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1.
氮素对玉米幼苗生长、根系形态及氮素吸收利用效率的影响 总被引:19,自引:9,他引:19
采用水培试验,比较分析了氮素对高产玉米杂交种幼苗生长、根系形态及氮素吸收利用效率的影响。结果表明,在一定氮素范围内供氮量的增加能够促进玉米地上部的生长,也促进东单90(DD90)和沈玉21(SY21)根系干重的增加,而高量供氮会抑制根系的生长,导致根冠比下降。郑单958(ZD958)在8.0 mmol/L氮水平下地上部受抑制的程度大于根系,造成根冠比有所增加。在各氮素水平下,东单90具有很好的根系形态,提高了氮素的吸收能力,从而提高氮素积累量。随氮浓度的增加,玉米植株氮素吸收效率增大而氮素生理利用效率减小,无论在低氮还是高氮条件下,郑单958和东单90的氮素吸收效率均显著高于沈玉21和郝育12(HY12),氮素生理利用效率却显著低于沈玉21和郝育12。不同品种对氮素的响应存在显著差异,东单90和郑单958耐低氮和对氮素吸收的能力强,郑单958耐高氮能力相对较弱,沈玉21和郝育12对氮素需求量大,耐低氮能力弱。适宜的氮素供应能更好地协调根系与地上部的关系,促进根系形态发育,增加根系对氮素的接触面积,促进根系对氮素的高效吸收。 相似文献
2.
不同基因型糯玉米氮素吸收利用效率的研究Ⅰ.氮素吸收利用的基因型差异 总被引:6,自引:6,他引:6
为明确糯玉米的氮素吸收利用特性及为因种施肥和氮素高效利用提供依据,开展了同一氮素供应水平下31个糯玉米品种氮素吸收利用的基因型差异研究。结果表明,生产鲜穗、鲜子粒和成熟子粒糯玉米的氮素利用效率品种间变异范围分别为57.829~8.65、39.436~1.31和31.705~3.70 kg/kg。聚类分析指出,无论其收获产品是鲜穗、鲜子粒还是成熟子粒,均属于高产、氮素高效吸收利用的品种有6个,其百公斤鲜穗、鲜子粒及成熟子粒需氮量平均值分别为1.244、1.884和2.091 kg。通径分析表明,提高品种鲜穗和鲜子粒产量,改良吸氮总量起主导作用;提高成熟期子粒产量,改良吸氮总量和氮素利用效率并重。 相似文献
3.
不同氮肥水平下水稻产量以及氮素吸收、利用的基因型差异比较 总被引:55,自引:13,他引:55
采用田间试验在施氮量为06、0、120、1802、40、3003、60.kg/hm27个水平下研究了不同水稻子粒产量、产量构成因子以及氮素吸收和利用的差异。结果表明,水稻品种4007的子粒产量在各个施氮水平下显著高于品种ELIO对氮肥的响应度高。施氮水平显著影响子粒产量构成因子。有效穗数与子粒产量存在显著正相关:ELIO和4007的相关系数(r)分别为0.839**和0.933**,表明有效穗数对水稻子粒产量起着非常重要的作用。本试验条件下,ELIO和4007获得最高产量所需的有效穗数分别为332、561个/m2;两者的氮素吸收效率在各施氮素水平下差异很小,均随着施氮量的增加而增加,而氮素利用效率均随着施氮量的增加而下降。4007的氮素利用效率在各个施氮水平下显著高于ELIO,较高的氮素收获指数(NHI)是主要原因之一。水稻氮素利用效率与成熟期茎秆、叶片的氮含量显著负相关,说明开花期后植物将吸收的氮素从营养器官有效地转运到子粒中是氮素利用效率高的重要原因之一。 相似文献
4.
