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1.
    
Lysimeter study about the effect of fertilization and management on yield, water balance, and solute leaching in the dry region of the Uckermark Results are presented of a lysimeter study on the effects of fertilization and management on yield, seepage rate, and solute leaching in the dry region of the Uckermark (Northeast Germany) from 1992 to 1999. The crop rotation included sugar beet, summer barley, pea, and winter wheat with fertilization of 280 and 400 kg N ha—1 within the crop rotation. Additionally to the mineral fertilization, sugar beet was fertilized with the sugar beet leaf or slurry. The average annual seepage rate was 13.7 mm, the nitrogen leaching was 4.3 kg N ha—1, and the phosphorus leaching was 0.008 kg P ha—1. Differences between the treatments were negligible and insignificant. The amount of the precipitation from April to September had a significant influence on yields. Furthermore, results of water use efficiency and the effect of different nitrogen rates on yields are presented.  相似文献   

2.
大西北经济开发要走城市化带动生态化的道路   总被引:37,自引:0,他引:37       下载免费PDF全文
通过排水采集器模拟试验研究了太湖地区不同施肥水平下农田N素淋洗特点。结果表明,N的渗漏损失以硝态氮(NO3^--N)为主,并发生在麦季,铵态氮(NH4^ -N)淋洗量则很少,NO3^--N的量占渗漏液总N量的43%-72%,浓度为20-110mg/kg;渗漏水中N的含量与土壤N的淋洗量随施肥量的增加而增加,麦季土壤中NO3^--N肥量的3.7%-12.2%;与纯化肥处理比较,化肥 猪粪处理增加了农田N的淋失,化肥 秸秆处理减少了土壤中N的淋失,与麦田渗漏水相比较,稻田渗漏水除水稻生长早期的部分样品外,NO3^--N和NH4^ -N含量均很低,分别在1mg/kg和0.5mg/kg以下。  相似文献   

3.
利用矿化培养与田间试验的方法,探讨了太湖地区长期施氮条件下,氮肥用量对土壤供氮、水稻吸氮与环境的影响。初步试验结果表明:多年施用氮肥能够提高土壤的供氮能力,并随施N量的增加而增加。增加氮肥用量能够提高稻株含氮量和吸氮量,但氮素向谷粒的转移率降低,试验区水稻氮肥用量以225~270kghm-2左右为佳。稻田田面水和渗漏液的N素养分动态变化显示,施N会造成田面水NH4 N和NO3-N含量的短暂升高,但不同施N量之间相差并不显著。稻田渗漏液中的氮以硝态氮为主,通常在淹水泡田后的7d内有一个NO3-N含量的峰值期,NO3-N含量在1.62~2.75mgL-1之间,约10d后降至0.5mgL-1以下;NH4 N含量变化有随施N量而增加的趋势,高峰期通常出现在分蘖末期,其余时间NH4 N含量在0.2mgL-1以下。  相似文献   

4.
稻田土壤氮素矿化的几种方法比较   总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4  
刘育红  吕军 《土壤通报》2005,36(5):675-678
结合盆栽实验,对稻田土壤氮素矿化的几种方法进行了比较,结果表明:KC I煮沸法和碱解氮法是很好的测试土壤供氮能力的方法,淹水培养法矿化氮量与植物全氮含量相关性不高;而采用淹水培养间歇淋洗法和淹水密闭连续培养法对稻田土壤进行土壤氮素矿化的淋溶试验,结果表明:淋洗有利于土壤氮素的矿化过程。  相似文献   

