Developing a dynamic yield and growth model for maize under various water and nitrogen regimes

Better irrigation and nitrogen (N) scheduling and more efficient management of crop production require modeling of plant growth and crop yield. Models become more applicable if they are simple and require less and accessible inputs. The objective of this study was to use simple equations of soil water budget, evapotranspiration (ET), leaf area index (LAI), yield, and harvest index (HI)–transpiration function to develop a model for the prediction of growth and yield of maize under various water and N rates. The model was calibrated based on given data under sprinkler irrigation and verified based on independent data under furrow irrigation. The comparison between predicted and measured values of different crop parameters did not show any significant difference and the model was able to estimate LAI, ET, soil water content, HI, dry matter, and grain yield properly. Furthermore, an equation was presented to predict daily dry matter accumulation by a logistic curve for different water and N applications. It was concluded that the presented simple model was able to predict crop yield quite well and hence could be used for farm irrigation and N scheduling and management of both. Furthermore, the relationship between LAI and ET may be different in various environmental conditions that should be considered in using the model.     

北疆膜下滴灌棉花产量及水分生产率对灌水量响应的模拟

膜下滴灌技术是一种节水高产的灌溉技术,在新疆棉花种植中得到了广泛的应用。灌溉是影响新疆棉花产量的重要因素。为研究棉花产量和水分生产率对灌水量的响应,该文首先采用2010年和2011年新疆棉花膜下滴灌田间试验数据验证二维土壤水与作物生长耦合模型模拟棉花产量和耗水量可靠性。结果表明,二维土壤水与作物生长耦合模型能够可靠地模拟土壤含水率、叶面积指数、地上部分干物质量、籽棉产量和耗水量。土壤含水率模拟值与实测值的标准均方根误差(normalized root mean square error,n RMSE)为4.6%~23.4%,一致性指数为0.677~0.974;叶面积指数和地上部分干物质量n RMSE分别为6.3%~15.7%和7.2%~14.1%;籽棉产量和耗水量的模拟值与实测值之间相对误差分别仅为1.1%~6.7%和0.3%~9.2%。利用率定和验证后的模型参数进一步模拟10种灌水量情景下的棉花籽棉产量和水分生产率,结果表明籽棉产量随着灌水量的增加而增加,二者呈抛物线关系,而水分生产率则随着灌水量的增加而减小。综合考虑产量和水分生产率,北疆地区膜下滴灌棉花优化灌水量为280~307 mm。该研究可为北疆地区棉花灌水实践提供科学依据。     

Estimation of yield and dry matter of rapeseed using logistic model under water salinity and deficit irrigation

The inadequacy of most models to simulate crop growth and yield is due to complexity, difficulty to understand, and lack of input data. Therefore, several simple crop growth models are presented to reduce these failures. In this investigation, yield and aboveground dry matter (DM_above) of rapeseed were simulated by two logistic growth models that were based on days after planting (DAP) and growing degree days (GDD) under water salinity and deficit irrigation, in a 2-year experiment. Data of first and second year were used for calibration and validation of the model, respectively. The coefficients of logistic function were determined as a function of irrigation water salinity and sum of applied water and rainfall in spring of the first year. Results indicated that logistic function based on GDD-predicted DM_above during growing season more accurately than logistic function based on DAP. Furthermore, seed yield of rapeseed was estimated based on harvest index with a good accuracy. Therefore, logistic function based on GDD that is based on the cumulative heat units can be used for different weather conditions and planting dates to determine rapeseed DM_above and yield under water salinity and deficit irrigation.     