S. Kundu Tapan Adhikari S. Rajendiran J. K. Saha A. Subba Rao 《Journal of plant nutrition》2016,39(13):1971-1978
A study was conducted with maize in Vertisol, Inceptisol, Alfisol and Aridisol to evaluate the efficacy of the pine oleoresin coated urea fertilizers (coated with 1.25, 2.50, 3.75 and 5.00% pine oleoresin). Significant increase in biomass yield was observed in all the soils when urea was coated with pine oleoresin at 3.75% or more. All the pine oleoresin coated urea in Inceptisol and Aridisol; and 3.75% and 5% pine oleoresin coated urea in Vertisol and Alfisol significantly increased nitrogen (N) uptake as compared to uncoated urea. Nitrogen use efficiency increased from 19.34% to 32.80% in Vertisol, 13.06% to 28.27% in Alfisol, 13.87% to 23.86% in Inceptisol and 10.68% to 20.23% in Aridisol, as a result of coating urea with pine oleoresin. Thus the results indicate that there is a beneficial effect of coating urea with pine oleoresin with respect to yield, N uptake and use efficiency in maize crop. 相似文献
5.
Fanjun Chen 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(6):565-569
Abstract Inadequate supply of nitrogen (N) fertilizers results in lower N use efficiency (NUE) and higher N losses which cause environmental deterioration, such as nitrate pollution of groundwater and emission of nitrous greenhouse gases. One way to increase NUE is to use N-efficient cultivars, which grow better under reduced N supplies. Both elite inbred lines and landraces are the basis for hybrid breeding in maize. While inbred lines are mostly selected from high N input conditions, landraces are historically distributed in poor soils with low N availability. Therefore, some potential NUE-related traits conserved in the landraces may have been lost during modern breeding processes. In the present study, the N accumulation and utilization efficiency of 15 elite inbred lines and four landraces of maize were compared at low (LN) and high N (HN) input conditions. In general, the grain yields of the inbred lines and the landraces were similar at both N rates. However, nitrogen accumulation ability in landraces was much higher than that of the inbred lines. The high N accumulation of landraces was closely related to their higher biomass, indicating that growth potential is the main driving force for N accumulation. Nevertheless, N utilization efficiency (grain produced per unit N absorbed) of the landraces was significantly lower than that in inbred lines. Correspondingly, assimilation allocation for grain formation, as indicated by the harvest index, was much lower in landraces than in inbred lines. The higher growth potential, and hence, the ability of N accumulation in landraces may be a valuable trait in breeding programs aiming to further improve N use efficiency. 相似文献
6.
不同来源氮素配合施用提高东北春玉米氮素利用与改善土壤肥力的可持续性研究 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:2
7.
行距配置方式对夏玉米氮素吸收利用及产量的影响 总被引:4,自引:2,他引:4
为确定黄淮南部夏玉米产区机械化生产适宜的行距配置方式,2012—2013年同时在河南省方城县和辉县两个试验点设置大田试验,以高、中、低3种株高类型的玉米杂交种‘先玉335’、‘郑单958’和‘512-4’为材料,设置2个种植密度(低:60 000株·hm~(-2);高:75 000株·hm~(-2))、5个行距配置方式(50 cm、60 cm、70 cm、80cm等行距和80 cm+40 cm宽窄行距),研究了不同株型玉米品种在不同密度和行距配置条件下对氮素吸收利用效率和产量的影响。结果显示,低密度种植条件下,高秆的‘XY335’和矮秆的‘512-4’均以60 cm等行距处理产量优势明显;中秆的‘ZD958’在辉县和方城分别以60 cm和70 cm等行距产量最高。在高密度种植条件下,高秆的‘XY335’和中秆的‘ZD958’均以60 cm等行距处理产量最高;而矮秆的‘512-4’则以50 cm等行距种植产量优势明显,但与60 cm等行距处理差异不显著。植株氮积累量随行距的扩大呈先升高后降低的趋势,以60 cm等行距的氮积累量较大,低密度时显著高于80 cm等行距和80 cm+40 cm宽窄行距处理,而高密度下与各行距处理差异不显著;不同品种植株氮积累量对行距反应不同,高秆品种在行距间差异不显著,中秆品种80 cm等行距最低且与其余行距处理差异显著,矮秆品种50 cm和60 cm等行距氮积累量最高且与其余行距差异显著。两个密度种植条件下,籽粒氮积累量和氮素收获指数均随行距的扩大先升高后降低,在60 cm等行距处理达到最大值,并且均显著高于其他行距处理;氮肥偏生产力随行距的扩大呈现先升高后降低的趋势,60 cm等行距处理较高,但在低密度下与其他行距处理差异不显著,高密度时与80 cm等行距处理差异显著。与其他行距处理相比,60 cm等行距处理具有相对较高的氮素吸收利用效率和产量,能够较好地协调玉米土壤与植株的氮素吸收利用关系,兼顾不同株高类型玉米品种在一定密度范围内获得高产,可作为目前黄淮南部地区夏玉米统一的行距配置方式进行推广。 相似文献
8.
