绿肥翻压对烟田土壤理化性状及土壤微生物量的影响

试验于2003年9月至10月河南烟区的襄城县、舞阳县、叶县、罗山县4个试验点种植绿肥,2004年3月进行翻压,以研究绿肥对土壤容重、土壤pH值等理化性质的影响以及对土壤微生物的影响。试验结果表明,绿肥翻压可以有效地降低土壤的容重和土壤的pH值,提高土壤的有机质,同时能促进土壤中微生物数量的大量增加。与空白对照相比,各个处理土壤容重降幅为0.03~0.1 g/cm3,土壤pH值的降幅一般都在0.1~0.6,土壤有机质含量提高0.08%~0.1%。因此利用烟田冬季休闲空间种植和翻压绿肥,可作为提高土壤肥力、改善烟田土壤环境、实现烟叶生产可持续性发展的一个重要措施。     

不同种类有机肥施用对黑土团聚体有机碳及腐殖质组成的影响

以吉林省农业科学院黑土有机培肥定位试验基地为平台,研究了不同种类有机肥(堆腐肥、鸡粪、牛粪和猪粪)施用对土壤及不同粒级团聚体中有机碳和腐殖质组成的影响。结果表明:与不施肥(CK)和单施化肥(NPK)相比,有机肥配施化肥显著(P0.05)增加了土壤有机碳、胡敏酸碳(HAC)和胡敏素碳(HUC)含量;同时,有机肥配施化肥也增加了不同粒级团聚体中有机碳和腐殖质碳含量,其中施用堆腐肥显著增加了各粒级团聚体中有机碳、HAC和HUC含量。不同种类有机肥相比,施用堆腐肥处理的土壤有机碳、HAC和HUC含量均高于其他有机肥处理,并与牛粪处理之间差异显著;施用堆腐肥和牛粪后,0.25mm粒级团聚体有机碳含量高于其他有机肥处理,且2~0.25mm粒级团聚体有机碳含量显著高于鸡粪处理;从不同粒级团聚体中腐殖质组分的分布来看,施用堆腐肥后,2~0.25mm粒级团聚体中HAC和HUC含量显著高于猪粪处理,而0.25~0.053,0.053mm粒级团聚体中HAC含量显著低于鸡粪处理。上述结果说明,有机肥配施化肥提高了土壤团聚体中有机碳和腐殖质碳含量,但不同有机肥的效应不同。     

几种绿肥的根系分泌物对土壤锌的活化效应

由于北方石灰性土壤锌有效性低,作物锌含量无法满足人体营养需求.前期研究发现种植绿肥可提高后茬小麦锌含量且后者与自身吸锌量正相关,但机制尚不明确.通过田间试验测定绿肥(黑麦豆、绿豆、高丹草)地上部锌含量,水培试验收集分析绿肥根系分泌物组成,土壤浸提试验测定根系分泌有机酸对土壤pH值及土壤锌的影响,从而揭示绿肥吸锌能力及其...     

Effect of swine and dairy manure amendments on microbial communities in three soils as influenced by environmental conditions

Understanding the impacts of manure amendments on soil microorganisms can provide valuable insight into nutrient availability and potential crop and environmental effects. Soil microbial community characteristics, including microbial populations and activity, substrate utilization (SU) profiles, and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles, were compared in three soils amended or not amended with dairy or swine manure at two temperatures (18 and 25°C) and two soil water regimes (constant and fluctuating) in laboratory incubation assays. Soil type was the dominant factor determining microbial community characteristics, resulting in distinct differences among all three soil types and some differing effects of manure amendments. Both dairy and swine manures generally increased bacterial populations, substrate diversity, and FAME biomarkers for gram-negative organisms in all soils. Microbial activity was increased by both manures in an Illinois soil but only by dairy manure in two Maine soils. Dairy manure had greater effects than swine manure on SU and FAME parameters such as increased activity, utilization of carbohydrates and amino acids, substrate richness and diversity, and fungal FAME biomarkers. Temperature and water regime effects were relatively minor compared with soil type and amendment, but both significantly affected some microbial responses to manure amendments. Overall, microbial characteristics were more highly correlated with soil physical factors and soil and amendment C content than with N levels. These results indicate the importance of soil type, developmental history, and environmental factors on microbial community characteristics, which may effect nutrient availability from manure amendments and should be considered in amendment evaluations.Mention of trade names or commercial products in this article is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the US Department of Agriculture     