Simulation of the impact of subsoil compaction on soil water balance and crop yield of irrigated maize on a loamy sand soil in SW Spain

Irrigation of crops in Mediterranean countries can produce some conditions that favour soil compaction processes. The SIMWASER model takes into account the effects of subsoil compaction on water balance and crop yield. The objectives of this paper were: (i) to test the mentioned model using the data set collected, during three years (1991–1993), from irrigation experiments with maize (Zea mays L., cv. Prisma) on a sandy soil (Cambisols (FAO, 1990) or Xerocrepts (USDA, 1998)) in SW Spain and (ii) to estimate the influence of subsoil compaction on soil water balance and crop yield assuming long lasting heavy subsoil compaction that may be developed under irrigation for the SW Spain conditions. The model was run to simulate soil water content, evapotranspiration, drainage below the root zone, and crop yield for the same period in which the experiment was carried out. Results of simulation were compared with the experimental results in order to know the agreement between them. The results obtained show a fairly good agreement between simulated and measured values for most of the parameters considered. For the scenario in which subsoil compaction is developed under irrigation, the results simulated by the model indicate a reduction of the rooting depth. However, the effects on water balance and crop yield in this sandy soil were not relevant under the SW Spain conditions.     

咸淡水轮灌对棉花产量和土壤溶质迁移的影响

为探讨不同咸淡水膜下滴灌方式对棉花根系、产量和土壤剖面溶质迁移的影响,于2012–2013年在巴州灌溉试验站开展大田试验,共设置全生育期微咸水、淡水和咸淡水轮灌(蕾期—花铃前期淡水、其余生育期微咸水)3个处理。对比不同咸淡水处理下,棉花根系发育、地上部生长和产量的差异,分析0~100 cm土壤中铜、铁、锰、钙、钾、钠6种溶质垂向分布与变化特点。结果表明:2012年,微咸水灌溉条件下,钠离子未发生表聚,40 cm以上土壤微量元素含量显著增高(P0.05),棉花总根长密度、最大根长密度呈咸水处理轮灌处理淡水处理,咸水和轮灌处理下,单株棉花地上部干物质、单位面积铃数和籽棉产量显著高于淡水处理,分别达32%、20%和22%。2012–2013年,咸水处理下棉花总根长密度骤减,导致该处理下单株棉花地上部干物质、单位面积铃数和籽棉产量显著降低(P0.05)。在土壤盐害离子增加,微量元素减少的情况下,采用蕾期至花铃前期淡水灌溉、其余生育期微咸水灌溉的方式,钠离子未发生表聚,2013年棉花总根长密度高于咸水处理达24%,地上部干物质、单位面积铃数和籽棉产量较咸水处理高出13%~24%。咸淡水轮灌一定程度上促进了棉花根系生长,缓解盐害离子对棉花造成的生长胁迫。另外,不同咸淡水灌溉处理下,土壤溶质迁移规律不同:2012–2013年,土壤中铜、铁、锰平均质量分数降低约40%,0~10 cm的表聚系数由0.14~0.17增长至超过0.20,3种处理下铜、铁、锰都表现出强烈的表聚性;钙、钾、钠平均质量分数增加33%~45%,3种处理下钙、钾未表现出明显的表聚性,而微咸水处理下钠由不表聚转变为显著表聚。该成果可为干旱地区合理利用微咸水,实现棉花优质稳产提供参考。     

基于PEST的土壤-作物系统模型参数优化及灵敏度分析

农业生产管理系统模型输入参数多,参数率定过程十分耗时费力,大大限制了其推广应用。该研究以华北平原2 a的冬小麦-夏玉米田间试验观测数据为基础,使用PEST(parameter estimation)参数自动优化工具对土壤-作物-大气系统水热碳氮过程藕合模型(soil water heat carbon and nitrogen simulator,WHCNS)的土壤水力学参数、氮素转化参数和作物遗传参数进行自动寻优,同时计算分析模型参数的相对综合敏感度,并将优化结果与土壤实测水力学参数和试错法的模拟结果进行比较。参数敏感度分析结果表明,18个模型参数的相对综合敏感度较高,其中土壤水力学参数普遍具有较高的敏感度,以饱和含水率敏感度最高;作物参数中,作物生长发育总积温和最大比叶面积具有较高的综合敏感度;而氮素转化参数的敏感度远低于土壤水力学参数和作物参数。评价模型模拟效果的统计性指标(均方根误差、模型效率系数和一致性指数)表明,PEST法比实测水力学参数的模拟精度有所提高,其中土壤含水率、土壤硝态氮含量、作物产量和叶面积指数的均方根误差分别降低了61.8%、23.5%、73.6%和23.3%。同时PEST法比试错法对土壤水分和作物产量的模拟精度也有较大提高,但对土壤氮素和叶面积指数的模拟精度提高不明显。由于该方法大大节约了模型校准时间,在较短的时间内获得了明显高于试错法的模拟精度,因此PEST软件在WHCNS模型参数自动优化中是一个值得推广的工具。     