5.
于豫中砂壤土设计田间试验,在两个施氮水平下(常规施氮水平、常规施氮水平上增加15%),研究成熟期统一氮素灌淋调亏对烟叶生长发育、烤后烟叶化学成分、中性香气成分以及感官质量等的影响。结果表明:烤烟成熟期氮素灌淋调亏处理,有利于控制烟株生长后期的长势,促进成熟落黄和降低烤后烟叶的蛋白质、烟碱、总氮、钾以及氯的含量,提高还原糖和总糖含量,化学成分更趋协调;增氮条件下调亏处理中上等烟比例和均价分别高出不调亏处理18.03%和20.23%,亩产值高出其他处理12.72%~32.97%,上部叶中性致香成分高出其他处理15.75%~23.55%。因此,适当增加施氮量并结合成熟期灌淋调亏处理既有利于促进烟株前中期发育和干物质积累,提高中性致香物质含量,同时也可促进成熟期烟叶成熟,提高烟叶感官质量、均价、产量以及亩产值,从而提高经济效益。  相似文献   

6.
The effect of earthworms on leachate volume and leachate N losses was investigated in a rice–wheat rotation agroecosystem over the wheat growing season. Corn residues (<2 cm) were added to field microcosms as either mulch or incorporated into the soil. Earthworms were added to half of the microcosms at a population density and age structure simulating a natural earthworm population. With earthworms present, leachate volume was >30% higher, but this result was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Earthworms significantly increased mineral N losses in the mulching treatment (P<0.05). There was a reduced fertilizer N (urea-15N) loss when earthworms were present, but the reduction was not significant (P>0.05). Our results indicate that earthworm activity can accelerate leachate production and N loss to a certain extent under wheat, and that native soil N (including mineral N and organic N) and/or organic matter N (corn residue N) are more likely sources for N leaching than urea-N.  相似文献   

7.
稻田土壤中氮素淋失的研究   总被引:88,自引:3,他引:88       下载免费PDF全文
本文应用稻田大型原状土柱渗漏计,研究了双季稻田土壤中氮素随渗漏水流淋失的形态、数量、季节性变化以及若干农化因子的影响。明确了稻田中氮素淋失的基本形态是硝态氮(NO3^--N),估算出双季稻田中氮素淋失总量可接近30kgN/ha,同时肯定了农田施用氮肥对地下水体环境可能的NO3^--N污染,建议双季稻田中每季水稻的氮肥用量宜控制在150kgN/ha;本文还证实氮肥用量对氮素淋失有明显影响,不同氮肥品  相似文献   

8.
抚仙湖流域砾质土有机及常规肥料淋溶模拟研究   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1  
夏天翔 《土壤》2008,40(4):596-601
利用不同高度土柱进行模拟淋溶试验.比较研究了抚仙湖流域砾质土壤有机及常规肥料N、P流失规律及水体污染风险.试验结果表明:随着灌溉次数的增加,有机肥料淋洗液中 TDN (可溶性总N)浓度先升后降,而常规肥料则持续下降;除20 cm高度土柱常规肥料TDP(可溶性总 P )浓度快速下降外,其余各淋洗液中TDP浓度变化幅度很小.有机及常规肥料土壤N、P淋溶均以NO3--N和P04-P形态为主.不同高度土柱TDN、TDP的淋失总量平均值,常规肥料分别为有机肥料的1 57%、52%,可见常规肥料N素淋溶风险大于有机肥料,而P素淋溶风险则相反.  相似文献   

9.
桓台县高产农田土壤硝态氮淋失动态研究   总被引:13,自引:1,他引:13       下载免费PDF全文
试验研究高产农田生态系统条件下N肥施用量和秸秆还田对土体硝态氮(NO3^--N)的时空分布动态结果表明,NO3^- -N含量在空间上随土壤深度而降低,这一相关关系可用Y=aX^b函数表达。小麦-玉米2季秸秆还田同单季小麦秸秆还田对NO3^- -N的动态影响较小,但相同施N量下未进行玉米秸秆还田0-40cm土层土壤中NO3^- -N含量偏高,土体NO3^- -N有淋失较强的趋势。土体NO3^- -N含量年度内波动大小与施N量密切相关,0-40cm土层土壤内NO3^- -N含量起伏最大,60cm土层以下相对稳定。各土层内NO3^- -N含量与施N量相关密切,这一相关关系影响到2m土层深度。土体中NO3^- -N含量周年内出现2次峰值和1次低谷,峰值出现在玉米和小麦收获后,低谷发生在小麦苗期-开花期土体养分大量吸收时期。9月下旬2m土层土壤NO3^- -N含量可高达10mg/kg,而且有淋失出2m土体的趋势。  相似文献   

