Suppressing methane emission and global warming potential from rice fields through intermittent drainage and green biomass amendment

Winter cover crops are recommended to improve soil quality and carbon sequestration, although their use as green manure can significantly increase methane (CH₄) emission from paddy soils. Soil management practices can be used to reduce CH₄ emission from paddy soils, but intermittent drainage is regarded as a key practice to reduce CH₄ emission and global warming potential (GWP). However, significantly greater emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) are expected when large amounts of cover crop biomass are incorporated into soils. In this study, we investigated the effects of midseason drainage on CH₄ emission and GWP following incorporation of 0, 3, 6 and 12 Mg/ha of cover crop biomass. Methane, CO₂ and N₂O emission rates significantly (P < 0.05) increased with higher rates of cover crop biomass incorporation under both irrigation conditions. However, intermittent drainage effectively reduced seasonal CH₄ fluxes by ca. 42–46% and GWP by 17–31% compared to continuous flooding. Moreover, there were no significant differences in rice yield between the two water management practices with similar biomass incorporation rates. In conclusion, intermittent drainage and incorporation of 3 Mg/ha of green biomass could be a good management option to reduce GWP.     

Nitrous oxide emission as affected by changes in soil water content and nitrogen fertilization

Nitrous oxide emission was measured in laboratory incubations of an alluvial soil (58% clay, pH 7.4). The soil was amended with 40 mg N kg⁻¹ as NaNO₃ or NH₄Cl, or with NaCl as a control. Each fertilization treatment was adjusted to three different water contents: constant 60% WHC (water-holding capacity), constant 120% WHC, and water content alternating between 60 and 120% WHC. During an 8-day incubation period N₂O emission rates and inorganic nitrogen concentrations in soil (NH₄⁺, NO₂⁻, NO₃⁻) were determined at regular intervals. In the control and after nitrate application small N₂O emission rates occurred with only minor variations over time, and no differences between the water treatments. In contrast, with ammonium application N₂O emission rates were much higher during the first two days of incubation, with peaks in the constant 60% WHC and 120% WHC at day 1 and in the changing-water treatment at day 2, when the first wet period (120% WHC) was completed. This N₂O peak in the changing-water treatment was 4 to 9 times higher than with constant WHC and occurred when both, NH₄⁺ and NO₂⁻ concentrations declined sharply. Thus, this N₂O emission flush can be attributed to nitrifier denitrification. After the second rewetting of the NH₄⁺-amended soil no further N₂O emission peak was observed, being in accordance with small NH₄⁺ and NO₂⁻ concentrations in soil at that time. The unexpectedly small N₂O fluxes in the constant 120% WHC treatment after nitrate application were probably caused by the reduction of N₂O to N₂ under the prevailing conditions. It can be concluded that continuous wetting or flooding of a soil is an effective measure to reduce N₂O emissions immediately after the application of NH₄⁺ fertilizers.     

Elevated carbon dioxide stimulates nitrous oxide emission in agricultural soils: A global meta-analysis

Elevated carbon dioxide (CO₂)(e CO₂) has been shown to affect the nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission from terrestrial ecosystems by altering the interaction of plants,soils,and microorganisms.However,the impact of e CO₂ on the N₂O emission from agricultural soils remains poorly understood.This meta-analysis summarizes the effect of e CO₂ on N₂O emission in agricultural ecosystems and soil physiochemical and biological characteristics using 50 publications selected.The e CO₂ effect values,which equal to the percentage changes of N₂O emission under e CO₂,were calculated based on the natural logarithm of the response ratio to e CO₂.We found that e CO₂ significantly increased N₂O emission (by 44%),which varied depending on experimental conditions,agricultural practices,and soil properties.In addition,e CO₂ significantly increased soil water-filled pore space (by 6%),dissolved organic carbon content (by11%),and nitrate nitrogen content (by 13%),but significantly reduced soil p H (by 1%).Moreover,e CO₂ significantly increased soil microbial biomass carbon(by 28%) and soil microbial biomass nitrogen (by 7%) contents.Additionally,e CO₂ significantly increased the abundances of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria(AOB) amo A (by 21%),nir K (by 15%),and nir S (by 15%),but did not affect the abundances of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) amo A and nos Z.Our findings indicate that e CO₂ substantially stimulates N₂O emission in agroecosystems and highlight that optimization of nitrogen management and agronomic options might suppress this stimulation and aid in reducing greenhouse effect.     