Short-term green manure and tillage management effects on maize yield and soil quality in an Andisol

Andisols are very important land resources supporting high human population density. Maize (Zea mays L.) production on Andisols located in the Purhepecha Region of central Mexico is representative of the highlands conditions of Mexico and Latin America. Farmers struggle with low crop yield and low soil nutrient availability. A 2-year field study was conducted to evaluate the effects of green manures either tilled into the soil (CT) or cut and left on the surface as a mulch (ZT), on maize yield and soil quality. Green manure treatments were: vetch (Vicia sativa L.), oat (Avena sativa L.) and none. No extra N was added to maize. Green manure and tillage had a significant effect on maize grain yield, N uptake and P uptake with CT vetch performing better than ZT oat. Soil organic C and total N were significantly higher under ZT than under CT management. Soils with vetch had higher P concentration. Soil under ZT oat had the highest infiltration rate and penetration resistance compared with other treatments. There appears to be a trade off between soil productivity and intrinsic soil physical properties among soil treatments.     

麻地膜与肥料互作对辣椒生长、土壤养分及土壤酶活性的影响

麻地膜在农业生产中的应用越来越广泛。为了解麻地膜在茄果类蔬菜上的应用效果,以辣椒为试验材料,在露地和日光温室条件下研究了普通聚乙烯(PE)地膜及麻地膜与肥料互作对辣椒定植初期10 cm土温、辣椒生长、土壤养分及土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,地膜覆盖有利于辣椒定植初期10 cm土温的升高,其中,PE地膜的保温效果优于麻地膜,PE地膜+有机肥和PE地膜+有机肥+复合肥的保温效果较好,此外,11:00以后麻地膜覆盖具有降低地表温度的作用;麻地膜对膜下杂草的抑制作用显著强于PE地膜,麻地膜+复合肥的杂草生长量显著低于其他处理;地膜覆盖可以显著增加辣椒的株高、茎粗和产量,对辣椒叶片SPAD值及果实Vc含量影响不显著,麻地膜覆盖的辣椒产量显著高于PE地膜覆盖和对照;地膜覆盖可显著降低土壤pH和有机质含量,且麻地膜覆盖的下降幅度大于PE地膜;地膜覆盖可以显著提高土壤中碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,且麻地膜的增加幅度比PE地膜大;地膜覆盖具有提高土壤蛋白酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性的作用。     

翻压不同绿肥品种对植烟土壤肥力及酶活性的影响

为了明确不同绿肥品种与土壤肥力及酶活性的关系,通过田间试验及简单相关分析、典型相关分析和主成分分析,研究种植翻压不同品种绿肥对植烟土壤酶活性及土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,不同品种绿肥种植翻压均可显著改善土壤的物理性状,提高土壤养分含量和土壤酶活性,在效应上具有相似的特点,主要影响土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶与酸性磷酸酶活性及碱解氮和有效磷的含量,主要差异是土壤体积质量、孔隙度、pH、有机质、全氮、速效钾、过氧化氢酶的变化;脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶4种土壤酶不仅两两之间均呈极显著正相关,而且与土壤肥力指标均呈极显著相关;土壤肥力与土壤酶活性存在极显著的典型相关关系;此结果对当前的烤烟生产和土壤改良具有较大的意义。     

有机无机肥料配合施用对滨海盐土土壤生物量态氮及土壤供氮特征的影响

采用盆栽试验研究海盐渍化土上蚕粪与无机氮肥（碳铵和尿素）的施用对土壤生物量态氮和土壤供氮特征的影响，指出（１）施肥均能明显地提高土壤生物量态碳和生物量态氮的含量，蚕粪与无机氮肥配合施用比化肥单施或蚕粪单施更能增加土壤生物量态氮含量。（２）土壤生物量态氮是土壤氮素转化的重要环节，也是土壤有效氮的重组成部分；（３）土壤生物量态氮的消长与壤的供氮特征关系极为密切，只要前期有强烈的微生物固持无机氮肥过程，     