Nitrogen fertilization management under water limited conditions needs to be refined to save environmental ecosystems and increase economic returns. Two-year field studies in a split-plot design were conducted to investigate the response of maize to different nitrogen rates (N100 = 100, N130 = 130, and N160 = 160?kg N ha?1) under two irrigation levels (100 or 75% of water requirements). Under deficit irrigation, water and N were used more efficiently than normal water supply. N-fertilization of drip irrigated maize grown under deficit irrigation with N160 increased the uptake of N, P and K by 35, 29 and 70% compared with N100. Fertilization of maize grown under deficit irrigation with N160 increased the grain, straw and biological yield and water use efficiency by 50, 14, 22 and 33% compared with N100. Based on the obtained results, 160?kg of N ha?1 is the optimum rate of N for maize irrigated by 75% of water requirements. 相似文献
9.
玉米氮高效品种的生物学特征 总被引:31,自引:12,他引:31
提高氮肥利用率依赖于氮肥优化管理及作物氮素营养效率的遗传改良。本文分析了作物氮高效的定义,并以玉米为例,分析了氮高效的生物学机制,提出了玉米氮高效品种的生物学特征。本文认为,玉米氮高效品种的生物学特征为:(1)在开花前,维持稳定的氮吸收,并将所吸收的氮素高效利用于穗的发育,提高小花结实率,为产量形成过程中的碳、氮积累提供较大的库;根系生长发育能力强,能建成较大的根系,以满足籽粒生长期氮素吸收的要求;有较强的叶片扩展能力,保持较大的叶面积。(2)在开花后,充分利用前期建成的根系,高效吸收土壤中的矿化氮,用于籽粒生长所需,从而减少叶片中氮素的输出,减缓叶片衰老(保绿性强),维持叶片较高的光合效率,为籽粒灌浆提供碳化合物。因此,在氮高效育种中,应注重穗部性状(大穗,结实能力强)、根系性状(发达的根系,功能期长)与叶片性状(保绿性好)的结合。 相似文献
10.
以69个小黑麦品种为材料,研究了同一供N水平下,不同小黑麦品种在分蘖、抽穗和成熟期对N素吸收利用的基因型差异,考查了单株籽粒产量、地上部N积累量、地上部N收获指数、N运转率和N利用效率等指标。结果表明:①在3个时期,不同品种小黑麦对N素的吸收利用均存在着显著的基因型差异,其中地上部N积累量和N利用效率与单株籽粒产量呈极显著正相关(r = 0.84,r = 0.63),是决定小黑麦经济产量的重要因子。②通过聚类分析,在供试的69个小黑麦品种中,具有较高籽粒产量、N素吸收总量和N素利用效率的共4个品种,分别为Clxt75、P1428736、P1429227和P1466703。 相似文献
11.
12.