水肥管理对稻田CH4排放及其全球增温潜势影响的评估

甲烷(CH_4)是主要温室气体之一,对全球增温的作用仅次于二氧化碳(CO_2)。稻田是CH_4的重要排放源,减少稻田CH_4排放对减缓气候变暖具有直接效应。为此,掌握稻田CH_4排放的规律和特征对控制和减少稻田CH_4排放尤为重要。为了解稻田温室气体排放的主要影响因子及影响程度,估算稻田温室气体全球增温潜势,寻求农田减排措施,我们通过收集已发表的文献建立了稻田CH_4排放的数据库,采用析因分析与回归分析方法对稻田CH_4日排放量和全球增温潜势特征和可能的影响因子进行了分析。结果表明,稻田CH_4日排放量和增温潜势均随土壤有机质背景含量的升高而增加,不同类型稻田CH_4日排放量大小依次为:双季稻晚稻双季稻早稻单季稻稻麦轮作晚稻;晚稻田CH_4的增温潜势大于早稻田。不同肥料处理条件下,稻田CH_4日排放量表现为:秸秆还田配施有机肥化学氮肥≈生物炭。控制灌溉水量可降低稻田CH_4的综合增温潜势,表现为:持续淹水晒田干湿交替控制灌溉。研究结果说明,稻田CH_4的产生与排放过程受土壤有机质含量、肥料管理和水分管理以及轮作制度等多种因素的共同影响,应依据不同土壤条件和种植制度,适当调整肥水管理,以减少稻田温室气体排放,降低其增温潜势。     

Methane emission and entrapment in flooded rice soils as affected by soil properties

Laboratory incubation experiments were conducted to study the effects of soil chemical and physical properties on CH₄ emission and entrapment in 16 selected soils with a pH range of 4.7–8.1, organic matter content of 0.72–2.38%, and soil texture from silt to clay. There was no significant correlation with CH₄ emission for most of the important soil properties, including soil aerobic pH (measured before anaerobic incubation), total Kjeldahl N, cation exchange capacity, especially soil organic matter, and soil water-soluble C, which were considered to be critical controlling factors of CH₄ emission. A lower CH₄ emission was observed in some soils with a higher organic matter content. Differences in soil Fe and Mn contents and their chemical forms contributed to the this observation. A significant correlation between the CH₄ emission and the soil organic C content was observed only after stratifying soils into subgroups according to the level of CH₄ emission in soils not amended with organic matter. The results also showed that the soil redox potential (Eh), anaerobic pH, anerobic pH, and biologically reducible Fe and Mn affected CH₄ emission significantly. Urea fertilization promoted CH₄ emission in some soils and inhibited it in others. This result appeared to be related to the original soil pH. CH₄ entrapment was positively correlated with soil clay content, indicating the importance of soil physical characteristics in reducing CH₄ emissions to the atmosphere.     