不同类型粪肥还田对土壤酶活性及微生物群落的影响

畜禽粪便作为有机肥还田可以维持和提高土壤有机质、改良土壤,有利于农业可持续发展。不同类型粪肥还田后对土壤生物学性状的影响不同,为探究这一问题,在内蒙古乌兰察布市设置田间试验,包括化肥(F)、羊粪(GM)、猪粪(PM)、牛粪(CM)4个处理,研究其对土壤养分、酶活性及微生物群落的影响。结果表明,施用粪肥较化肥具有增加土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷、铵态氮等养分含量的趋势。不同粪肥较化肥处理的土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性最高增幅分别为32.4%、150.4%、26.8%和30.1%。牛粪处理的土壤微生物生物量碳氮显著提高,分别较化肥增加33.2%和33.4%。不同处理在细菌门水平上的优势种群较一致,放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)是优势种群。本试验条件下,牛粪处理更能提高土壤微生物生物量碳氮,短期内施用不同粪肥对于提高土壤微生物群落多样性差异不显著,土壤pH、有效磷、铵态氮是影响土壤微生物群落结构的主要环境因子。     

Soil Quality Dynamics Following Long-Term Application of Poultry Manure and Sewage Sludge on Grassland

Organic manures can complement or even replace mineral fertilization of a pasture within a sustainable production system. In this article, an evaluation is made of the changes occurring in some properties related to soil quality after 7 years of applying two types of organic manures, poultry manure (PM) and sewage-sludge pellets (SP), compared those produced by normal mineral fertilization and a control. Both organic manures were effective for improving the quality of the soil surface horizon; however, PM appeared more effective in accumulating organic matter and improved more soil properties than did SP. The PM in particular improved soil aggregation, microbial development, and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) storage in the form of organic matter. On the other hand, SP lowered soil pH and increased β-glucosidase activity. The soil water-storage capacity and conservation also increased with the application of both organic manures.     

不同种类有机肥碳、 氮矿化特性研究

本文采用室内培养法研究了陕西关中地区日光温室栽培生产中9个不同有机肥的碳、氮矿化特性。结果表明:不同有机肥碳、氮的矿化量和矿化率（矿化量占总有机碳或氮的比例）的动态变化存在明显差异,其中碳矿化率在22.24%～87.16%之间,变异系数达90.30 %;氮矿化率在29.07%～84.87%之间,变异系数达67.37 %;不同类型有机肥相比,鸡粪平均的碳、氮矿化累积量及矿化率显著高于猪粪和牛粪;猪粪与牛粪平均的碳、氮矿化累积量及矿化率无显著差异。同一种类有机肥,培养期间其碳、氮矿化累积量及矿化率也存在明显差异。供试有机肥碳、氮的矿化量与有机肥全氮含量均呈线性关系,表明有机肥氮含量是影响矿化量的主导因子。     

不同有机肥对日光温室土壤剖面硝态氮含量动态变化的影响

采用田间小区试验,研究了不同有机肥对日光温室土壤硝态氮累积、分布及季节性变化的影响。结果表明,有机肥对设施土壤硝态氮的影响不同季节呈现不同特点,夏季高量有机肥的施用会引起硝酸盐在土壤、蔬菜中的累积,并加剧了硝酸氮向土壤深层的迁移;而冬季却相反,高量有机肥能够降低土壤及蔬菜中硝酸盐的含量,减少硝酸氮向土壤深层迁移。以猪粪用量（干基）22.5 t/hm2的处理为例,在夏季（番茄季）,硝态氮在土壤表层(010 cm)、080 cm土层和蔬菜中的累积量分别比化肥处理高出56.69%、31.48%和23.94%;而在冬季（芹菜季）,比化肥处理降低了67.38%、61.74%和6.26%。3种有机肥与化肥相比,引起土壤硝态氮周年变化幅度大小顺序为鸡粪猪粪商品有机肥化肥。因此,有机肥的施用要依据季节性的不同而有所差异,设施土壤对于春季施肥夏季收获的蔬菜,有机肥用量不宜过高,而秋季施肥冬季收获的蔬菜,有机肥用量可适当增加。     

