不同播期对烤烟品种产量和品质的影响

为了探索韶关烟区适宜的播种期和移栽期,以6个优质烤烟品种(品系)为材料,进行分期播种,塑造不同的光温气候条件,以优质中部烟叶化学成分为参考样,用指标赋值法对烤烟(等级为C3F)化学品质进行综合评分,依品质优劣将不同品种排序。结果表明:播期显著影响烤烟品种的产量和品质的形成。产量高低决定产值高低,适当推迟播期有利于提高烤烟产量和产值;但播种过迟会严重降低产量,降低烤后烟叶中上等烟比例,导致产值下降。烟叶化学品质中烟碱含量、总氮含量、淀粉含量、钾含量均受播期影响,随着播期延迟C3F烟叶的烟碱含量、总氮含量、钾含量减小,淀粉含量明显增加,影响烤烟品质;但3个播期中各品种的氮碱比、糖碱比、钾氯比变化因品种而异。在3个播期试验品种中,各品种的C3F品质平均综合评分表现为"云烟100"、"NX208"、"K326"的评分相对较高,C3F烟叶品质较好。适当的播种期使得烟叶化学成分的协调性好,利于提高烤烟的产量和品质。不同播期试验表明,韶关烟区适宜播种期为12月1日—12月10日,适宜移栽期为次年2月25日—3月5日。     

播期对不同品种类型机插稻生长特性的影响

为了探讨河南省稻-麦两熟区播期对不同品种类型机插稻生长特性的影响,在豫南稻区罗山,以生产上主推的常规中熟中粳、常规和杂交迟熟中粳、常规早熟晚粳和迟熟中籼5个类型品种为材料,通过分期播种试验,对不同品种类型毯苗机插水稻的产量及其构成因素、茎蘖数、干物质量及群体生长率等方面进行了系统的比较研究。结果表明：1）在试验设置的播期范围内,不同品种机插稻平均产量在播期间和品种类型间差异达极显著（P<0.01）,即随着播期的推迟呈极显著下降（P<0.01）,第Ⅰ播期（5月11日,10.60 t/hm2）较第Ⅱ（5月16日）－Ⅵ（6月5日）播期分别增产2.15%～28.81%;杂交迟熟中粳产量（10.44 t/hm2）极显著高于其他4种品种类型（P<0.01）,较其他类型品种分别增产9.20%～17.53%。同一品种类型,除了中熟中粳的产量在第Ⅱ播期（5月16日）最高,随后呈显著递减趋势外,其他4种类型品种机插稻的产量均是随着播期的推迟呈极显著下降趋势（P<0.01）,但品种类型间下降幅度不同。2）在产量构成因素中,除结实率在年份间差异不显著、在播期间和品种类型间差异极显著外,其他产量构成因素在年份间、播期间和品种类型间差异均达极显著（P<0.01）。同一类型品种,除中熟中粳的结实率随播期推迟呈先略升后明显下降趋势外,其他类型品种的穗数、每穗颖花数、总颖花量、结实率和千粒质量等产量构成因素均是随播期的推迟呈显著（P<0.05）或极显著（P<0.01）下降趋势;在播期影响下,每穗颖花数和结实率的变化较大,穗数和千粒质量的变化较小;且对产量影响大小为每穗颖花数＞结实率＞穗数＞千粒质量;相关分析表明,产量与每穗粒数、总颖花量和结实率呈显著或极显著正相关,与穗数和千粒质量呈负相关;总颖花量与每穗粒数呈极显著正相关,与穗数呈负相关。进一步通径分析表明,对产量的贡献率最大的是群体颖花量,最小的是千粒质量,对群体颖花量的贡献率较大的是每穗颖花数,较小的是穗数。3）随着播期的推迟,不同品种类型水稻的茎蘖数在拔节期呈明显的递增趋势,在抽穗期和成熟期呈明显的下降趋势;单茎和群体干物质量、群体生长率在主要生育时期均呈逐渐下降趋势;成穗率和收获指数均呈逐渐下降趋势;但品种类型间和播期间下降幅度不同。综合机插稻高产及生育安全性考虑,豫南稻区首选杂交迟熟中粳"穗大粒多"型品种,适宜播期可推迟到5月25日。该研究结果为河南省豫南稻区机插水稻高产高效生产及配套品种的科学选用提供参考。     