施氮水平对太行山前平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系土壤温室气体通量的影响

应用静态明箱-气相色谱法对4 个施氮肥水平N0 [0 kg(N)·hm^-2]、N200 [200 kg(N)·hm^-2]、N400 [400kg(N)·hm^-2]、N600 [600 kg(N)·hm^-2]的夏玉米-冬小麦季轮作体系2008~2010 年的土壤温室气体(CH₄、CO₂ 和N₂O)排放通量进行研究, 同时观测5 cm 土层土壤温度并记录降水量。结果表明: 太行山前平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田生态系统为CH₄ 吸收汇, CO₂ 和N₂O 排放源。随着氮肥施入量的增加土壤对CH₄ 的吸收速率降低, 而CO₂ 和N₂O 的排放速率增加。冬小麦季施氮处理土壤对CH₄ 的吸收速率显著低于无氮肥的N0 处理, 而N600处理土壤CO₂ 和N₂O 排放速率显著高于N0 处理(P<0.05)。施肥和灌溉会直接导致土壤CO₂ 和N₂O 的排放通量增加, 同时土壤对CH₄ 的吸收峰值减小。土壤温度升高和降水量增加以及干湿交替加剧均会造成N₂O 和CO₂排放速率增加。同时在持续干燥和低温条件的冬季不施氮处理观测到土壤对N₂O 的吸收现象。N0、N200、N400 和N600 处理土壤CH₄ 年排放总量(kg·hm^-2·a^-1)分别为-1.42、-0.75、-0.82、-0.92(2008~2009 年)和-2.60、-1.47、-1.35、-1.76(2009~2010 年), N0、N200、N400 和N600 处理土壤CO₂ 年排放总量(kg·hm^-2·a^-1)分别为15 597.6、19 345.6、21 455.9、29 012.5(2008~2009 年)和10 317.7、11 474.0、13 983.5、20 639.3(2009~2010年), N0、N200、N400 和N600 处理土壤N₂O 年排放总量(kg·hm^-2·a^-1)分别为1.05、2.16、5.27、6.98(2008~2009年)和1.49、2.31、4.42、5.81(2009~2010 年)。     

长期施肥对潮土耕层土壤和作物籽粒微量元素动态的影响

Micronutrient status in soils can be affected by long-term fertilization and intensive cropping.A 19-year experiment (1990-2008) was carried out to investigate the influence of different fertilization regimes on micronutrients in an Aquic Inceptisol and maize and wheat grains in Zhengzhou,China.The results showed that soil total Cu and Zn markedly declined after 19 years with application of N fertilizer alone.Soil total Fe and Mn were significantly increased mainly due to atmospheric deposition.Applications...     

水分状态、土壤类型和氮素种类对氧化亚氮和甲烷排放的影响

Specific management of water regimes, soil and N in China might play an important role in regulating N2O and CH4 emissions in rice fields. Nitrous oxide and methane emissions from alternate non-flooded/flooded paddies were monitored simultaneously during a 516-day incubation with lysimeter experiments. Two N sources （^15N-（NH4）2SO4 and ^15N-labeled milk vetch） were applied to two contrasting paddies： one derived from Xiashu loess （Loess） and one from Quaternary red clay （Clay）. Both N2O and CH4 emissions were significantly higher in soil Clay than in soil Loess during the flooded period. For both soil, N2O emissions peaked at the transition periods shortly after the beginning of the flooded and non-flooded seasons. Soil type affected N2O emission patterns. In soil Clay, the emission peak during the transition period from non-flooded to flooded conditions was much higher than the peak during the transition period from flooded to non-flooded conditions. In soil Loess, the emission peak during the transition period from flooded to non-flooded conditions was obviously higher than the peak during the transition period from non-flooded to flooded conditions except for milk vetch treatment. Soil type also had a significant effect on CH4 emissions during the flooded season, over which the weighted average flux was 111 mg C m^-2 h^-1 and 2.2 mg C m^-2 h^-1 from Clay and Loess, respectively. Results indicated that it was the transition in the water regime that dominated N2O emissions while it was the soil type that dominated CH4 emissions during the flooded season. Anaerobic oxidation of methane possibly existed in soil Loess during the flooded season.     

Nitrous oxide emissions from two dairy pasture soils as affected by different rates of a fine particle suspension nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide

In grazed pasture systems, a major source of N₂O is nitrogen (N) returned to the soil in animal urine. We report in this paper the effectiveness of a nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide (DCD), applied in a fine particle suspension (FPS) to reduce N₂O emissions from dairy cow urine patches in two different soils. The soils are Lismore stony silt loam (Udic Haplustept loamy skeletal) and Templeton fine sandy loam (Udic Haplustepts). The pasture on both soils was a mixture of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and white clover (Trifolium repens). Total N₂O emissions in the Lismore soil were 23.1–31.0 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ following the May (autumn) and August (late winter) urine applications, respectively, without DCD. These were reduced to 6.2–8.4 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ by the application of DCD FPS, equivalent to reductions of 65–73%. All three rates of DCD applied (7.5, 10 and 15 kg ha⁻¹) were effective in reducing N₂O emissions. In the Templeton soil, total N₂O emissions were reduced from 37.4 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ without DCD to 14.6–16.3 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ when DCD was applied either immediately or 10 days after the urine application. These reductions are similar to those in an earlier study where DCD was applied as a solution. Therefore, treating grazed pasture soils with an FPS of DCD is an effective technology to mitigate N₂O emissions from cow urine patch areas in grazed pasture soils.     

