,施用磷肥可使Ca2-P增加4～15倍,Ca8-P增加4～16倍,Al-P增加1.6～11.8倍,Fe-P增加1.4～4.4倍,O-P增加0.6～1.7倍,Ca10-P增加0.3～0.7倍。所积累在土壤中的磷素具有生物有效性。     

Phosphate sorption isotherms for fertilizer p needs of sweet corn (Zea mays) grown on a high phosphorus fixing soil

Abstract

Phosphorus sorption isotherms were used to estimate phosphorus fertilizer rates on a phosphorus fixing Alfic Fragiorthod soil from north Idaho. Five rates ranging from 0–584 kg/ha corresponded to sorption equilibrium solution levels from 0.06 to 0.20 ppm P. Yield of sweet corn (variety Spancross) grown two successive years was related to the sorption equilibrium solution P level. Whole plant weight, weight of ears, number of ears, and ear size approached maximum when the sorption equilibrium solution P level was near 0.13 ppm. The P content of leaves at early tassel stage increased with increasing sorption equilibrium solution P in a nearly straight line relationship. The leaves contained 0.27% P when the sorption equilibrium solution P was 0.13 ppm, the level producing maximum yield. The 0.20 ppm P resulted in 0.41% P in corn leaves.     

Assessment of Environmentally Harmful Nitrogen Surplus by 0.01 M Calcium Chloride Soil Extractant in Long-Term Experiments

Calcium chloride–extractable (1:10 soil/solution ratio, w/v) nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N), ammonium nitrogen (NH₄-N), organic nitrogen (EON), and N_total fractions were measured in two long-term experiments. Both experiments are located in the Great Hungarian Plain. The first experiment was established on a Luvic Phaeozem soil and the second experiment was on a Calcic Chernozem soil. Researchers investigated the effects of long-term fertilization and irrigation on the amounts of nitrogen (N) fractions. Nitrogen rates caused significant increase in NO₃-N and N_total fractions. These fractions were in close correlation (r = 0.87; r = 0.88) with nitrogen balance. The nitrate content of the 200-cm-deep soil layer of soils under different nitrogen- and water-supply conditions were also studied. As an effect of N overfertilization, the maximum nitrate accumulation on nonirrigated plots occurred in the 200-cm depth, whereas on irrigated plots a nitrate accumulation layer could not be observed in the 200-cm-deep soil layer.     

Assessing the Feasibility of Olsen P and P Sorption Parameters in Acidic Soils

Plant-available phosphorus (P) and P adsorption capacities are important for crop growth in acidic soils. Olsen P test, which is based on extraction with bicarbonate for predicting the amount of soil P available to plants, was used in this work. Soil P-adsorption capacities were determined by Langmuir line equation. The purpose of this work was to examine the suitability of Olsen P for predicting phytoavailable P and P sorption parameters in acid soil. To this end, we (i) assessed the phytoavailable P by successively pot-cropping rice and (ii) P adsorption characteristics of soil and their relation with Olsen P. Plant-available P, estimated by Olsen P in tested soil, was correlated to labile P. Qm (phosphorus sorption maximum) was negatively correlated with K (P sorption strength). P buffering capacity of soils was P3 (the highest P rate) >P2 (the second highest P rate) >P1 (the lowest P rate) >P0 (no P adding) after 75 day’s rice growth, which indicated P replenishment capacity was different among P treatments. This also suggested that P of plant uptake may decrease soil buffering capacity, especially for soils that contained relatively lower amounts of P. Qm and K were not significantly correlated to Olsen P. Degree of P saturation and Olsen P shared the similar trend with the change of P application rates and sampling dates. We concluded P status in soil can be characterized by degree of P saturation and Olsen P in tested soil. They were able to explain P status from both agronomic and environmental aspects.

Abbreviations: Qm, P sorption maximum; K, P sorption strength; P3, highest P rate in soil; P2, second highest P rate in soil; P1, lowest P rate in soil; P0, P adding in soil.     