播期对高蛋白大豆新品种(系)农艺性状、品质及产量的影响

为明确高蛋白大豆新品种(系)在黄淮海区的适宜播期,本研究以黄淮海地区高蛋白大豆新品种(系)圣豆18、圣豆24、菏豆37、菏豆38为试验材料,设置不同播期试验,研究不同播期对各大豆品种(系)生育期、农艺性状、干物质积累、籽粒品质及产量的影响.结果 表明,播期推迟,出苗至始花期缩短幅度较大,大豆全生育期缩短;大豆株高、底荚...     

Effect of integrated management on Fusarium wilt progression and grain yield of chickpea in Syria

Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend.: f. sp. ciceris (Padwick) Matuo & K. Sato, is a major production problem in many countries. A study was conducted to develop an integrated management of Fusarium wilt of chickpea using genotypes, sowing dates (January as early sowing and March/April as spring sowing) and fungicide seed treatments under natural infested plots in research plots and farmers’ fields 2007–2009 cropping seasons. In most cases, sowing date and fungicides did not affect disease parameters and seed yield. Chickpea genotypes showed significant differences in seed yield but different responses for disease parameters. Averaged over locations and seasons, the rate of disease development was higher in early (0.035 units day^?1) than spring (0.023 units day^?1) sowing. Chickpea genotypes showed different responses in affecting rate of disease development and cumulative wilt incidence in early and late sowing periods. Higher mean seed yield (1.3 t ha^?1) was recorded in early than late sowing (1.0 t ha^?1) of chickpea. The average seed yield reduction due to spring sowing ranged from 9% to 60% and highest yield losses were observed in FLIP-97–706 and Ghab-3. This study showed that integrating January sowing with genotypes having good levels of resistance for Fusarium wilt and Ascochyta blight helps farmers to narrow chickpea yield gaps in Syria.     

品种和播期对春玉米生长发育及产量的影响

为探讨不同品种和播期对春玉米生长发育及产量的影响，给河西地区玉米高产栽培提供依据。以主栽玉米品种先玉335、郑单958、农华101为供试材料，设置5个播期处理。结果表明，播期对玉米生长发育影响显著，播期推迟，生育进程逐渐加快，生育期逐渐缩短。播期对株高、穗位影响显著，平均播期每推迟5 d，株高增加11.6～14.8 cm，穗位高增加1.2～4.8 cm。播期对穗长、穗粗和秃尖长影响不明显，对穗粒数影响显著，最高穗粒数对应产量最高指标值。播期对玉米产量影响显著，先玉335、农华101于4月26日播种较5月6日播种产量分别提高了14.8%、7.6%；郑单958于4月21日播种产量较5月6日播种产量提高了14.0%；先玉335、农华101、郑单958在河西地区最适宜的播期分别为4月26日、4月26日、4月21日。     

Genetic erosion of Ethiopian tetraploid wheat landraces in Eastern Shewa,Central Ethiopia

Ethiopia is a centre of diversity and hosts rich genetic resources of tetraploid wheats. Through time, the wheat materials were subject to genetic erosion. Closer investigation was made to assess the status of loss, and identify the possible causes by studying two districts from East Shewa. Information from primary and secondary sources was reviewed and analysed. Farmers identified 26 tetraploid wheat landraces (21 from Akaki and 17 from Ejere), which were once widely grown in the area. Of these, only six were currently available. Compared to the formerly available number of landraces, the loss of diversity in the study area was estimated to be 77%. In the Ejere locality, the loss was 100% before the launching of the on farm landrace conservation programme, and for Akaki it was 95%. Major factors that contributed to the loss include: (1) introduction and expansion of bread wheat varieties; (2) expansion of tef; (3) lack of a mechanism to re-supply seeds of tetraploid wheat landraces; (4) decline in size of landholdings; (5) changes in land use and cropping patterns; (6) lack of policy support; and (7) expansion of improved tetraploid wheat varieties. The lessons from this study underscore the importance of strengthening the local seed supply system as a prerequisite for sustaining on farm conservation of landraces. Moreover, it is necessary to initiate diversity studies focusing on the distribution and status of tetraploid wheat landraces across the country. Complementing these by molecular analyses is essential in order to assess the genetic distinctness of the landraces.     