Nitrous oxide emission from wetland rice soil as affected by the application of controlled-availability fertilizers and mid-season aeration

 N₂O emission from a wetland rice soil as affected by the application of three controlled-availability fertilizers (CAFs) and urea was investigated through a pot experiment. N₂O fluxes from the N fertilized paddy soil averaged 44.8–69.3 μg N m^–2 h^–1 during the rice growing season, accounting for 0.28–0.51% of the applied N. The emission primarily occurred during the mid-season aeration (MSA) and the subsequent re-flooding period. Fluxes were highly correlated with the NO₃ ^– and N₂O concentrations in the soil water. As there were relatively large amounts of NH₄ ⁺-N present in the soil of the CAF treatments at the beginning of MSA, leading to large amounts of NO₃ ^–-N during the MSA and the subsequent re-flooding period, the tested CAFs were not effective in reducing N₂O emission from this paddy soil. The potential of applied CAFs to reduce N₂O emissions from paddy soil is discussed. Received: 25 May 1999     

长期不同施肥方式对华北地区温室和农田土壤团聚体形成特征的影响

土壤的团聚状况是土壤重要的物理性质之一,团聚体数量是衡量和评价土壤肥力的重要指标。施用有机肥是提高土壤有机碳(SOC)含量、促进土壤团聚体形成和改善土壤结构的重要措施。本文以华北地区曲周长期定位试验站的温室土壤和农田土壤为研究对象,运用湿筛法,对比研究施用化肥(NP)、有机肥加少量化肥(NPM)、单施有机肥(OM)3种施肥方式对温室和农田两种利用方式土壤水稳性团聚体含量、分布和稳定性的影响,以提示施肥措施对不同土地利用方式土壤水稳性团聚体特征的影响。结果表明:在温室土壤和农田土壤中,OM处理较NP和NPM处理显著降低了土壤容重,增加了土壤有机质含量(P0.05),且在0~10 cm土层中效果最为明显。其中在温室土壤0~10 cm土层,单施有机肥处理(OM1)的土壤容重为1.17 g·cm~(-3),分别较施用化肥(NP1)和有机肥加少量化肥(NPM1)处理降低12.0%和8.6%,OM1的土壤有机质含量为54.81 g·kg~(-1),较NP1和NPM1增加104.8%和35.7%;在农田土壤0~10 cm土层,单施有机肥处理(OM2)的土壤容重为1.19 g·cm~(-3),较施用化肥(NP2)、有机肥加少量化肥(NPM2)分别降低8.5%和7.0%,OM2的土壤有机质为22.67 g·kg~(-1),较NP2、NPM2分别增加23.1%和15.0%。温室土壤和农田土壤中,0~10 cm、10~20 cm和20~40 cm层土壤团聚体的平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)均为OMNPMNP;OM处理下水稳性团聚体的分形维数(D)值最低,NP处理下最大。OM处理显著降低0~20 cm土层内水稳性团聚体的D值,表层0~10 cm土层效果最为明显,土壤结构明显得到改善;相比农田土壤,温室土壤稳定性指标变化最为明显,团聚体结构改善效果最好。土壤有机质含量与0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量间呈极显著正相关关系(P0.001),说明土壤有机质含量越高,0.25 mm水稳性团聚体的含量就越高,土壤团聚体水稳性越强,土壤结构越稳定。因此有机施肥方式能在补充土壤有机碳库和有效养分含量的同时,显著增加土壤中大团聚体的含量及其水稳性,是提高华北平原农田土壤、尤其是温室土壤结构稳定性和实现土壤可持续发展的有效措施。     

玉米秸秆及其生物炭对东北黑土溶解有机质特性的影响

以典型东北黑土为研究对象,连续3年(2016—2018年)在吉林省长春市中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所长春综合农业实验站开展田间定位试验,研究生物炭(BR)、秸秆(SR)以及生物炭和秸秆联合施用(BS)对土壤理化性质和溶解有机质(DOM)特性的影响.结果表明:与对照(CK)相比,BR、SR和BS处理显著增加玉米产量...     