冬小麦-夏玉米轮作产量与氮素利用最佳水氮配置 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
【目的】华北太行山前平原高产限水区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系中灌水施肥不合理的现象普遍存在,水资源浪费和农业面源污染严重。长期定位研究水氮配置对小麦玉米产量和氮素利用影响,可为该区优化水氮管理模式,充分发挥水氮协同增效作用提供依据。【方法】2006~2014年进行大田试验,采取裂区设计,灌水量为主区,施氮量为副区。小麦季灌水设春灌一次水(W1, 拔节水)和两次水(W2, 拔节水+开花水)两个处理; 玉米季在小麦灌一次水基础上设限水处理(WL),在两次水基础上设适水处理(WS),限水和适水的灌水次数根据降水年型而定。两种灌水条件均设置6个施氮水平,分别为0(N0)、 60(N60)、 120(N120)、 180(N180)、 240(N240)、 300(N300)kg/hm2。连续8年定位测定了小麦玉米产量、 植株吸氮量。【结果】小麦玉米产量和植株吸氮量年际间差异均较大,相对而言,W2(WS)产量和吸氮量的年际波动较小,一定程度上降低了不同年型气象因素的影响,达到稳产的效果。两种水分条件下N0 和N60处理的作物产量和吸氮量除个别年份外都显著低于其余施氮处理。本研究的产量水平下(冬小麦7000~9500 kg/hm2,夏玉米8500~11000 kg/hm2)小麦玉米产量与其吸氮量呈显著线性正相关。小麦玉米8年平均产量和吸氮量在一定施氮范围内均随施氮量的增加而显著增加,但施氮达到120 kg/hm2后产量不再显著增加,达到180 kg/hm2后吸氮量不再显著增加,同一施氮水平的作物产量和吸氮量都表现W2(WS)高于W1(WL)。两种水分条件下小麦玉米的氮肥偏生产力、 氮肥农学效率和氮素生产效率都随施氮量的增大而显著减小,但对同一施氮水平W2(WS)高于W1(WL)。冬小麦-夏玉米整个轮作体系氮肥累计表观利用率(一段时期内作物对肥料氮的累计吸收量与该时期施氮总量的比值)同样随施氮量的增加显著减小,一次水+限水条件下从N60+60的51.8%下降到N300+300的22.3%,两次水+适水从N60+60的57.4%下降到N300+300的24.6%。同一施氮水平的氮肥累计表观利用率两次水+适水都高于一次水+限水。【结论】冬小麦春灌两次水、 施用N 120 kg/hm2,夏玉米适水灌溉、 施N 120 kg/hm2的产量和吸氮量都达到最高水平,氮肥偏生产力、 农学效率、 累计表观利用率以及氮素生产效率也比较高,因此在一定时期内可作为当地小麦-玉米轮作体系适宜的水氮配置,周年产量可维持在16~19 t/hm2。 相似文献
13.
氮素运筹对夏玉米产量形成与氮素利用效果的影响 总被引:6,自引:2,他引:6
以郑单958玉米为材料,研究了氮素运筹对夏玉米产量形成与氮素利用效果的影响。结果表明,合理氮素运筹能显著提高夏玉米果穗的穗粒数、粒重、容重以及整个生育时期植株的氮素积累量,经济产量增加16.4%。施氮量与夏玉米秸秆、子粒的氮素累积量呈极显著正相关;但在相同施氮量下,分期施用对其无显著影响。施氮量超过N 300 kg/hm2,且于花粒期施氮,营养器官氮素转运量显著降低,营养器官和子粒的含氮量及累积量升高,出现了氮素奢侈吸收现象,导致氮素的表观利用率、农艺效率、生理效率、干物质和子粒生产效率显著降低。转运氮贡献率与施氮量呈显著的二次曲线关系。在本试验条件下,最佳施肥量为N 300 kg/hm2,采用种肥配合大喇叭口期一次追施为宜。 相似文献
14.
氮肥减量后移对土壤氮素供应和夏玉米氮素吸收利用的影响 总被引:21,自引:10,他引:21
采用田间试验研究了氮肥减量后移对土壤氮素供应和夏玉米氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明,与农民习惯施肥(N 240 kg/hm2,基肥和大喇叭口追肥为1∶2)相比,氮肥减量后移(N 168 kg/hm2,基肥、大喇叭口肥和吐丝肥为1∶3∶1)处理的产量、植株干物质积累量、植株氮积累量和积累速率均没有降低,而氮肥利用率显著增加。氮肥减量后移可使耕层无机氮供应较好地与作物吸收同步,降低收获期0—100 cm土层硝态氮积累,减少氮素的田间表观损失。基于夏玉米不同生育阶段的氮素吸收特征进行氮肥减量后移可节省氮肥30%,是较为理想的氮素施用方式。 相似文献
15.