10.
疏浚底泥土地投放中活性磷的下移规律   总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
通过原状土柱淋洗试验研究了运河 (杭州段 )疏浚底泥土地投放后磷在土层中的分布规律。结果表明 ,在连续淋洗的条件下 ,疏浚底泥的土地投放并未显著提高淋洗液中活性磷的浓度 ;但在干湿交替的淋洗条件下疏浚底泥中活性磷的下移作用却相当明显。疏浚底泥土地投放后显著提高了表层1 5cm厚的土层中Olsen P含量 ,而 1 5cm以下土层中的Olsen P的增加并不明显 ,原因可能与疏浚底泥中有机酸的释放及土壤pH的剖面变化特征有关。干湿交替等环境因子的变化对底泥活性磷的下移程度产生更大的影响 ,且底泥用量越大 ,其潜在的影响可能越持久。  相似文献   

11.
北方旱作条件下玉米施用氮肥对氮吸收和淋溶的影响   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
实验研究了北方自然降雨情况下,玉米生育期间的氮素淋溶。结果表明,氮肥的施用量对土壤中硝态氮的积累和移动有影响,氮肥施用量超过300kg hm-2时,0~40cm土层硝态氮累积量明显增加,50cm的土层硝态氮的累积达到高峰;50cm以下土壤中硝态氮累积量逐渐降低,100cm土层施肥处理的硝态氮累积量明显高于对照;从经济效益方面分析,氮肥最佳施肥量为200kg hm-2,过量施肥并不能获得高的经济效益;从环境方面分析,氮肥用量超过150kg hm-2就会发生氮素淋溶。  相似文献   

12.
 The within-field variability of soil mineral nitrogen (Nmin) in a grazed grassland of 8000 m2 was examined. NO3 -N concentrations were characterized by a high spatial variability. This can be explained by the uneven deposition of animal excreta. All NH4 +-N as well as NO3 -N values were lognormally distributed, before and after the grazing season. At the end of the grazing season the largest part of the variability of NO3 -N was found for NO3 -N concentrations measured within a distance of a few metres. A high variability for NO3 -N over very short distances was also indicated by a large nugget variance. During the grazing season, observed mean Nmin values increased from 22 to 132 kg N ha–1. Regions with clearly higher NO3 -N concentrations could be identified. These zones matched with the drinking place and the entrance of the pasture, places which were more frequently visited than others. High residual N levels in autumn led to relatively high losses of N, mostly by leaching, during the subsequent drainage period. Knowing the variability of Nmin, the number of samples needed to estimate the average Nmin in a field could be calculated for different probabilities and various degrees of precision. From the spatial distribution of the Nmin concentrations and the restrictions imposed by the new European decree, adapted fertilizer strategies can be proposed at least for places where systematically higher Nmin concentrations can be expected. Received: 14 December 1999  相似文献   

13.
红壤丘陵坡地不同利用方式的土壤N矿化特征   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
以坡地不同利用方式定位试验为研究对象,应用间歇淋洗培养方法和计算机模拟模型,求得土壤氮素矿化参数,并探讨了速效氮、氮素矿化势(No)、全氮、有机质组分之间的关系。结果表明,在35℃条件下进行好气培养,一级动力学方程能够很好的拟合试验数据,模拟方程和模拟参数均达到极显著水平。经过8年的不同经营管理,退化利用方式土壤氮的矿化势最低,变动在34.7~39.2mg kg-1之间,旱农利用方式土壤氮矿化势最高,变动在47.8~53.9mg kg-1之间,园地利用方式(落叶果、常绿果、茶园)的土壤氮素矿化势在46.2~49.5 mg kg-1之间;氮素矿化势、土壤全氮、土壤有机质、土壤活性有机质、土壤易氧化有机质之间的相关分析表明,各指标之间均达到显著或极显著正相关,氮素矿化势可以作为红壤丘陵区坡地开发利用过程中土壤供氮强度的指标之一。  相似文献   