Nitrous oxide emission from a transplanted rice field in alluvial soil as influenced by management of nitrogen fertiliser

We investigated nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission from an irrigated rice field over two years to evaluate the management of nitrogenous fertiliser and its effect on reducing emissions. Four forms of nitrogenous fertilisers: NPK at the recommended application rate, starch–urea matrix (SUM) + PK, neem‐coated urea + PK and urea alone (urea without coating) were used. Gas samples were collected from the field at weekly intervals with the static chamber technique. N₂O emissions from different treatments ranged from 11.58 to 215.81 N₂O‐N μg/m²/h, and seasonal N₂O emissions from 2.83 to 3.89 kg N₂O‐N/ha. Compared with other fertilisers, N₂O emissions were greatest after the application of the conventional NPK fertiliser. Moreover, SUM + PK reduced total N₂O emissions by 22.33% (P < 0.05) compared with NPK during the rice‐growing period (P < 0.05). The results indicate a strong correlation between N₂O emissions and soil organic carbon, nitrate, ammonium, above‐ and below‐ground plant biomass and photosynthesis (P < 0.05). The application of SUM + PK in rice fields is suitable as a means of reducing N₂O emissions without affecting grain production.     

长期不同施肥对潮土芽胞杆菌数量的影响及其优势度的季节变化

以河南封丘潮土养分平衡长期定位试验地为研究对象,于各季节分别采集耕作层土壤样品,比较不同施肥处理潮土芽胞杆菌数量及其占细菌总数的比例,并解析其与土壤养分之间的关系.结果发现,与不施肥对照相比,长期施肥尤其是施用有机肥和磷肥的处理土壤有机碳与速效氮、有效磷、速效钾等的含量趋于升高,除不施磷肥处理(NK)外其他施肥处理土壤有机碳含量在四季的增幅范围为0.91 ～7.00 g kg-1.长期不同施肥后土壤细菌与芽胞杆菌在数量上也发生了明显分异,且在各季均呈现稳定的梯度规律,即施肥处理(除NK外)显著高于不施肥处理、施有机肥处理显著高于施化肥处理、平衡施化肥处理高于缺素施肥处理,除NK外其他施肥处理与不施肥对照相比在四季的增幅范围力0.02～0.54 lg(CFU g-1).长期施化肥的处理芽胞杆菌占细菌数量的比例(即优势度)在冬、夏季高于春、秋季,而施有机肥的处理在不同季节保持相对恒定.相关性分析显示,芽胞杆菌数量与土壤有机碳和有效磷含量均呈极显著相关(p＜0.01).长期施用有机肥更有利于提高土壤肥力、促进土壤微生物生长繁育,且芽胞杆菌的数量可敏感地反映土壤肥力.     

长期施肥对华北平原一种潮土有机氮组成的影响

In order to illustrate the change of nitrogen （N） supply capacity after long-term application of manure and chemical fertilizer, as well as to properly manage soil fertility through fertilizer application under the soil-climatic conditions of the North China Plain, organic N forms were quantified in the topsoil with different manure and chemical fertilizer treatments in a 15-year fertilizer experiment in a Chinese calcareous alluvial soil. Soil total N （TN） and various organic N forms were significantly influenced by long-term application of chemical fertilizer and manure. TN, total hydrolysable N, acid-lnsoluble N, amino acid N and ammonium N in the soil increased significantly （P 〈 0.05） with increasing manure and fertilizer N rates, but were not influenced by increasing P rates. Also, application of manure or N fertilizer or P fertilizer did not significantly influence either the quantity of amino sugar N or its proportion of TN. Application of manure significantly increased （P 〈 0.05） hydrolysable unknown N, but adding N or P did not. In addition, application of manure or N fertilizer or P fertilizer did not significantly influence the proportions of different soil organic N forms.     