J. O. AZEEZ 《土壤圈》2009,19(5):654-662
Low soil nitrogen (N) and weed infestations are some of the major constraints to maize production in Nigeria.A split-split plot experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replicates was established at two sites with different agroecological zones,Ikenne (Typic Paleudalf) and Shika (Typic Tropaquept),in Nigeria in 2002 and 2003 rainy seasons to investigate the responses of four maize genotypes (Oba super II,Low N pool C2,TZB-SR,and ACR 8328 BN C7) to N fertilizer applied at four rates,0,30,60,and 90 kg N ha-1,and three weed pressure treatments,no weed pressure (weekly weeding),low weed pressure (inter-row weekly weeding),and high weed pressure (no weeding throughout the growing season).Growth and yield parameters of maize and weeds were taken at flwering and harvest.The results indicated that there was a significant reduction in maize leaf area,leaf area index,and photosynthetically active radiation due to weed interference at both sites.The application of nitrogen at 90 kg N ha-1 significantly increased maize leaf area.Reductions in maize growth and yield at flowering and harvest were significant due to weed interference at both Ikenne and Shika,thus showing that the reductions in maize growth and yield due to weed interference were not ecological zone specific even though weed species and their seed banks may differ.Ameliorative management options could thus be the same in the two agroecological zones.Application of 90 kg N ha-1 led to a significant increase in maize grain yield at Shika while there was no fertilizer effect at Ikenne on grain yield.There was no significant difference between 60 and 90 kg N ha-1,suggesting that 60 kg N ha-1 could be a possible replacement for the higher fertilizer rate at least for the identified maize genotypes.Low weed pressure treatment led to 26% and 35% reductions in maize grain yield at Ikenne and Shika,respectively,while 22% and 51 % reductions,respectively,were observed due to high weed pressure.Generally,maize grain yield was higher at Ikenne than Shika.The maize genotypes Low N pool C2 and ACR 8328 BN C7 performed better than the other genotypes at Ikenne while the maize genotype Oba super II had the best performance at harvest at Shika.Application of nitrogen increased weed biomass at flowering at Ikenne.The maize grain yield was highest in the N-efficient genotypes,Oba super II and Low N pool C2;the susceptible genotype TZB-SR had the least yield at Shika.There existed a negative and significant correlation between maize grain yield and weed biomass at both sites. 相似文献
16.
有机水稻品种产量、品质和氮素吸收利用的关系 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
HUANG Li-Fen YU Jun YANG Jie ZHANG Rong BAI Yan-Chao SUN Cheng-Ming ZHUANG Heng-Yang 《土壤圈》2016,26(1):85-97
Due to the relatively late start of organic rice (Oryza sativa L.) research in China, there is a still lack of systematic research on rice varieties, organic fertilizer management practices, and especially the mechanisms of nitrogen (N) uptake and utilization. Three rice varieties, Nanjing 5055, Nanjing 9108, and Nanjing 46, were grown at organic farming (OF) with three organic fertilizer levels (103.2, 160.8, and 218.4 kg N ha-1) and conventional farming (CF) with regular chemical fertilizers. Rice grain yields, yield components, and quality, dry matter accumulation, and plant N were measured at different growth stages during the 2012 and 2013 growing seasons. Compared with CF, OF had a significantly reduced yield. Nanjing 9108 showed significant reductions in number of panicles per unit area and the percentage of filled grains, and had the lowest yield. The effects of fertilizer type and application rate on dry matter accumulation during the main growth periods were significant for all varieties. The N content and uptake of organically grown rice were lower compared with that of rice under CF. The N recovery efficiency and N agronomic efficiency were significantly lower, whereas N physiological efficiency and N partial factor productivity were greater under OF than under CF. Under OF, the processing quality showed a slight but insignificant decline, protein content and gel consistency increased, and amylose content decreased compared with those under CF. Correlation analysis showed that under OF, grain yield was significantly correlated with N uptake. The medium organic fertilizer level (160.8 kg N ha-1) was found to be the optimum fertilizer treatment, and Nanjing 46 appeared to be the best variety for organic rice cultivation. To increase rice grain yields and reduce the potential risk of non-point source pollution in organic agriculture, further research is needed to improve the N use efficiency in organic rice cultivation. 相似文献
17.