Impact of organic manures with and without mineral fertilizers on soil chemical and biological properties under tropical conditions

Soils receiving organic manures with and without chemical fertilizers for the last 7 yr with pearlmillet–wheat cropping sequence were compared for soil chemical and biological properties. The application of farmyard manure, poultry manure, and sugarcane filter cake alone or in combination with chemical fertilizers improved the soil organic C, total N, P, and K status. The increase in soil microbial‐biomass C and N was observed in soils receiving organic manures only or with the combined application of organic manures and chemical fertilizers compared to soils receiving chemical fertilizers only. Basal and glucose‐induced respiration, potentially mineralizable N, and arginine ammonification were higher in soils amended with organic manures with or without chemical fertilizers, indicating that more active microflora is associated with organic and integrated system using organic manures and chemical fertilizers together which is important for nutrient cycling.     

Optimizing fertilizers doses and their effects on photosynthesis and biomass yield of Hibiscus cannabinus cultivated on BRIS soil

In tropical climate, huge amount of fertilizer need to be used for the cultivation of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) in Beach Ridges Interspersed with Swales (BRIS) soil, however this approach is not cost effective and environmental friendly. Therefore, the optimizing of fertilizer rate for BRIS soils and selection of suitable soil amendments are crucial to get a higher yield. In this study, the effects of different combinations of urea, chicken manure and biochar on soil properties, growth performance and physiological characteristics of kenaf cultivated on the BRIS soil were investigated. Eight treatments were conducted namely: control (T1), biochar (T2), chicken manure (T3), urea (T4), chicken manure + urea (T5), biochar + chicken manure (T6), urea + biochar (T7) and biochar + chicken manure + urea (T8). The biomass and physiological characteristics of kenaf were recorded every month, while the soil was analyzed following a standard laboratory procedure. The application of organic and inorganic fertilizer (urea) significantly increased the nutrient content of the soil compared to the T1, whereas T3 showed the highest pH, cation exchange capacity, and exchangeable bases (Na, Mg, Ca). However, the mixing of biochar with organic and inorganic fertilizers showed the highest plant height, diameter of stem and number of leaves as well as dry biomass compared to other treatments. Furthermore, the application of nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased the photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductivity. The results suggest that the mixing of biochar with organic and inorganic fertilizers represents an effective approach for the cultivation of kenaf in tropical climate.     

豆科绿肥对渭北旱塬土壤养分及生态化学计量学特征影响

渭北旱塬是我国重要的农业生态区,但土壤贫瘠、水土流失严重,亟需培肥土壤、改善生态环境。为探究渭北旱塬地区夏闲期种植并翻压豆科绿肥后土壤养分及其生态化学计量学特征的变化规律,采用田间定位试验,分别设置了3种豆科绿肥(绿豆、大豆和长武怀豆)和4个施氮水平,连续6年种植并翻压绿肥后,分析了土壤中养分含量,采用生态化学计量学方法计算了不同条件下的生态化学计量比值。结果表明:与对照(休闲)处理相比,长期种植并翻压豆科绿肥能显著提高土壤有机碳、全氮和碱解氮等养分指标含量,3种养分分别提高了4.47%~15.35%、5.21%~6.25%和11.00%~14.35%,且均以怀豆处理提升效果最佳。翻压绿肥短期内(2周后),土壤全氮含量的提升幅度大于有机碳和碱解氮。怀豆处理的有机碳、全氮、碱解氮、全磷和有效磷含量在短期和长期内均显著升高,培肥效果最为明显。翻压绿肥后,短期内土壤C∶N降低,但从长期效应来看,翻压绿肥提高了土壤C∶N,有利于土壤有机质的积累,能有效改善土壤养分平衡状态。土壤C∶P和N∶P与土壤C、N含量变化关系较为密切。夏闲期长期种植并翻压绿肥明显改善了土壤碳、氮养分状况,是渭北旱塬地区土壤培肥的有效措施。     

The Effects of Fresh and Composted Chicken Manures on Some Soil Characteristics

The effects of fresh and composted chicken manures on some soil characteristics were investigated. Fresh and composted chicken manures were mixed with the soil at the rates of 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%, and then were incubated for 90 days. At the end of this incubation period, some soil physical properties closely related to soil aggregation (such as hydraulic conductivity, water stable aggregates, aeration porosity, and available water) and some soil chemical characteristics (such as organic carbon, total nitrogen, pH, and electrical conductivity, EC) were determined. As doses of both manures in the soil mixtures increase, the amounts of water stable aggregates, hydraulic conductivity, and aeration porosity increased, whereas the available water content decreased. Increasing doses of both manures increased the amount of the soil organic carbon and total nitrogen. Application of both manures to the soil increased the EC values, but it was limited in the composted chicken manure.     