磁化水灌溉对土壤水盐分布和春玉米产量的影响

以春玉米为研究对象,通过磁化水灌溉试验,研究磁化水灌溉条件下不同灌水量(4 200,4 800,5 400 m~3/hm~2)对土壤水盐分布、玉米干物质量积累、产量及生长特性的影响,以探寻3 500 Gs磁化强度磁化水灌溉条件下适宜的灌水量,为促进塔里木盆地农业资源高效利用提供相关数据支持。结果表明:不同灌水量下磁化水灌溉均能提高土壤含水量,40—60 cm土层土壤盐分淋洗效果优于0—20 cm土层;磁化水灌溉可促进玉米植株生长及产量增加,各处理磁化水灌溉玉米产量较非磁化处理增加了2.11%～19.31%;磁化水3 500 Gs磁化强度灌溉4 800 m~3/hm~2处理产量均最佳,水分利用效率及灌溉水利用效率均达到最大,分别为2.64,2.86 kg/m~3。因此,与非磁化灌溉相比,适宜的磁化水灌溉量可改善玉米穗部干物质积累,有利于提高玉米的产量及水分利用效率。     

不同灌水水平下CROPGRO棉花模型敏感性和不确定性分析

基于过程的作物模型使用大量的品种和土壤参数来模拟作物生长和土壤水分变化。对于新的作物品种或新的环境,这些参数往往需要重新率定,然而许多参数难以通过实测获得。敏感性分析(sensitivity analysis,SA)可以量化模型输入参数对模型输出的影响,通过筛选出敏感性较大的参数进行率定,而把敏感性较小的参数设为固定值,可以极大简化参数率定过程,提高工作效率和模型模拟精度。为了给DSSAT-CROPGRO-Cotton模型应用于新疆地区进行棉花灌溉制度优化提供本地化的模型参数,对该模型进行了敏感性分析和不确定性分析。该文依据新疆石河子的棉花大田试验资料,应用Morris法和扩展傅里叶幅度敏感性检验(extend Fourier amplitude sensitivity test,EFAST)法对DSSAT-CROPGRO-Cotton模型3个灌水处理(60%ETC、80%ETC和100%ETC,ETC为作物蒸发蒸腾量crop evapotranspiration)下6个输出结果(初花天数、成熟天数、籽棉产量、地上干物质量、最大叶面积指数和蒸发蒸腾量)对于品种和土壤参数进行敏感性分析,并比较了2种方法的相关关系,最后对EFAST法的输出结果进行不确定性分析。相关分析结果显示,对于地上干物质量和最大叶面积指数,Morris法和EFAST法相关性介于0.87~0.93,对于模型结果成熟天数、籽棉产量和蒸发蒸腾量,2种方法相关性介于0.66~0.81。敏感性分析和不确定性分析结果显示,模型模拟灌水处理对初花天数无明显差异,且模拟初花天数和最大叶面积指数存在参数敏感性过于单一现象。模型参数敏感性随土层而不同:对于成熟天数,40~80 cm土壤参数的敏感性更强;对于地上干物质量和蒸发蒸腾量,80~120 cm土壤参数的敏感性更强,这可能是由于该地区气候干旱,下层土壤水分充足程度直接影响作物受到水分胁迫的程度,进而影响作物生长发育和蒸发蒸腾量。模型输出结果最大叶面积指数和蒸发蒸腾量存在一定程度的高估。该研究可提高CROPGRO-Cotton模型在新疆地区的模拟效率和模拟精度。     

