烟粉虱B型及二个非B型种群的SCAR分子标记

用随机引物H16对浙江采集的烟粉虱(Bemisia tabaci)B型和2个非B型种群进行RAPD分子标记，结果表明: B型、非B型ZHJ-1和非B型ZHJ-2 3个种群分别能稳定地扩增出446、390和1317 bp的特异性片段。将3个种群的特异性片段分别克隆和测序，根据测序结果设计3对SCAR引物。通过PCR反应条件的优化，B型、非B 型ZHJ-1和非B型ZHJ-2 3个种群各自的SCAR引物分别能扩增出本种群的特异性条带，其大小依次为439、366和1238 bp，而其它种群与温室白粉虱(Trialeurodes vaporariorum )则无扩增。     

西瓜枯萎病生防细菌的筛选

从６个土壤标本中分离得１５个细菌菌株,其中Ｂ１１、Ｂ１４、Ｂ１９、Ｂ２４等４个菌株为芽孢杆菌（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ ｓｐ．）,它们对西瓜枯萎病菌有较强的抑制作用。经室内和田间初步防治试验测定,它们对西瓜枯萎病有较好的防治效果。     

不同寄主植物烟粉虱种群数量消长及空间动态变化研究

对不同寄主植物烟粉虱(Bemisiatabaci)种群动态研究结果发现,不同寄主植物烟粉虱种群数量达高峰的时间有所差异,波幅也不一致,12种作物烟粉虱种群数量依次为油葵>西葫芦>棉花>大豆>南瓜>茄子>丝瓜>番茄>辣椒>黄瓜>菜豆>玉米,说明烟粉虱对其寄主植物具有一定的自然选择性。用扩散系数(C=S2/-X)对烟粉虱在棉花、油葵和大豆作物田空间分布型初步分析结果均为聚集分布型。     

捕食线虫性真菌--梨形指环菌的分离与鉴定

从土壤和家畜粪便中获得了一种捕食线虫性真菌，通过对其菌丝、分生孢子及捕食性结构的形态学观察，鉴定其为梨形指环菌(Dactylaria pyriformis)。该菌可产生多量厚垣孢子。     

铜耐性优势植物根际土壤铜抗性菌株的筛选及其对铜的促溶作用

从铜矿废弃地重金属耐性优势植物根际土壤中分离筛选到两株抗高浓度Cu的细菌菌株HQN2和JYC17.对菌株HQN2和JYC17溶解难溶性Cu的作用进行了研究.结果表明:菌株HQN2和JYC17具有明显的溶解碳酸铜的能力,与接灭活菌对照相比,菌株HQN2和JYC17分别使培养液中水溶性Cu含量增加306%和136%,培养液的pH由初始的7.00分别降低到4.08和4.46.另外,Cu能促进供试菌株有机酸(葡萄糖酸、苹果酸和乙酸等)的合成.菌株HQN2和JYC17对土壤中难溶性Cu亦有明显的促溶作用.与接灭活菌对照相比,菌株JYC17和HQN2分别使土壤中交换态Cu含量增加110%和270%.经生理生化特征分析及16S rDNA序列分析,菌株HQN2和JYC17分别被鉴定为节杆菌属(Arthrobacter sp.)和微杆菌属(Microbacterium sp.).     

一株高效解钾菌的筛选、鉴定及发酵条件的优化

为了寻求钾肥替代技术,从江西红壤中筛选到一株解钾效率为27.62%的高效解钾菌株G4,结合菌落形态特征、生理生化特性、16S rDNA序列分析,初步鉴定为类芽孢杆菌属(Paenibacillus sp.);通过单因素试验与正交试验对G4的发酵条件进行优化,结果表明G4的最佳发酵条件为:麦芽糖1%(w/v)、蛋白胨0.2%(w/v)、磷酸氢二钾0.05%(w/v)、培养温度25℃、初始pH7.5、装液量80 ml/250 ml(250 ml三角瓶装液量为80 ml)、培养时间48 h、接种量7%。G4有较强的解钾能力,有望用于微生物肥料的开发。     

Co-inoculation of selected nodule endophytic rhizobacterial strains with Rhizobium tropici promotes plant growth and controls damping off in common bean