长期施肥条件下旱作农田土壤水分剖面分布特征

利用黄土高原旱地长期定位施肥试验,通过比较不同施肥方式和施肥量对土壤剖面水分分布的影响,研究了施肥与土壤水分的关系,并对深层土壤水分消耗引起的水分生态效应进行了分析。试验期间,0300.cm土壤水分虽在雨季得到降水补充,但是播种期的土壤贮水量仍处于亏缺状态。结果表明,不同施肥方式和施肥量的试验处理中,100300.cm土层作物耗水剧烈,土壤水分含量均较低。与对照相比,单施磷肥对作物利用土壤水分没有显著影响;单施氮肥和氮磷配施均促进了作物对下层土壤水分的利用。在相同的施氮量下,施用磷肥加大了作物对深层土壤水分的利用,100300.cm土层的土壤含水率在磷肥用量达到45.kg/hm2后不再随施磷量的增加而降低;在同样的施磷条件下,作物对下层土壤水分的利用随施氮量的增加而增加,当施氮量增加到90.kg/hm2后,100300cm土层的土壤含水率达到一个稳定的值。在同样的氮磷用量情况下,施钾对土壤水分没有显著影响。     

有机无机肥配施对紫色土旱坡地土壤无机磷迁移的影响

为探索长江上游紫色土旱坡地麦玉轮作系统减少农田磷素流失的最佳施肥模式,降低磷对水体富营养化的影响。2011—2015年,以紫色土旱坡地典型农作冬小麦和夏玉米为材料,在西南大学试验农场进行田间定点试验。试验采用随机区组设计,共设置7个田间小区试验,分别为倍量施磷肥(2P)、优化施肥(P)、优化施肥+猪粪有机肥(MP)、优化施肥+秸秆还田(SP)、优化施肥量磷减20%+猪粪有机肥(MDP)、优化施肥量磷减20%+秸秆还田(SDP)、不施磷肥(P0)。测定了各农田土壤基础性质,以及0—20,20—40,40—60cm土层土壤全磷和有效磷含量,并对不同施磷水平以及磷肥减量配施不同有机肥条件下紫色土旱坡地土壤磷素迁移流失进行了原位定点研究。结果表明:不同施肥条件下紫色土旱坡地总磷(TP)和总可溶性磷(TDP)迁移流失量有明显的差异。TP流失量大小依次为2PPMPSPMDPSDPP0。2P处理总磷流失量最高,P处理是SDP和MDP处理的1.5~2倍。TDP流失量大小依次为2PMPPMDPSPSDPP0。坡上除了P0和P处理全磷含量有所减少外,其他各处理全磷含量都呈增加趋势,坡中、坡下的增长幅度要大于坡上,其中坡下处理MP比种植季前增加了0.400g/kg。除了P0处理土壤有效磷含量降低外,其他各个小区处理坡上、坡中、坡下土壤中有效磷含量都呈增加趋势。猪粪有机肥和秸秆还田对土壤中磷素有一定的活化作用,促进了磷素在土壤中的迁移,且猪粪有机肥对土壤磷素活化作用更强。化学磷肥减量并配施有机肥是应对农业面源污染"控源节流"的较好措施。     

