Future of the area equipped for irrigation

The aim of this paper is the estimation of area equipped for irrigation in the world in 2035 and 2060 using studies of agricultural water management during 1962 to 2011. Among all presented data in the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations database, 10 indexes were selected (due to more importance and more availability for all the regions in the world). These indexes are permanent crops to cultivated area (PC, %), rural population to total population (RP, %), total economically active population in agriculture to total economically active population (LF (Agric), %), human development index (HDI), national rainfall index (NRI, mm year^?1), value added to gross domestic product (GDP(Agric)) by agriculture (%), irrigation water requirement (IWR, mm year^?1), percent of total cultivated area drained (D, %), difference between NRI and irrigation water requirement (mm year^?1), and area equipped for irrigation to cultivated area (AI, %). These indexes were analyzed for all five regions in the study area and the amount of area equipped for irrigation to cultivated area (10th index) was estimated by three different scenarios and using the other nine indexes. The results show that changes of area equipped for irrigation are 12.1% to 70.7% and 29.0% to 99.9% from 2011 to 2035 and 2060, respectively.     

Agricultural water management in the world during past half century

The present paper aims to estimate the areas equipped for irrigation and desirability of agricultural water management in the world. For this purpose, all necessary information was gathered from Food and Agriculture Organization and checked using World Bank Group. The selected 18 indices were analysed for all 26 regions in the area studied, and the extent of area equipped for irrigation to cultivated area was estimated by 2 different formulas and other 9 indices. In addition, an average index was calculated using various methods to assess region conditions for agricultural water management. The results show that Central Asia is the best region for agricultural water management and the value of relative error is less than 20%. The capability of irrigation and drainage systems was studied using other eight indices with more limited information. The results indicated that trial-and-error policies should be avoided and expert comments be applied to irrigation systems for any crop.     

Potential Use of Nitrogen Reflectance Index to estimate Plant Parameters and Yield of Maize

Estimating the spatial variability of various plant parameters during the growing season can assist in timely correction of stress conditions within a field. This research illustrates that the nitrogen reflectance index (NRI) developed to estimate plant nitrogen status can be used to estimate plant parameters and yield potential. The study was conducted on two experimental maize sites. Selected maize hybrids were ‘Pioneer 3790’, which was a planophile canopy architecture and ‘NC+ 1598’ with an erectophile canopy architecture. The first site consisted of six non-replicated fertiliser plots. Data from these plots were used to develop the relationships between reflectance data and the plant parameters. The second site contained four plots with various nitrogen (N) and water treatments on which the developed relationships were verified. Leaf area, biomass, and plant reflectance data were collected almost weekly from both sites during the 1996 growing season. Measured and estimated yield, leaf area index (LAI) and dry matter were mapped in ArcVIEW geographical information system. Results showed that the NRI was a comparable estimator of potential yield to the normalised difference vegetation index or to the modified soil adjusted vegetation index. For the LAI and biomass, all vegetation indices produced similar coefficients of determination. Results showed that the NRI could be used to estimate the within-field variation of yield potential and plant parameters.     

利用无人机影像构建作物表面模型估测甘蔗LAI

为探讨从作物表面模型(crop surface models,CSMs)中提取株高来估算糖料蔗叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)的可行性,该文采用无人机-RGB高清数码相机构成的低空遥感平台,以广西糖料蔗为研究对象,采集了糖料蔗全生育期的高清数码影像,分别在有无地面控制点条件下建立各生育期CSMs并提取株高。此外,该文利用高清数码影像计算了6种可见光植被指数并建立LAI估算模型,用以对比从CSMs提取的株高对LAI的估算效果。结果表明:全生育期CSMs提取的株高与实测株高显著相关(P0.01),株高预测值与实测值高度拟合(R2=0.961 2,RMSE=0.215 2)。选取的6种可见光植被指数中,绿红植被指数对糖料蔗伸长末期以前的LAI的估测效果最好(R2=0.779 0,RMSE=0.556 1,MRE=0.168 0)。相同条件下,株高对LAI有更高的估测精度,其中CSMs提取的株高估测效果优于地面实测株高,预测模型R2=0.904 4,RMSE=0.366 2,MRE=0.124 3。研究表明,使用无人机拍摄RGB影像来提取株高并运用于糖料蔗重要生育期LAI的估算是可行的,CSMs提取的株高拥有较高的精度。该研究可为大区域进行精准快速的农情监测提供参考。     