14.
施用鸡粪稻田土壤氮磷养分淋洗特征研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
通过田间试验,研究了长期施鸡粪稻田不同鸡粪施用量下氮、磷养分淋洗特征及其潜在的环境效应.结果表明,田面水NH 4 -N和NO-3 -N浓度在施鸡粪初期均较高,且施鸡粪增加其浓度.NH 4 -N在30 cm、60 cm、90 cm渗漏液中平均浓度分别为1.05~1.48 mg · L-1、1.08~1.91 mg · L-1和1.02~2.38 mg ·L-1,不同层次之间浓度没有明显差别;同一层次NH 4 -N浓度随鸡粪用量增加而增加.渗漏液NO-3 -N浓度与NH 4 -N浓度值相比,含量略高,沿土壤剖面呈上低下高趋势;施用大量鸡粪能明显增加土壤渗漏液中NO-3 -N含量.稻田田面水总磷浓度在鸡粪施用初期达到最大值,且随着鸡粪用量增加而明显增加;随后逐渐降低;但整个生长季含量均超过0.1 mg · L-1.不同层次渗漏液总磷含量变化差别不大.总磷在水稻生长季前期较平稳,8月初有1显著高峰,磷淋洗量与鸡粪用量明显相关.长期施鸡粪稻田土壤氮、磷具有较高环境风险.  相似文献   

15.
基于马尔可夫模型的德化县土地利用结构变化预测   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
依据德化县2002~2005年土地利用变更调查数据,采用马尔可夫模型对其土地利用结构变化进行了模拟与检验,结果表明,利用马尔可夫过程对土地利用结构进行定量预测是一种可行的方法。用此方法对2010年和2020年德化县土地利用结构的演变趋势进行了预测,并根据预测结果对今后土地利用和管理提出建议。  相似文献   

16.
生态系统服务功能价值评估研究是可持续发展评估研究的关键内容和焦点,通过分析甘州区土地利用及其变化,并在此基础上,对甘州区生态服务功能价值评价进行研究。通过研究分析,结果表明:2005~2020年间,甘州区土地利用格局变化总体趋势为少数几种土地利用类型占主导地位的情况得到缓解;土地利用均匀度指数略微有所升高,说明社会经济的发展较2005年相比更为平衡;土地利用多样化程度也稍有增加。而这一变化直接影响到生态服务功能价值的变化。甘州区生态用地的结构和布局规划合理,能够满足社会经济发展和生态建设对生态用地的需求。期望通过建立环境友好型土地利用模式,优化生态用地结构与强化土地生态功能,以确保生态安全目标的实现。  相似文献   

17.
滇池流域农田土壤氮素流失影响因子研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
本试验采用田间原位模拟降雨并结合多元线性回归(逐步)的统计分析方法,分别在滇池流域的6个点位研究了旱季和雨季农田土壤的理化性质与氮素流失的关系。结果表明:各点位进行的模拟降雨的产流起始时间、产流历时和平均出水速度,在径流和渗漏两种流失方式下差异显著;两次径流试验中,质地为砂质黏壤土的C-2点(大渔乡元宝村)的初始产流强度和平均产流强度均最大。渗漏是氮素流失的主要方式,流失的形态主要是与NO3--N为主。土壤的孔隙度与降雨平均入渗率呈显著正相关,与径流中总氮(TN)和铵态氮(NH4+-N)的流失量呈负相关。0~20 cm的土壤硝态氮含量与地表径流和渗漏中总氮(TN)、硝态氮(NO3--N)的流失量呈极显著的正相关,是影响氮素流失的最重要因子,且0~20 cm土壤有机质含量与氮素的流失量呈正相关,土壤pH、5~20 cm的土壤含水量均与TN及NO3--N的流失量呈负相关。0~5 cm土壤铵态氮与NH4+-N的流失量呈正相关。  相似文献   