施肥深度对潮砂土氮磷损失及土壤氮磷含量的影响

以机插精量一次性侧深施肥为背景,探究施肥深度对氮、磷损失及土壤氮磷养分的影响,为农业机械化提供科学依据。本研究采用土柱模拟试验,于2019年在湖南农业大学试验基地大棚内进行,供试土壤为潮砂田水稻土,肥料为三元复混肥。试验共设置6个处理:CK(不施肥)和0(表施)、5、7.5、10、12.5 cm五个不同深度施肥处理,监测氨挥发、田面水和渗漏水氮磷含量的动态变化以及土壤氮磷含量。结果表明:与表施处理相比,5、7.5、10、12.5 cm深施处理的氨挥发累积量分别下降68.07%、82.40%、99.98%、99.98%。10、12.5 cm深施处理的田面水总氮平均浓度,比表施处理分别下降84.82%、89.07%;各深度施肥处理的田面水总磷平均浓度较表施处理均大幅下降,降幅达92.43%～99.56%。不同深度施肥处理的渗漏水中氮、磷平均浓度与表施处理之间差异不显著。在0～20 cm土层中,5、7.5、10、12.5 cm深施处理的土壤全氮、全磷含量分别比表施处理提高了4.63%、12.25%、11.85%、5.69%和6.40%、5.90%、6.09%、5.43%;20～30 cm和30～40 cm土层中,各处理间的氮磷含量差异不显著。肥料深施能显著降低氮磷损失,潮砂土的适宜施肥深度为10 cm。     

天津黄潮土剖面磷素分布特征及其影响因素研究

采用野外采样及室内分析方法,研究了不同磷素形态在旱地黄潮土0～120cm土壤剖面中的分布特征。结果表明,经过长期施肥,供试土壤剖面100～120cm的底层土壤中全磷、速效磷、各无机磷形态均有不同程度的积累。土壤剖面速效磷与全磷含量的相关系数（0.8139）达到显著水平（P〈0.05）。无机磷形态中Fe-P和O-P的含量分别达到52.03和53.57mg·kg^-1,分别高于0～20cm的表层土壤的含量,达到5%的差异显著水平。但总体上看,由于供试土壤下层质地较为粘重以及高达10%的CaCO3含量,促使磷在剖面的移动得以放缓,还不足以影响到地下水的质量。     

Clay,Organic Carbon,Available P and Calcium Carbonate Effects on Phosphorus Release and Sorption–Desorption Kinetics in Alluvial Soils

Information on phosphorus (P) release kinetics and sorption–desorption in soils is important for understanding how quickly reaction approaches equilibrium and replenishes the depleted soil solution. Laboratory experiments were conducted to study the P release and sorption–desorption kinetics in soils differing in clay, soil organic carbon (SOC), available P, and calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) contents. Phosphorus release from soils proceeded in two phases: initially faster phase followed by a slower phase as equilibration progressed. Elovich equation (R² ≥ 0.97**) described well the P release versus time data. P release coefficients for power function were significantly correlated with available P and SOC. Freundlich sorption constants increased with increase in clay and CaCO₃ content. With increase in SOC and available P concentration in soils, substantial reduction in sorption constants was observed. It was concluded that for efficient P management, it is important to take into account soil texture, the existing soil P level, SOC content, and soil calcareousness.     

长期轮作与施肥对农田土壤磷素形态和吸持特性的影响

通过对黄土旱塬地区长期定位施肥(26a)条件下的不同轮作系统的土壤磷素形态和吸持参数的测定,研究了轮作和施肥对土壤磷素吸持特性和磷素形态的影响,以及土壤磷素吸持参数与磷素形态之间的关系。结果表明,长期轮作与施肥都可以减低土壤磷素的最大吸附量（Qm）,相对于其它轮作和连作,在氮磷（NP）施肥下,小麦-玉米-豌豆轮作可以减低土壤的Qm,在氮磷有机肥（NPM）施肥下,小麦-玉米轮作可以减低土壤的Qm。在施肥相同的条件下,小麦-玉米轮作和小麦-豌豆轮作可以显著增加土壤中各形态无机磷的含量,长期轮作比连作可以增加土壤中的有效磷养分,尤其对Ca2-P的提高效果更为显著。相关分析表明,Qm和磷吸持指数（PSI）与全磷（T-P）、Olsen-P、CaCl2-P、Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Fe-P、Ca10-P和有机磷呈极显著负相关（p＜0.01）,与闭蓄态磷（O-P）呈显著负相关（p＜0.05）,与Al-P关系不显著。土壤有机质（SOM）与Qm、PSI和磷最大缓冲能力（MBC）之间存在极显著负相关关系,与磷吸持饱和度（DPSS）存在显著正相关。通径系数和逐步回归分析表明,在石灰性黑垆土土壤的无机磷形态中,Ca2-P对Olsen-P的贡献最大。     