基于基因表达式编程的作物水分生产函数构建

作物水分生产函数的确定是农业水资源优化配置的关键。该研究采用农业水文生态系统模型（Agro-Hydrological & Chemical and Crop systems simulator, AHC）与基因表达式编程（Gene Expression Programming, GEP）相结合的方法构建作物水分生产函数。以河套灌区3种主要作物（葵花、玉米、小麦）为研究对象,采用AHC模型模拟作物产量等,构建基于GEP算法的作物水分生产函数,探讨考虑盐分胁迫的作物水分生产函数构建的思路与方法。结果表明：1）作物模拟产量与地下水埋深、地下水矿化度和灌水量等因素有关。2）构建作物水分生产函数的最优输入因子组合为地下水埋深、灌溉量、蒸散发、地下水矿化度、土壤根层盐分对作物胁迫因子、土壤根层含水率。3）应用作物水分生产函数估算不同灌溉定额条件下作物产量（预测产量）,并与AHC模型计算的产量（模拟产量）进行比较,玉米、葵花、小麦预测产量与模拟产量具有很好一致性,其决定系数分别是0.96、0.93、0.96,平均相对误差均小于5%,满足计算精度要求。因此,该研究所构建的作物水分生产函数可以较准确地估算盐分胁迫下作物产量,为农业节水与灌溉水高效利用提供科学参考。     

基于APSIM模型小麦-玉米不同灌溉制度作物产量和水分利用效率分析

针对海河平原地下水位持续下降和维持小麦—玉米两熟较高产量之间的矛盾,对不同降水年型小麦—玉米不同灌溉制度下产量和水分利用效率(WUE)进行模拟分析,结果对平衡该区域地下水可持续利用与粮食生产提供重要科学决策依据。利用研究区域站点长时间序列气象数据,以小麦不同水分处理地上部生物量、叶面积和周年土壤水分动态田间试验数据为基础,对APSIM小麦玉米遗传参数和土壤水分等相关参数进行了校准和验证。利用校准和验证的APSIM模型,对不同降水年型小麦—玉米不同生长阶段水分亏缺指数(CWDI)进行了分析,并模拟了8种不同灌溉制度情景下小麦玉米产量、水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率(IWUE)。结果表明:不同降水年型小麦各生育阶段CWDI均较高,说明无论干旱、平水和湿润年份小麦需水量远大于降水量,尤其是拔节—成熟期水分严重亏缺,属极旱;玉米抽雄前基本不受干旱胁迫影响,但抽雄后的灌浆阶段处于中旱或重旱,对水分需求迫切。兼顾产量和水分利用效率的灌溉制度,干旱、平水及湿润年份全年灌溉3次,灌水量为225 mm(小麦播种75 mm+拔节期75 mm+开花期75 mm)时可获得较高的周年产量和最大WUE。不同降水年型周年产量和WUE在干旱年份分别为17 357.6 kg/hm~2和29.6 kg/(hm~2·mm),平水年份分别为18 827.9 kg/hm~2和25.9 kg/(hm~2·mm),湿润年份分别为19 685.2 kg/hm~2和25.8 kg/(hm~2·mm)。此灌溉制度下,小麦、玉米可获得较高的产量和水分利用效率,为该区域水—粮权衡的重要灌溉策略和措施。     

灌水次数对绿洲春玉米田氮素损失及水氮利用效率的影响

该文研究灌水次数对绿洲农田氮素损失及水氮利用效率的影响。2015年在甘肃省武威市石羊河流域绿洲农田设置了5种灌溉施肥处理:分别为传统施肥(N_1)+传统灌水4次处理(I_1N_1),优化施肥(N_2)+优化灌水4~7次处理(分别为I_2N_2、I_3N_2、I_4N_2和I_5N_2)。应用农田水氮管理模型(soil water heat carbon and nitrogen simulator,WHCNS)模拟分析了不同灌水次数下的作物产量、水氮动态过程及水氮利用效率,最后应用综合指数法筛选了农田最佳的水肥管理方案。结果表明:模型模拟的土壤含水率、土壤硝态氮含量、作物产量和叶面积指数与实测值均吻合良好,一致性指数在0.74及以上。5个处理中I_3N_2处理的春玉米产量、水分和氮素利用效率均最高,分别为17 077 kg/hm~2、3.23 kg/m~3和40.1 kg/kg。I_1N_1处理的水分渗漏和硝态氮淋失量均最大,而I_5N_2处理的最小。在灌溉定额一定的条件下,随灌水次数增加,水分渗漏量逐渐减少,同时硝态氮淋洗和氨挥发也逐渐减少,而反硝化和作物吸氮量逐渐增加。综合指数法评价结果表明I_3N_2处理为该地区最佳的水肥管理方案。因此,在该地区适当增加灌水次数和减少单次灌水量,不仅可以维持作物产量不变,而且显著减少了水分渗漏和氮素淋洗,同时提高了水氮利用效率。结果可为荒漠绿洲地区制定合理的水肥管理措施提供指导。     