适宜灌水施氮方式提高制种玉米产量及水氮利用效率

为通过不同灌水施氮方式调控干旱区作物收获指数提高资源利用效率,以制种玉米"金西北22号"为供试材料,进行了为期2 a的田间试验。试验采用灌水方式（交替灌水、固定灌水、均匀灌水）与施氮方式（交替施氮、固定施氮、均匀施氮）完全随机组合设计,测定生育期内作物耗水量（evapotranspiration,ET）和成熟期植株的生物量、籽粒产量及其构成（穗长、穗粗、行粒数和千粒质量等）和作物吸氮量,折算收获指数（harvest index,HI）、水分利用效率（water use efficiency,WUE）和氮利用效率（nitrogen use efficiency,NUE）。结果表明,灌水施氮方式只对行粒数有显著影响。ET只受灌水方式影响,交替灌水较其他灌水方式显著减小ET。WUE表现为：灌水方式相同时,交替施氮和均匀施氮大于固定施氮;施氮方式相同时,交替灌水>均匀灌水>固定灌水。玉米的吸氮量、HI和NUE与WUE表现出相似的规律。2013年交替灌水均匀施氮下制种玉米的HI、WUE和NUE最大,较均匀灌水均匀施氮分别增加5.46%、11.41%和19.73%。交替灌水交替施氮（水氮同区）的表现与交替灌水均匀施氮相似。2014年的结果与2013年一致。综上,交替隔沟灌溉均匀施氮和交替隔沟灌溉交替施氮（水氮同区）有利于提高制种玉米的产量和水氮利用效率。     

夏玉米冠气温差及其影响因素关系探析

测定了夏玉米主要生育期四个不同水分处理的冠层温度、气温、土壤含水率、叶面积指数和株高,分析了冠气温差与土壤含水率、叶面积指数及株高间的关系。结果表明:不同的灌溉水质和灌溉量措施对夏玉米冠气温差有显著的影响;中午12~14时左右H1高度(2/3株高)处的冠气温差较H2高度(H1+50 cm)更能反映作物和土壤的水分特征,可以用此时刻的卫星遥感冠层温度结合地面气象站数据监测作物和土壤的旱情;80~100 cm土层的土壤体积含水率与节水灌溉处理的冠气温差之间存在良好关系(α=0.05),0~80 cm四个土层中以中午20 cm和40 cm处的土壤体积含水率与冠气温差相关关系最好且稳定,可以利用此关系评价作物的缺水状况;充足灌溉下的夏玉米主要生育期的叶面积指数与冠气温差也有显著的相关关系,节水灌溉下二者关系不显著,说明水分充足条件下叶面积指数对冠气温差的影响更大;株高与不同水分处理的冠气温差也有一定的相关关系,冠层2/3高度处二者的相关系数分别为:0.7027(淡水节水处理)、0.4150(淡水充足处理)、0.3683(咸水节水处理)、0.3062(咸水充足处理)。这为区域上遥感反演夏玉米冠气温差进而监测农田蒸散和土壤含水率提供了试验依据。     

咸水畦灌棉花耐盐性鉴定指标与耐盐特征值研究

为了充分利用浅层地下咸水,通过5 a的咸水畦灌播前造墒大田试验,分析了不同程度盐分胁迫(1(对照)、2、4、6、8、10 g/L)与棉花生长指标和籽棉产量的响应关系,得出不同矿化度咸水播前造墒条件下棉花的耐盐性鉴定指标及耐盐特征值。结果显示,相对出苗率、相对株高、相对叶面积、相对地上部干物质质量、相对果枝数、相对成铃数和相对蕾花铃最大值均可以作为棉花的耐盐性鉴定指标,其中相对株高易于观测,盐害指示效果好,因此作为推荐使用耐盐性鉴定指标。同时,灌溉水矿化度控制在5.48 g/L以下时,咸水造墒连续灌溉5 a后,在产量与对照相比不减产。     