不同有机肥及用量对矿区复垦土壤有效磷含量及供磷特性的影响

为研究有机肥培肥复垦土壤过程中磷的有效性如何变化、不同有机肥在什么施磷水平下能使作物取得最大生产效率以及合理培肥土壤,依托采煤塌陷定位培肥试验基地(山西省孝义市偏城村),在4个磷水平下(0,25,50,100 kg/hm²)研究不同肥料(鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪和化肥)对玉米产量及土壤速效磷含量的动态变化。经过2年的田间试验,结果表明:(1)施用有机肥和化肥均能显著提高玉米籽粒产量,随着施磷量的增加,玉米籽粒产量呈先增加后基本不变的趋势,通过构建2年磷肥效应方程发现,化肥、鸡粪、猪粪和牛粪处理的最佳施磷量范围分别为67.54~83.02,24.91~38.65,26.10~29.26,50.33~58.38 kg/hm²,可见,3种有机肥推荐施磷量均小于化肥处理;(2)玉米吸磷量和磷肥利用率在各施磷水平下均表现为鸡粪≥猪粪>牛粪>化肥。玉米吸磷量随施磷水平的增加呈先增后基本不变的趋势,磷肥当季回收率表现为随施磷水平的增加呈下降趋势;(3)连续施肥2年后,不同施肥处理在采煤塌陷区复垦土壤上影响的土壤有效磷深度不同。其中,化肥处理在50,100 kg/hm²磷水平下显著提高0—60 cm土层Olsen-P含量;鸡粪处理在50 kg/hm²磷水平下显著提高0—40 cm土层Olsen-P含量,而100 kg/hm²磷水平下显著提高Olsen-P含量到60 cm土层;猪粪处理在50,100 kg/hm²磷水平下显著提高0—40 cm土层Olsen-P含量;牛粪处理仅对表层Olsen-P含量有影响。总之,不同有机肥处理之间对作物生长和土壤Olsen-P含量的影响均表现为鸡粪≥猪粪>牛粪,且不同有机肥对于新复垦土壤的推荐施肥量不同,鸡粪和猪粪的推荐施磷量最少,其次为牛粪处理。     

What root traits determine grass resistance to phosphorus deficiency in production grassland?

Grasslands are a major form of agricultural land use worldwide. Current and future declines of phosphorus (P) inputs into production grasslands necessitate a shift towards selecting grass species based on high efficiency under suboptimal, rather than optimal P conditions. It is therefore imperative to identify key root traits that determine P acquisition of grasses in soils with a low P status. In a 9‐month greenhouse experiment, we grew eight common grass species and cultivars on a soil with a low P status and related root morphological traits to their performance under P‐limiting conditions. We applied (P1) or withheld (P0) P fertilization while providing adequate amounts of all other nutrients. Omitting P fertilization greatly reduced yield and nutrient acquisition for the various grass species. Biomass production differed significantly (P < 0.1%) among species and P fertilization treatments, varying from 17.1 to 72.1 g pot^?1 in the P0 treatment and from 33.4 to 85.8 g pot^?1 in the P1 treatment. Root traits were species‐specific and unresponsive to P fertilization, but overall we observed a trade‐off between root biomass and specific root length. Structural equation modeling identified total root length as key factor with respect to resistance to P deficiency, especially when roots explored the subsoil. Optimizing root length and subsoil exploration could be the key to maintaining high productivity of production grasslands with decreasing P availability. This is relevant for both plant breeding programs and for composing seed mixtures.