Effects of tillage and traffic on crop production in dryland farming systems: II. Long-term simulation of crop production using the PERFECT model

Soil water conservation is critical to long-term crop production in dryland cropping areas in Northeast Australia. Many field studies have shown the benefits of controlled traffic and zero tillage in terms of runoff and soil erosion reduction, soil moisture retention and crop yield improvement. However, there is lack of understanding of the long-term effect of the combination of controlled traffic and zero tillage practices, as compared with other tillage and traffic management practices.In this study, a modeling approach was used to estimate the long-term effect of tillage, traffic, crop rotation and type, and soil management practices in a heavy clay soil. The PERFECT soil–crop simulation model was calibrated with data from a 5-year field experiment in Northeast Australia in terms of runoff, available soil water and crop yield; the procedure and outcomes of this calibration were given in a previous contribution. Three cropping systems with different tillage and traffic treatments were simulated with the model over a 44-year-period using archived weather data.Results showed higher runoff, and lower soil moisture and crop production with conventional tillage and accompanying field traffic than with controlled traffic and zero tillage. The effect of traffic is greater than the effect of tillage over the long-term. The best traffic, tillage and crop management system was controlled traffic zero tillage in a high crop intensity rotation, and the worst was conventional traffic and stubble mulch with continuous wheat. Increased water infiltration and reduced runoff under controlled traffic resulted in more available soil water and higher crop yield under opportunity cropping systems.     

灌水下限与毛管埋深对温室番茄生长的影响

为探明番茄根系生长与水分分布之间的互反馈机制,通过日光温室地下滴灌试验,设置了4种毛管埋深(0 cm、10 cm、20 cm和30 cm)和3种灌水下限(保持土壤含水量为50%、60%和75%田间持水量),研究了不同灌水下限与毛管埋深对番茄根系生长及干物质分配的影响。研究结果表明,轻度、中轻度水分亏缺(灌水下限为75%和60%田间持水量)时,毛管埋深对番茄耗水量有显著影响,10~20 cm毛管埋深提高番茄耗水量。毛管埋深增加会减少0~20 cm土层根系分布,促进20~60 cm土层根系生长;毛管埋深对0~10 cm、20~30 cm、30~40 cm土层根系生长影响显著,对50~60 cm土层根系生长无显著影响。灌水下限对细根(d1 mm)、粗根(d1mm)的根长与根表面积影响显著,毛管埋深对细根的根长与根表面积有显著影响;轻度水分亏缺及20 cm毛管埋深有利于细根根长和根表面积生长,减少粗根比例。本研究结果表明,轻度水分亏缺及毛管埋深为20 cm更有利于全株干物质积累,灌水下限为75%田间持水量能够增加根系干物质分配比例,而20 cm毛管埋深则能促进干物质向茎叶转移且减少根系干物质的分配比例。     