波段宽度对利用植被指数估算小麦LAI的影响

为了能够根据遥感数据类型实现指数的优化选择进而提高叶面积指数的反演精度,该研究分析了不同波段宽度(5~80 nm)对植被指数反演叶面积指数精度的影响。通过比较反演模型的决定系数均值,筛选出14个模型精度较高的植被指数,并探讨了不同波段宽度的选取对各指数叶面积指数反演精度的影响。结果表明,波段宽度对不同植被指数的影响可分为3类:1)OSAVI2等指数波宽越窄,反演精度越高,更适合应用于高光谱遥感数据;2)SR[800,680]等指数随着波段宽度的增加,反演精度先升后降,最适波宽为35 nm,适用于中等光谱分辨率的遥感数据;3)SR[675,700]等指数随着波段宽度的增大,反演精度不断提高,在多光谱数据中有更好的应用潜力。     

玉米作物系数无人机遥感协同地面水分监测估算方法研究

该文研究不同水分胁迫条件下无人机遥感与地面传感器协同估算玉米作物系数的可行性。利用自主研发的六旋翼无人机遥感平台搭载多光谱传感器获取内蒙古达拉特旗昭君镇试验站不同水分胁迫下大田玉米冠层光谱影像,计算植被指数,采用经气象因子和作物覆盖度校正后的FAO-56双作物系数法计算玉米的作物系数,研究作物系数与简单比值植被指数(simple ratio index,SR)、叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)和表层土壤含水率(surface soil moisture,SM)的相关关系,结果表明,作物系数与SR、LAI和SM的相关程度与水分胁迫程度有关,但均呈现出显著或极显著的线性关系,说明了基于这些指标建立作物系数估算模型的可能性。利用逐步回归分析方法建立了作物系数的估算模型,其估算模型,修正的决定系数、均方根误差和归一化的均方根误差分别为0.63、0.21、25.16%。经验证,模型决定系数、均方根误差和归一化的均方根误差分别为0.60、0.21、23.35%。研究结果可为利用无人机多光谱遥感平台进行作物系数估算提供技术参考。     

基于主题分类和组件技术的灌区生态环境动态评价

针对传统灌区生态环境评价存在的指标固定和适应性较弱等不足,将信息化技术应用到评价中,提出基于主题服务的灌区生态环境动态评价模式。针对灌区生态环境问题确定评价主题,建立基于主题服务的灌区生态环境动态评价流程,构建评价指标库,对评价方法进行组件化。根据评价主题从灌区生态环境评价指标库中筛选合适的评价指标,通过对指标的优选建立针对特定评价主题的评价指标体系。基于综合集成平台绘制评价主题知识图,搭建灌区生态环境动态评价系统。根据灌区生态环境评价主题的特征和建立的评价指标体系,确定评价方法。从评价方法组件库中调用相应组件对不同主题下评价指标进行计算,实现对灌区生态环境的动态主题评价。以陕西省泾惠渠灌区为例开展实证研究,首先,根据灌区调研情况和管理部门的关注点,结合专家意见,确定4类评价主题,包括:生态环境影响要素主题、资源利用水平主题、工程保障能力主题和可持续性主题。基于综合集成平台开展动态评价,结果发现:2009年和2014年灌区生态环境介于等级"良"和"一般"之间,且2014年相对于2009年灌区生态环境状况有所下降;1997年至2014年灌区资源利用水平逐年提高,各评价指标逐年向良性发展;2014年灌区工程保障能力为"一般",且偏向"良好";2014年灌区可持续性评价结果等级为"良"。结果表明:基于主题服务模式能快速、多角度实现对灌区生态环境的动态评价,结果更为可信,相比传统评价方法更有优势。引入信息化手段,在综合集成平台上实现基于主题服务的灌区生态环境动态评价,研究结果对促进灌区生态环境健康发展和灌区生态文明建设具有重要意义。     