播期对川西平原直播稻光合特性和产量的影响

为合理搭配川西平原稻田两熟区直播稻品种和播期,通过中早熟、中熟、中迟熟3个杂交稻分期播种试验,研究各品种水稻光合特性、产量及其构成因素的差异。结果表明,3种籼稻的净光合速率(Pn)随着播期推迟总体均呈下降趋势;播期推迟显著降低了中熟和中迟熟品种的有效穗数和结实率,导致产量显著下降(P<0.05);播期过早或过迟均不利于中早熟品种产量性状的协调发展。中熟和中迟熟品种产量受播期影响较大,而中早熟品种大部分播期内差异不显著;3个品种产量降幅分别为11.8%、33.0%、45.4%。综上,为保障川西平原直播稻产量,3种类型籼稻适宜播期应在4月5日-26日间。中早熟品种内5优玉香1号可适当推迟播期,适合作为当地麦-稻或油-稻两熟制直播稻品种推广应用。本研究为川西平原稻田两熟区直播稻适宜播期和品种选用提供了参考依据。     

基于作物模型与最佳季节法的锦州地区玉米最佳播种期分析

为了探究锦州地区平均气候状态下玉米最佳播期,同时检验作物模型法和最佳季节法确定最佳播期的适用性,利用辽宁锦州农田试验站3a分期播种试验数据,在对作物生长模型CERES-Maize进行参数校正与模拟效果检验的基础上,应用模型模拟不同播期下玉米30a（1981-2010年）的产量,同时应用最佳季节法分析该地区的玉米最佳播期,结合作物模型法的研究结果,提出对最佳季节法的改进办法。结果表明：CERES-Maize模型能够较好地模拟不同播期玉米的物候期和产量,其归一化均方根误差（NRMSE）小于10.3%,对不同播期下30a的产量模拟结果显示,当播期从4月10日推迟至5月10日,玉米平均产量增加6%,当播期从5月10日推迟至5月30日,玉米产量中值从9112kg·hm-2降至8619kg·hm-2,4月25日和4月30日播种玉米的平均产量与5月10日播种的玉米产量无显著差异。结果显示最佳季节法确定的锦州地区玉米最佳播期较为滞后,与作物模型法的研究结果及实际生产的播期有较大出入,因此,提出了对最佳季节法的改进办法即将灌浆期间的不利气温条件考虑在内,改进后得到的最佳播期与作物模型法研究结果较一致。从30a平均气候状况看,该地区玉米的最佳播期在4月25日-5月10日,作物模型法有较好的适用性,最佳季节法经过改进后也可实际应用。     

Cassava-legume intercrop: II. Effects of relative planting dates of legumes on the productivity of legumes

ABSTRACT

The degree of complementarity vis-à-vis competition amongst the component crops, which is influenced by their relative planting dates, may affect the productivity of intercrop systems. This study assessed the effect of the relative planting dates of legumes on yield and yield components of three legume species. Field experiments were conducted in two consecutive years at two sites with contrasting soil types. Grain yield and yield components were determined at harvest maturity. A 4-weeks delay in incorporating legumes caused total yield loss of cowpea at both sites, decreased chickpea yield by 82% at the clay soil site, and led to negligible yield of Bambara groundnut in loamy sand soil. In contrast, sowing legumes 2 weeks after cassava decreased grain yield of cowpea (both sites), chickpea (clay soil) and Bambara groundnut (loamy sand soil). Intercropping decreased grain yield of chickpea (year 1) and Bambara (year 2) at the clay and loamy sand soil sites, respectively, but had no effect on cowpea yield. Although planting the legumes same time with cassava gave the highest grain yield, we suggest more studies, including sowing the legumes prior to planting cassava, before making categorical recommendations.     