根系水质模型中土壤与作物参数优化及其不确定性评价

农业系统模型参数优化存在很高的不确定性,是模型应用研究的重点和难点。该研究利用自动优化程序PEST(parameter estimation software)对根系水质模型(root zone water quality model,RZWQM)中土壤参数(土壤水力学参数和根系生长参数)和作物遗传参数进行了优化,结果表明PEST优化模拟结果明显优于传统试错法的校正结果,且具有较高的参数优化效率。模型参数优化不确定性评价表明校正数据和参数初始值的选择、土壤水力学参数估算方法、不同类型参数间的相互作用以及优化目标方程(误差来源计算)都明显影响模型模拟结果。以上过程中土壤水力学参数优化值差异较小,但其土壤水分特征曲线却明显不同。通过以上评价分析提高了RZWQM相关参数优化结果的可靠性及其模拟功能,降低了模型参数优化的不确定性,为PEST优化其他模型参数提供了重要支持。     

咸淡交替灌溉下生物炭对滨海盐渍土及玉米产量的影响

滨海滩涂地区蕴藏着丰富的微咸水资源,该研究提出咸淡交替灌溉和生物炭相结合的方法来促进这类次等水土资源的农业生产。于2017年和2018年进行了遮雨条件下滨海盐渍土玉米种植试验,并设置了不同咸淡交替灌溉（全淡水灌溉,分别在六叶至抽雄、抽雄至吐丝、吐丝至成熟期灌溉3 g/L微咸水而其余时期淡水）和生物炭（0、15、30 t/hm2）处理。结果表明,咸淡交替灌溉下盐渍土电导率和碱化度明显升高,盐渍化程度与微咸水比例和顺序有关。六叶至抽雄期微咸水灌溉可严重抑制叶片生长和干物质累积,并导致籽粒数量和重量下降,造成27.2%～32.7%减产;抽雄至吐丝期微咸水灌溉下作物受损降低,但减少了籽粒数量,造成11.4%～14.0%减产;吐丝至成熟期微咸水灌溉无明显影响。施用生物炭后,咸淡交替灌溉下盐渍土电导率和碱化度降低了3.7%～21.7%和9.2%～45.2%,总孔隙度和水稳性团聚体增加了3.1%～11.9%和40.0%～168.9%,有效氮、磷、钾含量提高了34.9%～109.0%、21.0%～58.1%和13.6%～57.8%。随着土壤条件改良,生物炭有助于增强玉米生长前中期的耐盐性能进而缓解盐胁迫危害,在六叶至吐丝期间灌溉微咸水仍能保持良好的叶面积指数、干物质累积和产量特性,因此促进了咸淡交替灌溉的可行性和适用性,相同交替灌溉下籽粒产量提高了10.9%～32.3%。该结果对滨海地区盐渍化水土资源的农业利用具有指导作用。     

Effects of Different Irrigation Regimes and Mulches on Yield and Macronutrition Levels of Drip-Irrigated Cucumber Under Open Field Conditions

ABSTRACT

The effectiveness of different mulch types on fruit yield, leaf-nutrient composition, and normal plant growth parameters was investigated in order to maximize water use efficiency (WUE) in cucumber grown under water stress. Treatments were (1) bare soil + water stress (WS), (2) bare soil + unstressed (control, C), (3) black polyethylene mulch + water stress (BPM + WS), (4) wheat straw mulch + water stress (WSM + WS), and (5) wheat straw mulch plus black polyethylene mulch + water stress (WSM + BPM + WS). Seasonal crop evapotranspiration was between 492 and 960 mm. Seasonal irrigation water amounts were 965 and 485 mm for the C and WS treatments, respectively. The WUE ranged from 3.40 to 5.78 kg m^?3, while irrigation water-use efficiency (IWUE) was between 3.39 and 6.08 kg m^?3. IWUE and WUE were increased under WS treatments with mulching compared with the control treatment, as mulching significantly reduced the amount of irrigation water required. Both BPM and WSM improved the fruit yield, fruit size, plant dry matter, total leaf area, and chlorophyll and nutrient concentrations in leaves under the stressed treatments, while these two mulches in combination (BPM + WSM) caused further increases in these parameters. This study confirms that limiting soil evaporation with mulches is a key action to take to save irrigation water and to improve WUE and IWUE. Because use of drip irrigation with mulching can increase WUE, this strategy might be used for vegetable production in semi-arid regions where irrigation water is limited.     