滴灌方式及定额对北疆冬灌棉田土壤水盐分布及次年棉花生长的影响

为探寻解决干旱区棉田冬季灌水问题,明晰北疆棉田不同冬灌方式及灌水定额对土壤水分、盐分分布以及翌年棉花生长及产量的影响,采用大田试验方法,以未冬灌大田作为对照(CK),设置滴灌和漫灌2种灌水方式下4个梯度的灌水定额(1 800、2 400、3 000、3 600、3600 m3/hm2)共9个处理进行冬灌试验,分析了冬灌灌水后到播种前0~300 cm土层的水分、盐分的动态变化以及翌年各处理棉花的出苗率、群体生理指标(群体光合势、群体净同化率、叶面积指数)和产量数据。结果表明,冬灌对次年播前土壤水盐分布及含量的大小均具有一定的影响,无论漫灌还是滴灌方式进行冬灌,随灌水定额增加土壤水分和盐分的影响深度也随之加深,灌水定额达到3 000和3 600 m3/hm2时,冬灌对土壤水盐影响深度可达300 cm。冬灌可显著改变次年播前土壤盐分的自然分布状态,有效淋洗并降低上层土壤盐分含量;相对漫灌方式而言,滴灌冬灌方式土壤水分入渗更加均匀且规律明显。冬灌对次年滴灌棉花的生长发育及产量均具有重要影响,冬灌后次年棉花群体指标与未冬灌处理的差异随冬灌灌水定额的增加愈加显著,灌水定额3 000 m3/hm2滴灌冬灌处理的次年棉花群体光合势与叶面积指数较未冬灌处理分别提升34.30%和42.60%;冬灌有利于次年棉花产量的提高,滴灌冬灌灌水定额3 000、3 600 m3/hm2处理时的棉花产量相对未冬灌处理分别增产10.66%和12.36%。综合考虑冬灌方式及灌水定额对次年土壤水盐分布及棉花生长和产量的影响,研究认为滴灌条件下灌水定额3 000 m3/hm2的冬灌在试验条件下比较适宜,既可淋洗盐分至耕层以下300 cm处,亦可获得6 107.75 kg/hm2的较高产量。     

Phenolic and volatile compounds of extra virgin olive oil (Olea europaea L. Cv. Cornicabra) with regard to fruit ripening and irrigation management

This study investigated the effect of both the degree of ripening of the olive fruit and irrigation management-rain-fed, two different regulated deficit irrigations (RDI), the method proposed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (known as FAO), and 125 FAO (125% FAO)-on the phenolic and volatile composition of Cornicabra virgin olive oils obtained during two crop seasons. Secoiridoid phenolic derivatives greatly decreased upon increase of both irrigation and ripening, for example, the 3,4-DHPEA-EDA content decreased from 770 to 450 mg/kg through fruit ripening under rain-fed conditions and from 676 to 388 mg/kg from rain-fed conditions to FAO irrigation treatment (at a ripeness index of approximately 4). Moreover, secoiridoid derivatives of hydroxytyrosol decreased more than those of tyrosol. The levels of major volatile components decreased in the course of ripening but were higher in irrigated olive oils: for example, the E-2-hexenal content ranged between 4.2 and 2.6 mg/kg (expressed as 4-methyl-2-pentanol) over fruit maturation under rain-fed conditions and between 8.0 and 3.5 mg/kg under FAO scheduling. It is important to note that where water was applied only from the beginning of August (RDI-2), when oil begins to accumulate in the fruit, the resulting virgin olive oil presented a phenol and volatile profile similar to those of the FAO and 125 FAO methods, but with a considerable reduction in the amount of water supplied to the olive orchard.     

