基于RS和GIS的农田防护林对作物产量影响的评价方法

在区域尺度评价农田防护林对作物产量的影响对于农田防护林建设和经营管理具有重要意义。该文提出了一种基于遥感(remote sensing,RS)和地理信息系统(geographic information system,GIS)技术的农田防护林对作物产量影响的评价方法。首先利用多时相遥感影像识别农田防护林的经营阶段和和生长状态,建立农田防护林防护效应的综合判定模式;其次采用机制法,通过光、温、水、土逐级衰减,计算作物生产潜力,并基于遥感影像和光能利用率模型估算作物单产;最后构建农田防护林对作物产量影响的评价方法体系。基于该方法,在吉林省长春市北部的农田防护林重点建设区选择样区,评价了该区2009年农田防护林对玉米产量的影响。结果表明,农田防护林在一定程度上将会促进玉米增产。尤其在自然条件较差的低产区,农田防护林的增产作用更加显著,增产率达到8.85%;而在高产区,增产率约为2.4%,但是由于胁地效应的影响,在部分地区可能造成减产。因此,在农田防护林的规划建设中,应根据不同的立地条件,因地制宜,在占地面积最小的情况下,达到稳产增产的作用,实现农田防护林的最大防护效应。该研究丰富了在区域尺度研究农田防护林防护效应的技术方法,可以更加科学合理的评价区域尺度上农田防护林的增产效益,并为农田防护林的经营管理提供科学依据。     

Modulation in growth,development, and yield of Camelina sativa by nitrogen application under water stress conditions

Camelina sativa has rejuvenated as a successful oilseed crop in the recent years. It is a low-input-requiring crop with an unusual fatty acid composition. A pot experiment was conducted in rain-out shelter to investigate the effect of different nitrogen levels (N₀ = 0, N₁ = 50, N₂ = 100, and N₃ = 150 kg ha^?1) on the growth and yield of two C. sativa genotypes (Australian and Canadian) under normal [100% field capacity (FC)] and water stressed (60% FC) conditions. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement having three replicates in the Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. The results indicated that nitrogen doses and water stress levels significantly affected the growth and yield of C. sativa. Maximum values for growth indices like leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), leaf area duration (LAD), net assimilation rate (NAR), and yield attributes were observed under N₂ treatment (100 kg ha^?1) followed by the treatment in which nitrogen was applied at the rate of 50 kg ha^?1. However, growth and yield components significantly reduced under water stress conditions (60% FC). Of both the genotypes, Australian Camelina performed better as compared to Canadian Camelina under both non-stress and drought stress conditions.     

Growth,yield and antioxidant capacity of strawberry under various K+:Ca++ ratios in hydroponic culture

Optimisation of the mineral composition of the nutrient solution is one of the most important factors affecting crop productivity and quality under hydroponic cultivation. Considering the role of minerals in nutrition and the lack of studies on the K⁺:Ca⁺⁺ ratio of nutrient solution on fruit quality, a study was carried out to evaluate the effects of K⁺:Ca⁺⁺ ratios on growth, yield, vitamin C content of the fruit and total carbohydrate and phenolic compounds of the ‘Paros’ strawberry under hydroponic conditions. The highest total phenolic compounds, photosynthetic capacity, including leaf area, photosynthetic pigments, stomatal conductance and yield were observed at the 1.4 ratio (K > Ca). Enzymatic (peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase) and non-enzymatic (total phenol, phenolic compounds and anthocyanin) antioxidant capacities were affected significantly by the K⁺:Ca⁺⁺ ratio. The highest antioxidant capacity was observed in ratios with K > Ca in the solution. We recommend growers to maintain an appropriate K⁺:Ca⁺⁺ ratio in the nutrient solution, as this affects growth parameters, productivity and strawberry quality.     