An assessment of various pools of organic phosphorus distributed in soil aggregates as affected by long-term P fertilization regimes

The phosphorus (P) forms in long-term fertilization determine the fate and transport of P in soil. However, the fate of various pools of organic P of added P in the long-term measured with sequential chemical fractionation is not well-understood. Four soil physical aggregates (>250, 125–250, 63–125 and <63 μm) from 0- to 20-cm depth after 35 years of long-term fertilization treatments including control (CK), nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer (NP) and NP combined with farmyard manure (NPM) under continuous winter wheat were separated using settling tube apparatus. Results showed that the application of long-term P fertilization had no apparent effects on promoting the mass proportion of soil aggregates except for >250 μm, where the NP and NPM treatments significantly increased the mass proportion by 60% and 70% over CK, respectively. Compared with CK, P fertilizer (NP and NPM) treatments significantly increased organic P (Po) contents in each size aggregate. In particular, mean labile Po increased by 35% and 246%, moderately labile Po by 125% and 161%, nonlabile Po by 105% and 170% and total Po (TPo) by 101% and 178%, respectively, under NP and NPM treatments, respectively. There was a significant correlation between soil organic carbon (SOC) and Po fractions. SOC was exponentially positively correlated with labile Po but linearly positively correlated with moderately labile Po, nonlabile Po and TPo fractions among soil aggregates. A reduced C:Po ratio (<100) in soil aggregates among treatment indicates a large amount of available P accumulated in soils, and soil P loss risk in the study site is still high. Our results show that the Po pool measured by sequential chemical fractionation may represent an important, yet often overlooked, source of P in agriculture ecosystems. According to the result, long-term mineral P fertilizer combined with organic amendments better sustains soil structural stability in large aggregates, contributing more Po availability in the moderately labile P followed by labile P in soil aggregates.     

土区长期施肥对小麦-玉米轮作体系钾素平衡与钾库容量的影响

本文研究了土区小麦-玉米轮作体系长期氮磷钾化肥不同配合施用方式及氮磷钾化肥与秸秆或有机肥配合施用对钾素平衡以及土壤钾库的影响。试验包括9个处理,分别为不施肥（CK）、单施氮（N）、氮钾（NK）、磷钾（PK）、氮磷（NP）、氮磷钾（NPK）、氮磷钾配合一季秸秆还田（SNPK）、氮磷钾配合低量有机肥（M1NPK）和高量有机肥（M2NPK）。结果表明,除NK、PK和M2NPK处理外,其它处理小麦和玉米钾的携出量均大于钾的投入量,导致土壤钾素处于亏缺状态,20年累计亏缺量为6174333 kg/hm2。与试验前相比,长期施肥种植没有显著影响土壤全钾含量; 长期施用钾肥显著提高土壤速效钾含量,但长期不施钾肥处理的土壤速效钾含量也未显著降低; 无论施钾与否土壤非交换性钾（Mactotal K）以及非交换性钾中更容易被HNO3溶解提取的钾（Step K）均明显低于试验前水平。表明土壤非交换性钾可以作为该土壤钾素消耗的指标。考虑到施钾肥的经济投入和现有资源高效利用（如秸秆、有机肥）,从长远的角度出发,维持土壤钾素肥力以及土地可持续生产力,土区小麦-玉米轮作体系采用秸秆全部还田或施有机肥是必要的。     