Yield Potential and Ecophysiological Traits of the Altamurano Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.), a Landrace of Southern Italy

Altamurano is a linseed landrace of southern Italy. Its area of origin is characterised by typical Mediterranean climate. Traditionally, Altamurano is spring sown, and mainly used as a feed integrator for animals. This landrace was evaluated during 2 years within varietal (16 modern varieties) and sowing date (15 sowings, from October to April, with ‘Antares’ as a control) trials. Growth analysis was carried out on two sowings. Seed yield was slightly lower than modern varieties, with advantages in late sowings. Reproductive efficiency, mean seed weight, harvest index and oil percentage were often higher than in modern cultivars. Altamurano was also characterised by early flowering, low vegetative growth, long leaf area duration, high light use efficiency during early grain filling phase, and relatively long grain filling period. All these features are connected with its adaptation to spring sowings in Mediterranean areas, characterised by early spring drought. Despite the decrease of its cultivation area from about 400 to less than 100 ha in the last 10 years, Altamurano is still present in the more traditional farms of the area as a heritage of past growing systems and historical adaptation to the environment.     

Effect of different methods of land preparation on runoff, soil and nutrient losses from a Vertisol in the Ethiopian highlands

Abstract. Vertisols are among the most common, high-potential soils in the central highlands of Ethiopia, where over 88% of human and 77% of the livestock population are located. Productivity from these soils is constrained by severe waterlogging due to their physical properties and intensive rainfall in summer. Traditionally, farmers plant late in the season to avoid the waterlogging, which results in harvest yields that are far below optimal. To bridge this yield gap, the broad-bed and furrow system for surface drainage has been introduced. Despite reported yields of various crops, little is known of the on-site and off-site impacts of this system. Consequently, four land preparation methods viz. (i) broad-bed and furrow (BBF), (ii) green manure (GM), (iii) the traditional system of ridge and furrow (RF) and (iv) reduced tillage (RT) were compared on standard runoff plots for 5 years (1998–2002) at Caffee Doonsaa in the central Highlands of Ethiopia. Runoff, sediment, organic carbon and nutrient (organic nitrogen and available phosphorus) losses were determined during the last two years (2001 and 2002). Over 50% of the seasonal rainfall was lost as runoff, regardless of the treatment, with significantly more of the excess water running off BBF and RT treatments in both years. The BBF system drained 67% and 54% of rainfall as runoff in 2001 and 2002, respectively, compared with 61% and 53% from the RT system during the measurement period. Although not statistically significant, the largest sediment and total nutrient losses tended to be from the BBF. The effect of the treatments on total nutrient loss and enrichment ratio was inconsistent. The nutrient concentration in the eroded sediment was greater than that of the originating surface soil but was strongly correlated. The effect of the land preparation methods was significant and varied with crops. Recommended options for best crop productivity are BBF for lentil and RT for wheat and tef.     

不同播期下低芥酸油菜利用氮肥的研究

应用~(15)N示踪法,对甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus L.)低芥酸品种“中油低芥三号”在不同播期下对氮肥的利用进行了研究。结果表明,在正常播期范围内,早播油菜比晚播油菜的氮吸收总量,吸收自肥料氮的百分率、氮肥利用率、氮肥生产效率、磷吸收量和磷生产效率都明显增加。因此生物产量、菜籽产量、产油量和含油率都显著提高。菜油中芥酸含量随播期推迟而稍有上升、但差异不显著。     

基于Hybrid-maize模型的吉林省不同生态区 玉米产量潜力研究

为挖掘玉米产量潜力,进一步提升玉米综合生产能力,利用在东北地区已验证的Hybrid-maize模型及多年气象数据对吉林省不同生态类型区[东部湿润生态区(桦甸)、中部半湿润生态区(公主岭)、西部半干旱生态区(乾安)]不同品种、播期和密度及其相互组合下的玉米产量潜力进行模拟,并对影响玉米高产稳产的因素进行定量分析,同时考虑产量潜力变异情况及品种本身的生产特性,构建了吉林省不同生态区玉米高产体系。研究结果表明:1)改变播期是一项重要的增产措施,不同生态区的表现不同,湿润区应选择早播,播种日期在4月20日左右较适宜,而半湿润和半干旱地区应尽量晚播,适宜播期应在5月中旬左右。2)不同生态区对密度的容纳能力表现为湿润区(桦甸)半湿润区(公主岭)半干旱区(乾安),3个地区的适宜密度分别为90 000株·hm~(-2)、80 000株·hm~(-2)和75 000株·hm~(-2)左右。3)选用生育期更长的品种表现出了较高的增产潜力,生产上应根据不同区域生态条件,尽量选择晚熟品种,在当前播期条件下半湿润和半干旱地区品种生育期内需要的有效生长积温(GDD)可增至1 600℃以上。4)与当前生产技术相比,将播期、密度、品种三者优化组合,高产体系长期平均产量潜力可增产14.39%~29.23%。本研究可为吉林省玉米高产措施的正确应用提供理论依据,为玉米产量大面积提升提供技术参考。     