Plant density and nitrogen effects on growth dynamics,light interception and yield of maize

Maize (Zea mays L.) growth and yield are most sensitive to variations in plant density and nitrogen (N) in north-western Pakistan. This study was conducted on the Agricultural Research Farm of NWFP (North West Frontier Province) Agricultural University, Peshawar, from 2002–2004 to establish an accurate plant density and N management system aimed at high yield of maize. The 2 × 3 × 6 factorial experiment was designed having two plant densities (P1 = 60,000 and P2 = 100,000 plants ha^?1) and three nitrogen rates (N1 = 60, N2 = 120 and N3 = 180 kg N ha^?1) applied to the main plots, while six split application for N in different proportions were applied to subplots at different growth stages of maize in two equal (S1), three equal (S2), three unequal (S3), four equal (S4), five equal (S5) and five unequal splits (S6) at sowing and with 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th irrigation at two-week intervals. Growth rate and yield increased with elevated dose and number of N split applications. Improved endurance to high stands allowed maize to intercept and use solar radiation more efficiently, contributing to the remarkable increase in the crop growth rate and yield.     

小麦/玉米轮作旱地长期轮耕的保墒增产效应

保护性耕作能改善土壤物理结构,蓄水保墒,提高作物产量。但长期采用单一的耕作方式不仅不能促进作物增产,反而会对土壤和生态环境带来一些不利影响。土壤轮耕技术通过合理配置土壤耕作技术措施,将翻、旋、免等土壤耕作措施进行合理的组合与配置,对于减少长期单一耕作缺点具有重要的作用。为探寻适宜于黄土旱塬地区旱作麦玉轮作田长期生产的耕作模式,于2007-2017年在陕西省合阳县设置长期定位试验,该试验共设置4种轮耕模式:免耕/深松轮耕(NS)、深松/翻耕轮耕(SC)、翻耕/免耕轮耕(CN)和连续翻耕处理(CT),分析了不同轮耕模式的土壤物理性质变化、土壤水分利用规律、休闲期土壤蓄水保墒效应及农田增产效应。结果表明,1)轮耕能有效改善土壤结构,降低土壤容重,其中以CN轮耕处理土壤容重较低,0~60 cm土壤容重为1.31 g/cm~3。2)轮耕能在休闲期蓄存更多的土壤水分,其中以CN处理的蓄水效果较好。3)轮耕能在作物生育期为作物提供更好的土壤水分条件,其中以CN处理在冬小麦和春玉米生育期土壤水分状况较好。4)相较于传统翻耕模式,CN模式显著提高作物小麦/玉米轮作田作物产量和水分利用效率(WUE);冬小麦和春玉米平均产量分别为5 221和7 433 kg/hm~2,平均水分利用效率分别为15.5和20.7 kg/(hm~2·mm)。5)不同轮耕处理以CN处理经济投入较低,经济收益较高,2007-2017年平均经济收益为6254元/hm~2。综上所述,从长期可持续发展的角度考虑,CN模式是适宜于黄土旱塬小麦/玉米轮作田的最佳轮耕模式。     

春旱背景下春玉米苗情对产量的影响及减产评估模式

为建立基于苗情的玉米春旱指标和春旱减产即时定量评估模式,2010－2011年春季在中国东北玉米主产区开展玉米分期播种-土壤水分控制试验。每年设3个播期和4个水分胁迫处理,用雨棚和人工灌水控制土壤水分,观测土壤湿度、玉米出苗期、保苗率、7叶前后的株高、叶龄、生物量和单产。采用回归方法分析玉米产量对出苗期、保苗率及幼苗长势的响应,建立春旱评估模式。 结果表明,在春旱背景下,玉米产量与出苗期、出苗率、苗期株高、叶龄和生物量相关性显著。出苗期延迟导致产量下降,出苗期每推迟1d,玉米单产下降2.9%;出苗率下降10%,玉米减产9.2%;株高、叶龄和植株干质量每下降10%,玉米单产依次下降13.4%、11.1%和5.5%。用出苗期、保苗率、叶龄和株高等苗情要素建立玉米春旱损失评估模式,可以定量评估（或预测）春旱对玉米产量的影响,模式检验和实际应用表明评估误差在6.5%左右。该研究提供多个评估模式,便于根据不同时间和不同观测要素选择适当的模式开展玉米春旱减产的即时定量评估,为制定减灾对策和开展玉米春旱损失保险业务提供科学依据。     