华北平原高产农区冬小麦农田土壤温室气体排放及其综合温室效应

研究不同农业管理措施下小麦农田N2O、CO2、CH4等温室气体的综合增温潜势,有助于科学评价农业管理措施在减少温室气体排放和减缓全球变暖方面的作用,为制定温室气体减排措施提供依据。本研究采用静态明箱气相色谱法对华北平原高产农区4种农业管理措施下冬小麦农田土壤温室气体(CO2、CH4和N2O)季节排放通量进行了监测,估算了不同农业管理措施下小麦季的综合温室效应。结果表明,华北太行山前平原冬小麦农田土壤是CO2、N2O的排放源,CH4的吸收汇。不同农业管理措施对不同温室气体的排放源和吸收汇强度的影响不同,增施氮肥、充分灌溉促进了土壤CO2、N2O的生成,强化了土壤CO2和N2O排放源的特征;但却抑制了土壤对CH4的氧化,弱化了土壤作为大气CH4吸收汇的特征。2009—2010年和2010—2011年冬小麦生长季T1(传统模式)、T2(高产高效模式)、T3(再高产模式)和T4(再高产高效和土壤生产力提高模式)处理土壤排放的温室气体碳当量分别依次为8 880 kg(CO2).hm 2、8 372 kg(CO2).hm 2、9 600 kg(CO2).hm 2、9 318kg(CO2).hm 2和13 395 kg(CO2).hm 2、12 904 kg(CO2).hm 2、13 933 kg(CO2).hm 2、13 189 kg(CO2).hm 2。各处理间温室气体排放差异主要是由于施肥和灌溉措施的不同引起的,秸秆还田与否是造成年度间温室气体排放存在差异的主要原因。T2处理综合增温潜势相对较低,产量和产投比相对较高,为本区域冬小麦优化管理模式。     

添加牛粪对长期不同施肥潮土有机碳矿化的影响及激发效应

为了探讨长期不同施肥潮土有机碳矿化对添加牛粪的响应特征及添加牛粪对长期不同施肥潮土有机碳矿化的激发效应,以始建于1986年的长期定位试验为平台,通过室内恒温培养的方法研究添加等氮量牛粪后长期不同施肥(不施肥,CK;常量有机肥,SMA;常量化肥,SMF;常量有机无机配施,1/2(SMA+SMF))潮土有机碳矿化、土壤有机碳及活性碳库组分(微生物量碳、可溶性有机碳、颗粒有机碳和易氧化有机碳)含量的变化特征。结果表明:无论添加牛粪与否,长期不同施肥潮土有机碳矿化过程均符合一级动力学方程,而牛粪的添加显著增加了长期不施肥、长期单施化肥和长期有机无机配施土壤的有机碳矿化速率常数,增长幅度分别为21.74%、35.00%和45.00%;添加牛粪提高了长期不同施肥潮土有机碳、微生物量碳、颗粒有机碳和易氧化有机碳含量,却显著降低了可溶性有机碳含量;牛粪对长期不施肥、长期施用常量有机肥、常量化肥和常量有机无机配施潮土有机碳矿化的正激发效应分别达到了48.56%、3.60%、48.43%和3.92%,且对长期不施肥及长期施用常量化肥潮土的激发效应显著高于对长期施用常量有机肥及长期有机无机配施土壤;冗余分析显示添加牛粪对长期不同施肥土壤有机碳矿化的激发效应与土壤活性组分碳氮比呈正相关,与土壤养分含量呈负相关。该研究不仅为合理施用有机肥和实现农田生态系统的可持续发展提供理论依据,还有利于实现农业资源再利用及其效益最大化。     

西湖平原区连续13年定位施肥对麦、稻产量及土壤肥力的影响

以浙江省水网平原水稻主产区土壤为对象,通过定位试验,研究了连续13年的不同施肥处理对麦稻产量、土壤养分状况和物理性状的影响。结果表明,化肥配施有机肥可显著提高麦、稻产量; 不同施肥处理的长期定位试验土壤有机质含量和全氮均呈上升趋势,增幅依次为: 栏肥+NPK秸秆+NPKNPK秸秆栏肥CK处理; 土壤碱解氮和速效磷也呈增加趋势,以栏肥+NPK处理的增幅最为明显。土壤物理性状的分析表明,长期施肥均能明显增加土壤水稳性团粒含量和土壤孔隙度。经土壤养分平衡分析,栏肥+NPK、秸秆+NPK和NPK处理的氮和磷呈现盈余,秸秆和CK处理氮和磷亏缺; 栏肥+NPK和秸秆+NPK处理钾基本平衡,NPK、秸秆、栏肥和CK处理钾严重亏缺。长期定位试验进一步证明有机肥与氮、磷、钾化肥长期配合施用可实现当地农作物持续稳产,农田施肥管理要注意适当减少氮、磷投入,增加钾肥施用量,保持农田土壤养分平衡。