内蒙古东部中晚熟区青贮玉米产量和品质与气象因素的关系

为研究青贮玉米(Zea mays L.)产量和品质与气象因素的关系,于2018—2019年在通辽市农业科学研究院试验基地,以北农青贮368、东科301、京科青贮516及京科968为材料,设置D1(4月24日)、D2(5月1日)、D3(5月8日)和D4(5月15日)4个播期,比较不同播期条件下青贮玉米产量和品质的变化,分析青贮玉米产量和品质形成与气象因素的关系。结果表明,随着播期的推迟,各品种青贮玉米生育期缩短,株高和茎粗均呈增加趋势,绿叶数变化不大,D2播期的穗位较高。各品种在D2播期的平均生物产量最高(35.2～40.2 t·hm^-2)。随着播期推迟,中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量呈增加趋势,粗蛋白含量变化不明显,D2播期淀粉含量较高。生育期日照时数(R²=0.381,P=0.031)和吐丝后日照时数(R²=0.507,P=0.003)与干物质产量呈负相关,生育期降雨量(R²=0.591,P<0.001)和吐丝后降雨量(R²=0.367,P=0.03...     

Potassium Uptake in Relation to Drought Tolerance of Chickpea Under Rain-Fed Conditions

Potassium is accumulated in substantial amount in water stressed plants, contributing to osmotic adjustment. Eight varieties of chickpea were field grown according to randomized block design with three replications during two consecutive crop seasons to explore the role of K uptake in drought tolerance of chickpea under rain-fed conditions. Plant water relation and other physiological parameters were measured at 70 days after planting, while potassium uptake and yield parameters were recorded at harvest. The varieties were divided into high (HKU), medium (MKU) and low (LKU) K uptake groups, using average K uptake across the seasons. All the data were statistically analyzed group-wise. The HKU, followed by MKU and LKU (i.e. HKU>MKU>LKU) gave the highest values for most of the parameters studied including seed yield and crop biomass. The HKU also exhibited the lowest osmotic potential together with maintenance of elevated water content and turgor in plants compared to MKU and LKU. There was significant season-group interaction regarding most parameters including seed yield and crop biomass. However, such an interaction was not significant regarding K uptake, though varietal group pattern of K uptake was similar to that of seed yield and crop biomass (i.e. HKU>MKU>LKU), indicating that promising chickpea varieties might be selected under rain-fed conditions using K uptake.     

Performance of rainy season greengram as influenced by land configuration and phosphorus application

A field experiment was carried out for 2 crop years (July‐October) at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi to study the effect of land configuration and phosphorus levels on the growth and yield of rainy season greengram under limited irrigation facility. The crop sown on 2 meter wide broad bed and furrow (BBF) showed higher growth attributes, nodulation, yield attributes and yield compared to flat bed (FB) sowing. Application of 30 and 60 kg P₂O₅ha_‐1 showed significant increase in growth attributes, nodulation, yield attributes and yield as compared to no phosphorus application. The moisture status in the soil determined the optimum dose of phosphorus needed for greengram. The combination of BBF sowing and application of 60 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 recorded the highest grain yield among all the combinations of land configuration and phosphorus levels.     

江西省双季早稻直播适宜播种期的区域划分

以江西省3个主栽常规早籼稻品种为材料,于2017−2018年在南昌县进行9个播期的水稻分期播种试验,各播期分别为3月6日（B1）、11日（B2）、16日（B3）、21日（B4）、26日（B5）和31日（B6）,以及4月5日（B7）、10日（B8）和15日（B9）,研究播期对直播早稻产量、成苗率和生育期的影响,并分析近59a（1961−2019年）内江西地区早稻安全直播初日的时空变化规律。结果表明,随着播期推迟,直播早稻全生育期缩短,B9处理较B1缩短21～25d。播期对直播早稻成苗率、有效穗数、穗粒数及千粒重有明显影响,本试验条件下,成苗率达50%及以上时,能获得足够基本苗和有效穗数,确保较高的产量。确保50%及以上成苗率前提下,试验水稻品种安全直播初始温度为11.64℃。此温度下,近59a内80%保证率下江西早稻安全直播初日呈提前趋势,但赣北、赣中、赣南3个区域的变化有所不同,近9a（2011−2019年）稳定通过11.64℃初日最早,其中赣北为3月29日,赣中为3月28日,赣南为3月21日。     