腐植酸与氮肥配施对冬小麦氮素吸收利用及产量的影响 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
研究腐植酸与氮肥配施对冬小麦产量、氮素吸收及经济效益的影响,可为提高氮肥的增产效益,减少氮肥对生态环境的污染提供理论指导。在河南褐土区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作制度下,于2014年开始在河南省南阳市卧龙区开展田间定位试验,共设置单施磷钾肥、常规施肥、单施腐植酸、常规施肥+腐植酸、常规施肥减氮15%+腐植酸、常规施肥减氮30%+腐植酸6个处理,分析不同氮肥与腐植酸配施下冬小麦产量和氮肥利用的特征。结果表明,腐植酸与氮肥配施可以有效提高冬小麦的产量及其构成要素,促进植株对氮素的累积,提高氮肥利用率。其中,常规施肥减氮15%+腐植酸处理下冬小麦产量、籽粒氮含量、籽粒氮累积量、地上部总氮累积量、氮肥利用效率和纯收益均增加,与常规施肥相比,冬小麦产量增加4.96%,氮肥利用效率增加23.42%,纯收益增加2.18%。常规施肥减氮30%+腐植酸条件下冬小麦产值和收益降低。因此,在施用腐植酸的基础上,配施适量氮肥才能获得较高的产值和收益。常规施肥减氮15%+腐植酸是本研究区域最佳的施肥模式,对实现现代化农业生产的高产高效、资源节约和生态环境保护具有重要意义。 相似文献
18.
氮肥基施深度对夏玉米产量、 氮素利用及氮残留的影响 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
【目的】研究华北平原区底施氮肥深度对夏玉米产量、 氮素吸收量、 氮肥利用率以及氮素在土壤中残留的影响,以期为夏玉米的氮肥施用提供依据。【方法】采用小区试验和15N示踪试验的方法。小区试验设对照(CK),常规垄侧施氮(T-side),垄内8 cm深(T-8)、 16 cm深(T-16)、 24 cm深(T-24)施氮和垄内3层施氮(T-all)6个处理,养分施用量为N 180 kg/hm2,P2O5 120 kg/hm2,K2O 150 kg/hm2。示踪试验采用原位原状土柱法,设3个处理: 15N尿素施在8 cm深,另两层16 cm、 24 cm施用普通尿素(N8); 15N尿素施在16 cm深,另两层8 cm、 24 cm施用普通尿素(N16); 15N尿素施在24 cm深,另两层8 cm、 16 cm施用普通尿素(N24); 养分用量与小区试验相同。【结果】大田试验结果表明,T-all处理的玉米产量最高,比T-24提高了8.45%,达显著水平; T-all、 T-8、 T-16处理的夏玉米产量均高于T-side,分别比T-side提高了6.65%、 3.29%和5.43%,所有施肥处理中以T-24的玉米产量最低。玉米各生育期的氮素吸收量也以T-24处理最低; 与T-side处理相比,T-all处理的玉米氮吸收量在吐丝以前偏低,收获时稍高。夏玉米带状施肥主要影响垄内(施肥部位)土壤碱解氮含量,对垄间(非施肥带)土壤碱解氮含量影响不大; 与T-16、 T-24深层施氮相比,T-side、 T-8浅层施氮处理显著提高了玉米生育前期垄内表层土壤的碱解氮含量。示踪试验结果表明,施于8 cm、 16 cm、 24 cm的氮素利用率分别为37.24%、 31.33%、 18.75%。玉米收获后0100 cm土层N24处理的氮素残留量显著高于N8和N16处理,并且N24处理的氮素残留主要分布在4080 cm土层。【结论】本区域夏玉米底施尿素的适宜深度为816 cm。 相似文献
19.