Effect of silicon on photosynthetic gas exchange,photosynthetic pigments,cell membrane stability and relative water content of different wheat cultivars under drought stress conditions

This study aims to explain the effects of silicon (Si) foliar application on gas exchange characteristics, photosynthetic pigments, membrane stability and leaf relative water content of different wheat cultivars in the field under drought stress conditions. The experiment was arranged as a split-split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation regime (100%, 60%, and 40% F.C.), silicon (control and Si application) and wheat cultivars (Shiraz, Marvdasht, Chamran, and Sirvan) were considered as main, sub and sub-sub plots, respectively. This study was carried out at the Research Farm of the Collage of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Iran, during 2012–2013 growing season. The results showed that foliar application of silicon increased the leaf relative water content, photosynthesis pigments (chlorophyll a, b and total chl and carotenoids), chlorophyll stability index (CSI) and membrane stability index (MSI) in all wheat cultivars, especially in Sirvan and Chamran (drought tolerant cultivars), under both stress and non-stress conditions. However, more improvement was observed under drought stress as compared to the non-stress condition. In contrast, these parameters decreased under drought stress. Si significantly decreased electrolyte leakage in all four cultivars under drought stress conditions. Furthermore, the intercellular carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration (C_i) increased under drought stress. Si application decreased C_i especially under drought stress conditions. Net photosynthesis rate (A), transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance (g_s) were significantly decreased under drought conditions. Under drought, Si applied plants showed significantly higher leaf photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance. Intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) and carboxylation efficiency (C_E) decreased in all cultivars under drought stress. However, the silicon-applied plants had greater WUEi and C_E under drought stress. The stomatal limitation was found to be higher in stressed plants compared to the control. Exogenously applied silicon also decreased stomatal limitation. Overall, application of Si was found beneficial for improving drought tolerance of wheat plants.     

生物质炭对冬小麦产量、水分利用效率及根系形态的影响

为了探讨生物质炭对冬小麦产量、水分利用效率及根系形态的影响,该文利用田间小区试验研究了生物质炭不同施用水平对冬小麦产量、水分利用效率、根形态的影响及差异性。结果表明:生物质炭显著增加了冬小麦茎蘖数、有效穗数和产量(P0.05),与对照相比,其增加比例范围分别为1.6%~4.9%、0.7%~1.5%、1.0%~5.9%。冬小麦耗水量随着生物质炭施用量的增加而逐渐减小,水分利用效率由对照的17.06 kg/(hm2·mm)提高到17.69~19.57 kg/(hm2·mm)。生物质炭显著增加了冬小麦根系总根长和总表面积(P0.05),在0~20和≥20~40 cm范围内,总根长的增加比例范围分别为2.8%~14.6%、8.4%~21.2%;总表面积增加比例范围分别为5.6%~19.5%、1.9%~13.6%。冬小麦根系形态特征与冬小麦产量呈极显著正相关(P0.001)。各处理中以生物质炭施用量为40 t/hm2的处理对冬小麦产量、水分利用效率及根系生长的促进作用最为显著。该研究可为科学施用生物质炭提供参考。     

基于Voronoi图的单粒播玉米产量效果的蒙特卡罗模拟

为了明确在单粒播种条件下田间出苗率对玉米产量的影响,以蒙特卡罗二项分布作缺苗模拟,以Voronoi图分配缺苗土地,通过对产量-密度方程进行数学恒等变换计算产量补偿,模拟了2种单粒播策略的玉米产量随出苗率(75%~95%)的变化。结果表明,缺苗斑数目与出苗率呈单峰曲线关系,缺苗斑大小随出苗率呈负指数下降;单粒播造成0.06%~16.78%的减产,且减产率随出苗率下降而增加;两种单粒播策略的产量大小和产量稳定性均有差异,且差异随出苗率下降而扩大。该研究推荐的玉米单粒播策略是:在千方百计提高出苗率基础上,播种的种子数目应当等于目标种植密度除以出苗率、保证出苗的植株数目达到推荐种植密度。该结论对于在玉米生产上广泛采用单粒精量播种具有重要参考价值。     