不同有机肥对黄泥田土壤培肥效果及土壤酶活性的影响

【目的】低产黄泥田在南方稻区广泛分布,其障碍因素是土壤熟化度低,施用有机肥料是改良黄泥田的重要措施。本文通过田间试验研究化肥和不同有机肥对低产黄泥田的培肥效果以及土壤碳、土壤氮、土壤磷转化的相关酶活性的变化规律,为低产黄泥田培肥改良提供理论依据和技术支撑。【方法】试验地位于湖北省京山县,种植模式为双季稻,田间试验中设6个处理, 分别为 （1）不施肥（CK）,（2）单施化肥（NPK）,（3）化肥＋绿肥（NPKG）,（4）化肥＋猪粪（NPKM）,（5）化肥＋秸秆（NPKS）,（6）化肥＋秸秆＋腐熟菌剂（NPKSD）,化肥用量相同,配施有机肥处理施用的有机碳量相当。水稻收获后取耕层土壤样品,测定不同处理土壤养分和土壤酶活性指标,了解土壤养分和土壤酶活性的变化特征;采用典型相关分析方法,分析土壤养分和土壤酶两组变量之间的相关关系,研究不同有机肥对低产黄泥田的培肥效果。【结果】有机肥能够提高土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量,明显提高早稻和晚稻的产量。有机肥对土壤酶活性有很大影响,配施有机肥不同程度地提高了-葡萄糖苷酶、 -葡萄糖苷酶、 -纤维二糖苷酶、 -木糖苷酶活性;过氧化物酶和脲酶没有明显差异;磷酸酶、乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶、酚氧化酶活性有所降低。土壤酶活性是评价施肥对土壤肥力影响的重要生物指标,土壤养分和土壤酶活性典型相关分析结果显示,二者显著相关,可以用于评估黄泥田土壤肥力变化的酶主要有-葡萄糖苷酶、 -木糖苷酶、 -葡萄糖苷酶、 -纤维二糖苷酶。典型变量排序结果表明,有机肥的培肥效果秸秆＞猪粪＞绿肥。【结论】低产黄泥田增施有机肥可以显著提高水稻产量和土壤速效养分含量,施用不同有机肥9种土壤酶活性响应不同,其中-葡萄糖苷酶、-木糖苷酶、-葡萄糖苷酶、-纤维二糖苷酶活性可以用于表征低产黄泥田的肥力变化,不同有机肥的培肥效果为秸秆＞猪粪＞绿肥。     

Influence of different mulch treatments on growth rate and activity of the earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae (Kinberg)

Growth characteristics of the earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae and the impac of its activity on soil properties were studied in soil culture. The highest growth rate, fecundity and total weight increase were recorded in cassava mulch, compared with cocoyam mulch, grass and plantain pseudo trunk mulch treatments. With animal manure treatments, growth rate was highest in poultry manure compared with cow and goat manures although total weight increases were highest in poultry and goat manures and lowest in cow manure. The worm activity expressed as percentage reduction of soil bulk density was greatest in cassava mulch followed by grass mulch, cocoyam mulch and plantain pseudo trunk mulch in that order. Various animal manures did not differ in this aspect. Total soil N and soil organic matter increased significantly in cassava and grass mulch treatmens while in plantain pseudo trunk mulch these factors decreased. Soil pH increased in cocoyam and plantain mulch treatments and decreased in cassava and grass mulch treatments.     