咸水非充分灌溉条件下土壤水盐运动SWAP模型模拟

为了研究咸水非充分灌溉条件下土壤水盐动态变化规律,该文在2013年田间试验的基础上,利用试验观测数据,对SWAP模型进行了率定和验证,并对咸水非充分灌溉条件下土壤剖面水分和盐分通量变化过程进行了模拟和分析。研究结果表明:SWAP模型模拟值较好地反映了实测值的变化趋势,经过率定和验证后的SWAP模型能够较好地模拟土壤水盐的动态变化规律以及制种玉米的产量情况。在制种玉米苗期阶段,3种灌水处理40 cm以上土壤剖面的水分通量主要以向上为主;在灌水和降雨阶段,各处理土壤剖面的水分通量主要向下,且灌水量越大的处理,向下的水分通量越大;在土壤蒸发阶段,各处理60 cm以下土壤剖面的水分通量向下,且向下的水分通量逐渐减小。土壤盐分通量模拟结果与土壤水分通量具有类似的规律,60 cm以下土壤剖面的盐分通量主要向下,表明土壤盐分主要向深层土壤运移。研究结果可为该研究区域咸水非充分灌溉制度的制定提供理论依据。     

Improving the performance of bread wheat genotypes by managing irrigation and nitrogen under semi-arid conditions

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) productivity is generally affected by water limitation and inadequate nitrogen supply especially under semi-arid environment. The current study was conducted to determine whether the crop yield and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) could be manipulated through alteration of nitrogen and irrigation application. To meet the desired objectives, a two-year field study was carried out in 2013–2014 and 2014–2015, in a split-split plot arrangement with three factors i) irrigation in main plots, ii) nitrogen in sub-plots, and iii) twenty genotypes in sub-sub plots on a sandy loam soil. The analysis of variance revealed that the wheat performance was affected by genotypes and alteration of irrigation and nitrogen application with respect to IWUE and final grain yield. IWUE under water stress conditions was observed 56% higher than normal irrigated. Much higher values of IWUE under water stress indicated that the existing optimum water requirements of the crop needs to be revaluated. The regression model indicated that addition of nitrogen and irrigation patterns along with morphological traits cannot explain variation in yield related traits more than 65% under semi-arid conditions. Therefore, for better crop yields in semi-arid environment, more physiological parameters should be considered in evaluation of yield.     

基于土壤水分空间变异的变量灌溉作物产量及节水效果

提高整个田块作物生长指标和产量的均匀性是实施变量灌溉水分管理的目标之一。该研究基于土壤可利用水量(available water holding capacity,AWC)将试验区划分为4个水分管理区,利用相同的灌水控制指标(0.45AWC)进行分区变量灌溉水分管理;作为对照,基于最小AWC区的土壤水分进行均一灌溉水分管理。对比变量灌溉和均一灌溉条件下冬小麦、夏玉米生长指标(株高、叶面积指数、地上部分干物质质量)、叶片相对叶绿素含量、产量及其均匀性,分析AWC对作物生长和产量的影响。结果表明,与均一灌溉相比,夏玉米变量灌溉节水14.1%,冬小麦灌水量相同。与均一灌溉相比,变量灌溉对冬小麦、夏玉米生长指标、叶片相对叶绿素含量和产量的影响均未达到显著水平,而不同AWC管理区之间作物生长指标和产量的差异均达到了显著水平。为获得更高的作物产量,建议不同AWC管理区内采用不同的灌水控制指标。研究可为大型喷灌机变量灌溉水分管理决策提供依据。     

地下滴灌夏玉米的初步试验研究

通过观测地下滴灌夏玉米全生育期不同生长阶段的土壤水分、根系的生长发育状况及其生物量、产量等，研究分析了地下滴灌不同的土壤水分处理条件下的土壤水分运移与分布规律，以及其对夏玉米的根系、产量和生物量的影响关系，建立了根系吸水模型，并研究其节水机理。阶段试验结果表明：地下滴灌可以高效地控制灌溉用水量，对作物的根系、产量及生物量产生直接影响；有可能通过土壤水分调控来影响作物能量的协调、平衡关系，达到最优根冠比，合理提高水的利用率和利用效率。