亏缺灌溉对马铃薯生长产量及水分利用的影响

为了解析马铃薯不同品种对水分亏缺的响应,探讨不同品种对水分需求量的差异,该研究在大田遮雨棚滴灌下,以马铃薯品种‘青薯9号’和‘大西洋’为材料,参考西北区和本试验区的年平均降雨量,设置5个水分处理,将参考试验区年平均降雨量的值划分为正常灌水(A),逐级调亏灌水量的值划分为轻度(B)、中度(C)、重度(D)和特重度(E)亏缺灌水处理,研究灌水量对不同品种马铃薯植株生长(株高、茎粗、叶面积)、生物量与分配、叶片相对含水量、产量与构成因素、水分利用的影响。结果表明:正常灌水下,‘青薯9号’株高增长速度大于‘大西洋’,且测定期内持续增高,但‘大西洋’叶面积快速扩增期的扩增速度大于‘青薯9号’;2个品种各器官干质量变化趋势不一致,‘大西洋’各器官干质量呈增长趋势,‘青薯9号’茎叶和根干质量呈前期增长后期下降、块茎干质量呈显著增加趋势(P0.05),且‘青薯9号’块茎生物量分配比例最高值为57.96%,仅是‘大西洋’最高值的67.43%;2个品种叶片相对含水量均呈先升高后降低的变化趋势;‘大西洋’单株结薯数、单株产量、公顷产量、商品薯率高于或显著高于亏缺灌溉(P0.05),‘青薯9号’仅商品薯率和大薯率高于或显著高于亏缺灌溉(P0.05),其他指标则显著低于轻度亏缺灌溉(P0.05),水分利用效率和灌水效率分别为152.62kg/(hm~2·mm)和130.70%。亏缺灌溉下,随水分亏缺度加重,‘大西洋’株高、茎粗和叶面积扩增的抑制大于‘青薯9号’,2个品种叶片相对含水量降低、生物量积累的增速和绝对值降低、产量和大薯率显著下降(P0.05),且‘青薯9号’上述指标的降幅小于‘大西洋’,其中轻度亏缺灌溉下,‘青薯9号’单株结薯数和公顷产量具有补偿效应,较正常灌水分别增加22.79%和11.71%,水分利用效率提高41.48%、灌水效率提高60.05%,抗旱系数为1.12。因此,‘青薯9号’轻度亏缺灌溉,可控制其地上部旺盛生长,利于块茎形成和膨大,‘大西洋’应保证充足水分供给,不宜亏缺灌溉。     

不同水分处理下液膜覆盖对夏玉米生长及产量的影响

针对塑料地膜对农业生产造成的严重污染问题,运用对照处理方法,探讨了液体地膜覆盖对夏玉米生长发育及产量等方面的影响。结果表明,液膜覆盖使夏玉米株高和茎粗均比对照偏大,其中,低水分处理下差异最为显著。夏玉米叶面积指数低水分处理时液膜覆盖在生育前期较对照偏大,生育后期偏小;而中、高水分下液膜覆盖叶面积指数在整个生育期内均比对照偏大。液膜覆盖使夏玉米光合速率和蒸腾速率显著增大,有利于光合产物的形成。低水分处理下液膜覆盖增产效果最好,增产率达到56.97%,产投比为1.695,高水分下液膜覆盖增产效果最差,增产率仅为15.57%,液膜覆盖产投比小于对照。研究认为,夏玉米液膜覆盖能有效抵抗干旱逆境从而达到节水增产的显著效果。     