氮肥施用和地膜覆盖对旱作春玉米氮素吸收及分配的影响 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:3
【目的】通过田间试验探究黄土旱塬氮肥施用和地膜覆盖对春玉米干物质累积、产量和氮素吸收利用的影响。【方法】田间试验于2016年和2017年在中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所长武黄土高原农业生态试验站进行。该站位于陕西省咸阳市长武县洪家镇,地貌为高原沟壑区,地带性土壤为黑垆土,供试作物为春玉米。试验采用裂区设计,主区为地膜覆盖和不覆盖,副区为4个施氮水平(0、100、250和400 kg/hm^2)。在玉米六叶期(V6)、十叶期(V10)、吐丝期(R1)、乳熟期(R3)及完熟期(R6) 5个时期采集植株样品,测定生物量并按照需要分为不同部位测定植株全氮含量。【结果】1)氮肥施用和地膜覆盖显著提高春玉米籽粒产量,地膜覆盖条件下氮肥提高春玉米籽粒产量效果更显著。地膜覆盖条件下施氮量250 kg/hm^2和400 kg/hm^2处理春玉米籽粒获得高产,产量达12.8~16.4 t/hm^2,两个施氮量间春玉米籽粒产量差异不显著;不覆盖条件下,施氮量400kg/hm^2处理春玉米籽粒产量显著低于250 kg/hm^2处理。2)氮肥施用和地膜覆盖及二因素互作显著提高春玉米花前和花后氮素累积量,二因素互作对春玉米花后氮素和干物质累积作用较花前更大,地膜覆盖条件下施氮处理花后氮素和干物质累积量比例分别为51.5%~54.9%和51.1%~59.9%,为春玉米籽粒产量提高奠定物质基础,地膜覆盖条件下施氮量250 kg/hm^2和400 kg/hm^2处理可获得高的花前和花后氮素和干物质累积量,但施氮量400 kg/hm^2处理的氮素和干物质累积量与施氮量250 kg/hm^2处理的均差异不显著。3)由于氮肥施用和地膜覆盖互作显著提高花前氮素累积和促进花后的生长发育,二因素协同促进春玉米营养器官氮素转移量,地膜覆盖条件下施氮量250 kg/hm^2和400 kg/hm^2处理均能有效促进花前储存更多的氮素向籽粒转运,提高花后期氮同化量,促进籽粒产量的提高。相同覆盖条件下,施氮量400 kg/hm^2处理营养器官氮素转移量与施氮量250 kg/hm^2差异不显著。4)地膜覆盖显著提高相同施氮量下氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力;地膜覆盖和氮肥用量及二因素互作显著提高氮收获指数,地膜覆盖条件下,施氮量250 kg/hm^2和400 kg/hm^2处理可获得较高的氮收获指数,氮收获指数达65.1%~75.4%,但施氮量250 kg/hm^2和400 kg/hm^2处理氮收获指数差异不显著。【结论】在该试验条件下,氮肥施用和地膜覆盖互作显著提高春玉米花前和花后的氮素吸收和干物质累积,但二因素互作对春玉米花后氮素吸收和干物质累积影响更大,从而促进了营养器官氮素转移,提高了春玉米产量和氮收获指数。 相似文献
20.
氮素运筹对玉米干物质积累、氮素吸收分配及产量的影响 总被引:19,自引:2,他引:19
田间小区试验,研究了氮素运筹对玉米干物质累积、氮素吸收分配及产量的影响。结果表明,施氮和有机肥可以延长干物质积累的旺盛时期,使玉米干物质总量积累速率最大的时刻推后1~3d,增加了玉米的干物质积累量。氮肥配施有机肥能延长氮素积累的旺盛时期,其中,N2+M处理氮素积累的旺盛时期△t分别比N0、N1、N2、N3和FP处理延长了6、4、6、1和7d,该时段吸N量比FP处理增加 0.25 g/plant,比等氮量的N2处理增加0.24 g/plant。播前施有机肥 30 t/hm2,在减 N 26.83%的情况下,玉米吸氮量比常规施肥(FP)提高 6.52%,氮素利用率达54.31%,高于常规施肥的 33.27%;玉米增产24.12%,比常规施肥增收2696元/hm2。 相似文献