不同绿肥对土壤肥力及后茬水稻养分吸收的影响

为了探究不同绿肥品种之间的生长差异及其翻压后对后茬水稻养分的影响，通过选取7种不同绿肥（紫云英、白三叶草、金花菜、光叶苕子、箭筈豌豆、油菜、二月兰），以冬闲田（CK）为对照，进行大田试验，分析不同绿肥品种的生长性状、土壤肥力和水稻的产量、养分、养分累积量等指标。结果表明：不同的绿肥作物品种存在着不同的生长差异，综合来看以光叶苕子、箭筈豌豆的生物量最高，分别为46.07 t/hm2、38.74t/hm2，二者养分含量及养分累积量显著高于其他绿肥品种，适合作为苏北地区种植的绿肥品种；种植绿肥具有提高土壤肥力的潜力，促进土壤养分累积，同时对改良土壤肥力具有积极的作用。箭筈豌豆翻压后的土壤pH比CK 高出0.71%，光叶苕子翻压后有机质含量、全氮含量比CK高出1.56%、8.86%；绿肥翻压后对水稻秸秆和籽粒的氮、磷、钾含量及其累积量有了显著的增加，其中以箭筈豌豆的综合效果最好，与CK相比，箭筈豌豆翻压后水稻秸秆全氮累积量、全磷累积量分别提高15.18%、14.98%，水稻籽粒全氮累积量、全钾累积量分别提高9.98%、15.02%，水稻地上部全氮总累积量、全磷总累积量分别提高14.75%、20.42%。综上，光叶苕子、箭筈豌豆的生物量、养分累积量较高，推荐作为该地区种植的绿肥品种；光叶苕子能够对土壤肥力有一定的提高，箭筈豌豆能够促进水稻养分含量及养分累积量。研究结果可为苏北地区绿肥的利用与推广提供理论依据。     

Plant‐based fertilizers for organic vegetable production

To ensure high yield and quality in organic vegetable production, crops often require additional fertilizer applied during the season. Due to the risk of contamination of edible plant products from slurry, plant‐based fertilizers may be used as an alternative. The purpose of our work was to develop mobile green manures with specific high nutrient concentrations (e.g., nitrogen [N], sulfur [S], and phosphorus [P]) that are released quickly after soil incorporation and that are easy to handle during storage and application. To distinguish from traditional green manures that are grown to improve soil fertility, the term “mobile green manures” is used for green‐manure crops that are harvested in one field and then moved as a whole and used as fertilizer in other fields. To further investigate mobile‐green‐manure crops for use as efficient fertilizers, pot and field experiments were conducted with cauliflower (Brassica oleracea botrytis) and kale (Brassica oleracea sabellica) supplied with organic matter consisting of a wide range of plant species with varying nutrient concentrations. Further, field experiments were conducted with leek (Allium porrum) and celery (Apium graveolens dulce) supplied with increasing amounts of organic matter consisting of fresh, ensiled, or dried green manures. Results show that garden sorrel (Rumex acetosa), dyer's woad (Isatis tinctoria), and fodder radish (Raphanus sativus) harvested with a high leaf‐to‐stem ratio resulted in high P concentration, and cruciferous crops in high S concentration. Dyer's woad, salad burnet (Sanguisorba minor), and stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) showed high boron (B) concentration, whereas species such as dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), chicory (Cichorium intybus), and garden sorrel showed high potassium (K) concentration. Green manures with high P and S concentrations increased the nutrient uptake and yield of pot‐grown cauliflower and kale. Field experiments showed that the production of cauliflower and kale decreased when the carbon‐to‐nitrogen (C : N) ratio of applied green manure increased. In kale, for example, application of 160 kg N ha^–1 in early harvested lucerne (Medicago sativa) with a C : N ratio of 10 resulted in the highest kale production whereas application of an equal amount of N in late harvested lucerne with a C : N ratio of 20 produced 34% less. Differences in vegetable production were not due to the amount of N applied, but to the N availability. Field experiments with fresh, ensiled, or dry green manure applied to leek and celery showed that the C : N ratio has to be low to get a fast response. Further, these field experiments demonstrate the importance of green manures, which can be stored and are easy to handle during transport, crop application, and soil incorporation. It is concluded that it is possible to produce green manures with high concentrations of S, P, K, and B, and low C : N ratios and that these properties have a great impact on the value of the green manure for vegetable production.