长期不同施肥措施下黑土作物产量与养分平衡特征

为了明确长期不同施肥措施下黑土作物产量及养分平衡特征,利用开始于1979年的哈尔滨黑土肥力长期定位试验,以小麦-大豆-玉米轮作(3a)为一个周期,选取对照(不施肥,记作CK)、常量氮磷钾化肥配施(小麦施N、P2O5量分别为150、75 kg/hm2,大豆施N、P2O5量分别为75、150 kg/hm2,玉米施N、P2O5量分别为150、75 kg/hm2,K2O共施75 kg/hm2,记作NPK)、常量有机肥(施肥18 600 kg/hm2,记作M)、常量化肥有机肥配施(化肥施量同NPK,有机肥施量同M,记作MNPK)和二倍量氮磷化肥有机肥配施(小麦施N、P2O5量分别为300、150 kg/hm2,大豆施N、P2O5量分别为150、300 kg/hm2,、玉米施N、P2O5量分别为300、150 kg/hm2,有机肥共37 200 kg/hm2,记作M2N2P2)5个处理,研究了不同作物的平均产量、产量年际变化和土壤养分表观平衡。结果表明:1)较CK,长期平衡施用化肥或化肥配施有机肥提高了作物产量,多年平均增产率分别在82.5%~91.6%(小麦)和35.6%~40.9%(玉米)之间。长期不同施肥措施增产效果表现为M2N2P2MNPKNPKM,有机无机肥配施与单施化肥处理间作物产量差异不显著。2)长期不施肥处理小麦和玉米产量随试验年限推移呈下降趋势,降幅分别为13.93和42.61 kg/(hm2·a),大豆则以7.409 kg/(hm2·a)的速率增加。施肥处理小麦、大豆和玉米产量随试验年限的增加呈总体上升的趋势。3)在该试验条件下,长期施用常量化肥处理(NPK)和常量化肥有机肥配施处理(MNPK)土壤氮亏缺量分别为29.7和17.5 kg/hm2,磷盈余量分别为33.4和61.2 kg/hm2。各处理土壤中钾素均表现为亏缺,亏缺量在30.4~73.0 kg/hm2之间。MNPK处理氮、钾供应状况有所改善,较NPK处理分别增加12.2和27.6 kg/hm2。4)作物产量与土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、降雨量、生育期日平均气温呈显著正相关关系(P0.05)。5)在黑土小麦-大豆-玉米典型轮作制度下,基于土壤养分平衡特征提出"稳氮、减磷和增钾"的施肥策略。该研究为评价和建立长期施肥模式、促进粮食持续生产提供依据。     

氮磷钾肥对红壤地区幼龄柑橘生长发育和果实产量及品质的影响

利用盆栽试验研究了氮、磷、钾肥对幼龄柑橘树生长发育和果实产量及品质的影响。结果表明,施用氮、磷、钾肥明显影响柑橘树新生叶片数和叶片大小;对柑橘三梢抽梢和生长状况也产生明显影响,不施氮、磷、钾肥处理的柑橘树三梢生长量分别为OPT处理(施足各种养分)的14.5%、74.5%和91.6%。不施氮、磷、钾肥处理的柑橘树开花数分别为OPT处理的28.9%、89.8%和91.9%;成果率分别为24.3%、83.3%和93.0%。不施氮、磷、钾肥柑橘果实产量分别下降22.2%、16.8%和21.2%;柑橘果实的品质指标尤其是外观品质受到严重影响。试验结果还表明,氮肥对红壤上种植的幼龄柑橘树的营养生长的影响程度大于磷肥,钾肥对营养生长影响程度最小,然而对柑橘产量和品质,氮、钾肥的影响程度大于磷肥。3年的试验结果说明,合理施用氮、磷、钾肥能明显促进幼龄柑橘树体生长发育,同时能提高柑橘产量和改善果实品质。     