Production of common bean(Phaseolus vulgaris)is limited by the occurrence of damping off(rhizoctoniosis),which is caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani.However,the co-inoculation of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR)involved in biological control along with diatomic nitrogen(N2)-fixing rhizobia can enhance N nutrition and increase production.In this context,finding microorganisms with synergistic effects that perform these two roles is of fundamental importance to ensure adequate yield levels.The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of co-inoculation of nodule endophytic strains of the genera Bacillus,Paenibacillus,Burkholderia,and Pseudomonas with Rhizobium tropici CIAT 899,an N2-fixing rhizobial strain,on the biocontrol of damping off and growth promotion in common bean plants.Greenhouse experiments were conducted under axenic conditions using the common bean cultivar Pérola.The first experiment evaluated the potential of the 14 rhizobacterial strains,which were inoculated alone or in combination with CIAT 899,for the control of R.solani.The second experiment evaluated the ability of these 14 rhizobacterial strains to promote plant growth with three manners of N supply:co-inoculation with CIAT 899 at low mineral N supply(5.25 mg N mL^-1),low mineral N supply(5.25 mg N mL^-1),and high mineral N supply(52.5 mg N mL^-1).The use of rhizobacteria combined with rhizobia contributed in a synergistic manner to the promotion of growth and the control of damping off in the common bean.Co-inoculation of the strains UFLA 02-281/03-18(Pseudomonas sp.),UFLA 02-286(Bacillus sp.),and UFLA 04-227(Burkholderia fungorum)together with CIAT 899 effectively controlled damping off.For the common bean,mineral N supply can be replaced by the co-inoculation of CIAT 899 with plant growth-promoting strains UFLA 02-281/02-286/02-290/02-293.Nodule endophytes UFLA02-281/02-286 are promising for co-inoculation with CIAT 899 in the common bean,promoting synergy with rhizobial inoculation and protection against disease.     

Screening of field performance of entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes against cabbage root flies (Delia radicum l. and d. floralis (fall.); Diptera,Anthomyiidae)

Finnish isolates of Beauveria bassiana (8 isolates), Metarhizium anisopliae (7), Tolypocladium sp. (2), Paecilomyces farinosus (2), P. fumosoroseus (1), Steinernema feltiae (3) and Bacillus thuringiensis ('Muscabac') were tested for efficacy against mixed populations of Delia radicum and D. floralis under field conditions in 1986–90. All pathogens were applied preventatively, the fungi as aqueous conidial or mycelial suspensions, dry conidia or dry mycelial powder. In only two of the nine experiments did B. bassiana or M. anisopliae give some control. In 1986, B. bassiana SF85–2 and Tolypocladium sp. SF85–4 (both at rate 1.2 x 10⁹ conidia plant‐ 1), and ‘Muscabac’ (25 g 1^?1, 1 dl plant^?1) reduced the number of pupae by 80%, 60% and 50%, respectively, as compared with untreated and chemical (isophenphos) controls. In 1990, M. anisopliae SF86–39 at rate 1.6 x 10⁹conidia plant^?1 and 1.5 x 10⁸ CFU plant^?1 and S. feltiae SFS‐22 (35000 plant^?1), increased the yield of cauliflower 2.2, 1.8, and 2.3‐fold, respectively, as compared with the untreated control, but these yields were only 19%, 15% and 19% of those of the chemical (diazinon) control. Paecilomyces isolates were ineffective in the 1986 experiment in which they were included. Our results suggest that it is difficult to find efficient control agents among the fungal and nematode species tested for use as biopesticides against cabbage root flies, but that the potential of M. anisopliae against these pests deserves further study.     

Spatial Distribution of Genetic Diversity in Wild Populations of Phaseolus vulgarisL. from Guanajuato and Michoacán, Méexico

The diversity, genetic structure, and genetic flow of wild populations of Phaseolus vulgaris L. within its Mesoamerican area of domestication, were analyzed by means of morphological and inter-simple sequence repeat molecular markers. Overall, 89% of the loci studied were polymorphic, 35% in the least diverse population and 65% in the most diverse. Genetic diversity in the populations was high, between h = 0.14 and 0.29, as was the maximum distance between populations (D = 0.3). Between 40% and 45% of the diversity was explained by the differences among populations, indicating that a large number of populations is necessary to represent the wild gene pool in the germplasm collections. We found uniformity in allele frequencies among the populations, suggesting presence of outcrossing. We did not find correlation between genetic and geographic distances, but the dendrogram topology suggests geographical isolation due to the mountainous topography. Negative correlations were observed between the coefficient of variation of seed size and the distance between wild populations and fields . We obtained a highly negative correlation between percentage of polymorphic loci and distance to the nearest crop field, which also suggests gene flow from the domesticated populations. These observations suggest that genetic flow is taking place from domesticated toward wild populations and that the farmer, through his agricultural activities, could be influencing the magnitude and the characteristics of the gene flow, and along with this, the differentiation of wild populations. New approaches should be established for conservation in situ and maintaining bio-safety, given the risk of introducing genotypes from the Andes and transgenic varieties and causing genetic assimilation.