18.
Soluble organic nitrogen in agricultural soils   总被引:36,自引:0,他引:36  
 The existence of soluble organic forms of N in rain and drainage waters has been known for many years, but these have not been generally regarded as significant pools of N in agricultural soils. We review the size and function of both soluble organic N extracted from soils (SON) and dissolved organic N present in soil solution and drainage waters (DON) in arable agricultural soils. SON is of the same order of magnitude as mineral N and of equal size in many cases; 20–30 kg SON-N ha–1 is present in a wide range of arable agricultural soils from England. Its dynamics are affected by mineralisation, immobilisation, leaching and plant uptake in the same way as those of mineral N, but its pool size is more constant than that of mineral N. DON can be sampled from soil solution using suction cups and collected in drainage waters. Significant amounts of DON are leached, but this comprises only about one-tenth of the SON extracted from the same soil. Leached DON may take with it nutrients, chelated or complexed metals and pesticides. SON/DON is clearly an important pool in N transformations and plant uptake, but there are still many gaps in our understanding. Received: 10 June 1999  相似文献   

19.
    
In the original ridge tillage system as practiced in the US Corn Belt, ridges are formed during the growing season. Several studies have documented that this can reduce leaching of nutrients and improve fertilizer efficiency. This study was conducted to determine whether ridges formed in autumn can be used as an alternative to ploughing to reduce N leaching during autumn and winter, and thereby increase growth and N uptake of a subsequent unfertilized crop. A factorial field experiment with tillage and residues as factors was conducted during 1998–2000. Tillage treatments were autumn ridging and ploughing. Residue treatments were stubble, stubble + straw and stubble + liquid manure in order to create a gradient of C/N ratios. From the time of harvest until planting of a subsequent barley crop (Hordeum vulgare L.), inorganic N was determined 11 times in 1998–1999 and 10 times in 1999–2000 in the 0–10, 10–30, 30–60 and 60–90 cm soil layers. Growth and N uptake of barley was quantified nine times in both 1999 and 2000. Barley grain and straw yields were determined. Ridging resulted in lower levels of inorganic N in the 30–90 cm soil layer in November and a significantly higher level of inorganic N in the 0–30 cm soil layer in late April, indicating reduced leaching and increased N availability for the subsequent crop. Ridging significantly increased growth, yield and N uptake of barley whereas incorporation of straw generally reduced growth, yield and N uptake. It is concluded that ridging in autumn has a N conserving effect, and it is suggested that the potential of ridging in autumn as an alternative to ploughing is further investigated in detailed studies of solute movement, N immobilization/mineralization and crop performance.  相似文献   

20.
连续4 a采用渗漏计测定法研究了陕西关中小麦-玉米轮作区施氮和秸秆还田对土壤剖面90 em处NO3--N淋溶的影响.结果表明,NO3--N淋洗主要发生在7、8、9月份或灌溉后,年际间变异较大.监测期内各处理渗漏液NO3--N浓度和淋失量的变幅为0~103.5 mg L-1和0~21.8 kg hm-2,二者均随施氮量的增加呈增加趋势.小麦施氮150 kg hm-2、玉米施氮180 kg hm-2时,连续4a作物均能获得高产.施氮量继续增加,产量不再增加,0 ~100 cm土层NO3--N累积量和90 cm处NO3--N淋失量却相应增加.秸秆还田2 a后作物显著增产,2010年和2011年分别增产15.1%和14.2%,但对NO3--N累积和淋溶的影响不显著.回归分析显示,NO3--N年淋失量和0~ 100 cm土层累积量均随年施氮量的增加呈指数形式增加,说明施氮量越高,NO3--N年淋失量和累积量越高,二者占施氮量的比例也越高.  相似文献   

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