利用HJ-1-A/B CCD2数据反演冬小麦叶面积指数

叶面积指数是十分重要的作物生理生态参数,为提高利用国产环境减灾小卫星CCD数据反演冬小麦叶面积指数的精度,该文以5种常用的植被指数(归一化差值植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI),增强植被指数(enhanced vegetation index,EVI),双波段增强植被指数(2-bands enhanced vegetation index,EVI2),比值植被指数(ratiovegetation index,RVI),土壤调节植被指数(soil-adjusted vegetation index,SAVI)为基础,结合3种常用的回归模型,按生长阶段比较分析了不同植被指数和回归模型反演叶面积指数的精度。结果表明,除生殖生长阶段外,叶面积指数和5种植被指数之间均有较强的相关关系;指数模型和一元线性模型分别为全生育期和营养生长阶段的最佳拟合模型;EVI在全生育期拟合时的表现好于其他4个指数(R2=0.9348),SAVI则是营养生长阶段表现最佳的指数(R2=0.9404)。该研究为进一步利用植被指数反演叶面积指数提供了参考。     

三江源生态畜牧业有机产品产地环境质量评价

三江源地区是中国建立有机畜产品的重要基地,亟需进行有机产品产地环境质量评价。该文选择该地区11个典型示范村作为研究区,采用单项污染指数评价法和综合污染指数评价法,从土壤、水和大气环境3个方面全面评价典型区有机产品产地的环境质量。结果表明,11个示范村的土壤、水环境质量和环境空气质量平均综合污染指数分别为0.356、0.235和0.270,各单项平均污染指数均小于1,均达到清洁等级。土壤肥力等级属于一级水平;水质级别达到一级(除元素Hg外);环境空气质量等级均在二级以上,空气质量优良。综上所述,三江源智慧生态畜牧业示范区的环境质量达到清洁水平,非常适合发展有机、绿色产业。     

井渠结合灌区用水效率指标尺度效应研究框架

现有灌溉用水效率尺度效应的研究大部分集中在地表水灌区,而较少涉及地下水利用灌区,该文针对井渠结合灌区存在地下水回归利用的实际情况,以河北省石津灌区为背景,在国际水管理研究院（IWMI）提出的水收支方法的基础上引入回归水利用指标,提出了在井渠结合灌区进行用水效率指标尺度变化规律研究的工作框架。在所提出的框架中,评价指标选择IWMI体系,数据获取手段主要为资料收集和试验观测,尺度划分方式按照现有灌区管理模型分为灌区,干渠,分干,支渠和田间5个尺度。研究成果展现了灌溉用水效率尺度效应研究所涉及到的指标选取、尺度划分、水收支解析、水平衡要素数据获取方式、回归水分析5个方面的工作过程。该框架对于开展中国北方井渠结合灌区的节水灌溉尺度效应研究有着一定的参考价值和借鉴意义。     

山东半岛流域面积对果园分布格局的影响

以烟台市1996年土地利用现状图图斑分类和地面调查为斑块属性引导,在3S技术的支持下,对2002年9月9日的ETM影像进行解译分析,选取果园总面积、斑块数、形状指数和斑块凝聚度等景观指标,对烟台市14个典型流域的果园分布格局进行了分析,揭示了各流域的果园景观的总体特征。结果表明:果园总面积（CA）、斑块数量（NP）和景观形状指数（LSI）与流域面积和流域形状指数的关联程度极为显著（在0.01水平上）,关联系数分别为0.960和0.694。果园景观斑块凝聚度（COHESION）与流域面积的关联程度较显著（在0.05水平上）,关联系数为0.608;果园斑块数量（NP）与流域形状指数的关联程度较显著（在0.05水平上）,关联系数为0.549。各因子与流域面积及流域形状均呈正相关的线性回归关系。     

基于GF-1与Landsat8 OLI影像的作物种植结构与产量分析

作物种植结构监测和估产是精准农业遥感的重点领域,其研究对于指导作物种植结构和制定农业政策具有重要意义。该文以黑龙江省北安市为研究区,以2015年的Landsat8 OLI和多时相GF-1为遥感数据源,基于物候信息和光谱特征确定的农作物识别关键时期和特征参数,构建面向对象的决策树分类模型,开展作物种植结构监测研究;综合植被光谱指数和地面采样数据,采用逐步回归方法建立产量遥感估算模型。结果表明:多源与多时相的遥感数据可以反映不同农作物的季相特征,应用本文所构建的决策树分类模型,作物分类效果较好,总体精度达87.54%,Kappa系数为0.8115;2015年,北安市的主要作物类型为大豆、玉米、水稻和小麦,面积分别为2204、1955、122和19 km~2,其中大豆的种植面积最大,占作物种植面积的51.24%。基于NDVI、EVI和GNDVI构建的多元回归模型为北安市大豆和玉米产量估算最优模型(R~2=0.823 7,均方根误差135.45 g/m~2,精度80.55%);北安市玉米高产区集中分布在西部,大豆的高产区主要分布在东部;2015年北安市玉米和大豆的单产分别为8 659、2 846 kg/hm~2,总产量分别为16.93×10~8、6.27×10~8 kg。利用作物关键物候期的多源多时相遥感数据能够精确高效地提取作物种植结构,构建的产量估算多元回归模型,为精准农业科学发展提供参考。     