Analysis of the variations in dry matter yield and resource use efficiency of maize under different rates of nitrogen,phosphorous and water supply

Abstract

Increasing resources use efficiency in intensive cultivation systems of maize (Zea mays L.) can play an important role in increasing the production and sustainability of agricultural systems. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate DM yield and the efficiency of inputs uses under different levels of water, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in maize. Therefore, three levels of irrigation including 80 (ETc₈₀), 100 (ETc₁₀₀) and 120% (ETc₁₂₀) of crop evapotranspiration were considered as the main plots, and the factorial combination of three levels of zero (N₀), 200 (N₂₀₀) and 400 (N₄₀₀) kg N ha^?1 with three levels of zero (P₀), 100(P₁₀₀) and 200 (P₂₀₀) kg P ha^?1 was considered as the sub plots. The results showed that increasing the consumption of water and P was led to the reduction of N and P utilization efficiency, while RUE increased. WUE was also increased in response to application of N and P, but decreased when ET_C increased. DM yield under ETc₈₀ treatment reduced by 11 and 12%, respectively, compared to ETc₁₀₀ and ETc₁₂₀ which was due to reduction of cumulative absorbed radiation (R_abs(cum)) and RUE. Under these conditions, changes of stomatal conductance (gs) had little effect on DM yield. It was also found that N limitation caused 11 and 20% reduction in DM yield compared to N₂₀₀ and N₄₀₀, respectively. This yield reduction was mainly the result of decrease in RUE. By decreasing R_abs(cum), P deficiency also reduced DM yield by 5 and 9%, respectively, relative to P₁₀₀ and P₂₀₀ treatments.     

施肥对水旱轮作作物产量、氮素吸收与土壤肥力的影响

2008～2009年,利用田间试验研究了优化施肥、单施有机肥、有机无机配施和习惯施肥对水旱轮作体系下水稻和春小麦产量、氮素吸收利用和土壤肥力的影响.结果表明,施肥都能提高水稻和春小麦的子粒和秸秆产量.同等养分供应下,优化施肥处理的增产效果最佳,其次是有机无机配施.不同施肥处理对水稻和春小麦地上部总吸氮量都有显著影响,水稻当季氮肥利用率为10.4％～37.0％,春小麦为11.7％ ～ 35.9％.施用有机肥有利于土壤有机质、全氮、C/N比和土壤碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾的提高.水旱轮作下土壤干湿交替也有利于土壤有效养分的提高.综合考虑作物增产、氮肥利用率和土壤培肥等因素,本试验水旱轮作体系下,有机无机配施是最佳的施肥措施.     

覆膜滴灌下氮肥与种植密度互作对东北春玉米产量、群体养分吸收与转运的调控效应

[目的]合适的氮肥用量和种植密度是提高东北玉米产量和效益的关键.研究覆膜滴灌条件下氮肥用量、种植密度及其互作对春玉米产量、养分吸收转运及利用效率的影响,以期为东北半干旱区春玉米高产高效栽培提供理论依据.[方法]2016-2017年,在吉林省西部半干旱区乾安县开展田间试验,以紧凑型玉米品种农华101为供试材料,在覆膜滴灌...     

Effects of reafforestation techniques on the nutrient content,photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of Pinus Halepensis seedlings under semiarid conditions

A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of different soil preparation techniques for Pinus halepensis afforestation on physiological parameters in Mediterranean summer conditions. The soil preparation treatments consisted of terracing (mechanical and manual) and the addition of an organic amendment (urban solid refuse). The mycorrhizal treatments consisted of nursery inoculation with Pisolithus arhizus and the addition of forest soil to the planting holes. Six years after planting the study revealed significant differences in heights and basal diameters, phosphorus and potassium concentrations in the leaves and photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance. The pines grown in the manually prepared terraces were subjected to strong water stress, as reflected by the high A:g_s ratios and highest levels of phosphorus and potassium in leaves. Mechanical terracing and the addition of urban solid refuse produced a higher photosynthetic rate, and a combination of these treatments was particularly effective. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