Crop improvement and root rot suppression by seed bacterization in chickpea

Abstract

Field experiments were conducted at the Regional Research Station, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Bawal, India, to evaluate the contribution of different bioinoculants in terms of nodule number, nodule biomass, root rot incidence and seed yield in chickpea. Nodule number and biomass were positively affected by the application of bioinoculants. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) alone or in combination with bioinoculants reduced plant mortality and increased seed yield of the crop. Seed yield at 50% fertilizer dose (RF) plus all the three inoculants was at a maximum during all the three years of experimentation.     

The impact of drought on sorghum production,and farmer's varietal and trait preferences,in the north eastern Ethiopia: implications for breeding

Purpose: Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] has been cultivated for centuries as a staple food crop for millions of people in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. In Ethiopia a total of 4.34 million tons of sorghum is being produced per annum, predominantly in the arid and semi-arid areas. However, the yield and quality of sorghum is affected by a wide array of production constraints, notably severe and recurrent drought stress. The aim of this study were to determine the impact of drought on sorghum production and productivity over time and space, and to identify farmers’ trait preferences, production constraints and coping strategies when dealing with drought in north eastern Ethiopia.

Materials and methods: Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) was employed in three administrative zones of north eastern Ethiopia. One Woreda from each Zone and two Kebeles from each Woreda were selected on the basis of sorghum area coverage, production, consumption and prior information on the intensity, duration and spatial coverage of drought. In each kebele, 30 respondents were selected for interview and 12 key informants were selected for group discussions and transect walk personal observations. Data collected from 180 respondents was subjected to statistical analysis and the information gathered from 72 key informants through focus group discussions and transect walk observations were used in discussing the results.

Results and discussion: The present study found that productivity of sorghum was challenged by recurrent droughts, Striga infestation, insects, birds, diseases, a lack of varieties with farmers-preferred traits and high yield potential, limited policy support, a lack of improved seed system, poor sorghum production practices and application of crop input and poor soil fertility, in a decreasing order of importance. Among the listed sorghum production constraints, severe drought in the post-flowering stage was identified by most interviewed farmers as the leading constraint across the three study zones. Focus group discussions and transect walk observations held in each Kebele revealed that farmers’ had lost numerous valuable local landrace varieties due to extreme drought conditions over the years. A significant number of interviewed farmers preferred to grow high grain and biomass yielder medium-maturing sorghum varieties which can be sown at the normal planting time but which would escape post-flowering drought.

Conclusion: Overall, sorghum breeding programme should be directed at developing farmers’ ideal sorghum varieties with high grain and biomass yield, adequate level of drought and Striga tolerance. In addition, development of farmer preferred medium-maturing sorghum varieties suitable for April planting should be strengthen to boost its productivity and to increase varietal adoption rate in the area.     

不同播期对食用向日葵产量及主要性状的影响

为了研究不同播期对食用向日葵的影响,为酒泉及同类地区食用向日葵栽培技术的制定提供科学依据,以食用向日葵新品种酒葵130为指示品种,采用随机区组设计,研究了7个播种期对生育期、出苗率、单株产量、单盘粒数、百粒重、产量等的影响。结果表明,4月21日播种的食用向日葵产量最高,折合4 266.9 kg/hm2。其次是4月14日播种处理,折合产量4 187.5 kg/hm2; 4月28日播种处理的折合产量为4 062.5 kg/hm2。综合分析,在酒泉市及同类地区食用向日葵最佳播种时间为4月14 — 28日,这一时间段播种的食用向日葵生育期适中、出苗率均在94%以上,单株产量、单盘粒数、百粒重等性状均优于其他播期,播种时间太早或者太晚均对食用向日葵的出苗和产量有直接影响。