限量单次灌溉对套作冬小麦和春玉米产量的影响

A field experiment was conducted during the 2002/2003 cropping season of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) and spring maize (Zea mays) to evaluate the effect of limited single drip irrigation on the yield and water use of both crops under relay intercropping in a semi-arid area of northwestern China. A controlled 35 mm single irrigation, either early or late, was applied to each crop at a certain growth stage. Soil water, leaf area, final grain yield and yield components such as the thousand-grain weight, length of spike, fertile spikelet number, number of grains per spike, and grain weight per spike were measured, and water use efficiency and leaf area index were calculated for the irrigated and non-irrigated relay intercropping treatments and sole cropping controls. The results showed that yield, yield components, water use efficiency, and leaf area index in the relay intercropping treatments were affected by limited single drip irrigation during various growth stages of wheat and maize. The total yields in the relay intercropping treatment irrigated during the heading stage of wheat and the heading and anthesis stage of maize were the highest among all the treatments, followed by that irrigated during the anthesis stage of wheat and silking stage of maize;so was the water use efficiency. Significant differences occurred in most yield components between the irrigated and non-irrigated relay-intercropping treatments. The dynamics of the leaf area index in the relay-intercropped or solely cropped wheat and maize showed a type of single-peak pattern, whereas that of the relay intercropping treatments showed a type of double-peak pattern. Appropriately, limited single irrigation and controlled soil water content level could result in higher total yield, water use efficiency, and leaf area index, and improved yield components in relay intercropping. This practice saved the amount of water used for irrigation and also increased the yield. Therefore, heading stage of wheat and heading and anthesis stage of maize were suggested to be the optimum limited single irrigation time for relay-intercropped wheat and maize in the semi-arid area.     

新疆干旱区成龄核桃滴灌制度优化

科学合理的灌溉制度是提高灌水利用效率的主要因素。该研究采用HYDRUS-2D模型结合寻优模型相结合的方法,研究新疆核桃滴灌优化制度。利用2018年和2019年定点观测土壤水分数据进行模型率定与验证;利用模型设定128种情景进行模拟研究,分析南疆干旱区滴灌成龄核桃不同灌溉制度下的深层渗漏和水分胁迫。应用模型结合灌溉制度寻优函数探求滴灌条件下成龄核桃各灌溉制度土壤水分通量。结果表明:HYDRUS-2D模型模拟土壤含水率精度较高,R2为83.03%～83.73%,均方根误差在0.016～0.017cm~3/cm~3范围。根据模型模拟结果,推荐新疆干旱区核桃滴灌制度为灌水定额35 mm,灌溉11次,灌水周期9 d,灌溉定额385 mm或者灌水定额50 mm,灌溉7次,灌水周期14 d,灌溉定额350 mm,在以上滴灌制度下,可最大限度减少农田水分损失和提高灌水利用效率。该研究可为制定南疆滴灌条件下成龄核桃适宜灌溉制度提供参考。     

利用无人机多光谱数据监测玉米对不同灌溉模式的响应差异

[目的]作物水分状况的实时监测对于节水灌溉、缓解我国水资源紧缺具有重要意义.本研究旨在探寻利用无人机多光谱影像数据实时监测玉米干旱胁迫状况的可行性,比较无人机数据和田间实测农学指标对作物干旱胁迫的敏感程度.[方法]大田试验在河北吴桥进行,采用两个玉米品种'富民985'和'郑单958',设置畦灌、滴灌和雨养3种模式.分别...