施氮水平对黄土旱塬区小麦产量和土壤有机碳、氮的影响

施用氮肥是雨养农业区提高作物产量和土壤有机碳（SOC）、氮[TSN（Total soil N）]含量的重要养分管理措施。利用长期田间试验（1984～2007）,定量评价了常规耕作条件下5个施氮水平N 0（N0）、45（N45）、90（N90）、135（N135）和180（N180）kg/hm2处理下,小麦子粒产量、SOC、TSN和氮肥利用效率的变化。研究了施氮水平对黄土旱塬区旱地小麦产量、SOC和TSN积累的影响。结果表明,1984～2007年期间,N0、N45、N90、N135和N180处理小麦产量的平均值依次为1.2、2.4、2.9、3.2和3.4 t/hm2;N0处理的小麦产量随试验年限而降低,年降低幅度达67 kg/hm2（P0.001）;但增施氮肥后降低趋势得到显著控制,当施氮水平提高到N 90 kg/hm2时,产量随年限呈现出缓慢升高的趋势。随着施氮水平的提高,地上部氮肥利用率由40%（N45处理）降低到28%（N180）。不同施氮水平条件下,SOC含量随年限呈缓慢升高趋势。23年后（2007年）,N0、N45、N90、N135和N180处理下,0—20 cm土层SOC储量依次为16.9、18.2、18.7、19.0和19.1 t/hm2;TSN储量依次为2.03、2.16 、2.24 、2.34和2.37 t/hm2。施氮水平与产量呈显著的抛物线关系（R2＝0.993）。产量与SOC存在着极显著的线性相关关系（R2=0.997）。增施N 1 kg/hm2,小麦产量可提高29 kg/hm2,SOC提高1.2 kg/hm2,TSN提高0.13 kg/hm2。根茬还田量的增加是导致黄土旱塬区SOC和TSN提高的主要因素。     

冬季作物-双季稻轮作种植模式氮、磷、钾养分循环与产量可持续性特征

研究分析农业生态系统NPK养分循环和产量的可持续性,对实现养分资源优化管理和农业可持续发展具有重要意义。基于长期冬季作物-双季稻轮作种植定位试验,分析了2004—2017年冬闲-双季稻、马铃薯-双季稻、紫云英-双季稻、黑麦草-双季稻、油菜-双季稻等轮作种植模式早、晚稻产量的可持续性与稳定性;采用投入产出法（Input-Output Analysis）分析不同轮作种植模式NPK养分循环与平衡状况。结果表明：1）黑麦草-双季稻模式早稻产量变异系数与可持续性指数分别为0.09和0.81,说明稻田冬种黑麦草有利于促进早稻产量稳定性和可持续性的提高;油菜-双季稻模式晚稻产量变异系数与可持续性指数分别为0.07和0.82,说明稻田冬种油菜有益于晚稻产量稳定性和可持续性的提高;2）长期冬季作物-双季稻轮作种植未影响水稻产量和糙米NPK养分含量（P>0.05）;3）在稻田轮作种植周年内目前的NPK投入水平下,黑麦草-双季稻、紫云英-双季稻、油菜-双季稻、马铃薯-双季稻等模式均存在严重的K亏缺现象,K亏缺量分别为375.70 kg（K）·hm^-2、279.98 kg（K）·hm^-2、363.71 kg（K）·hm^-2、93.74 kg（K）·hm^-2;黑麦草-双季稻、紫云英-双季稻、油菜-双季稻等模式均在冬季作物种植季存在严重的K亏缺现象,K亏缺量分别为240.07 kg（K）·hm^-2、89.57 kg（K）·hm^-2、140.08 kg（K）·hm^-2,但马铃薯-双季稻模式在马铃薯种植季K盈余为255.21 kg（K）·hm^-2;同时黑麦草-双季稻模式和紫云英-双季稻模式均存在冬季作物种植季存在N亏缺,N亏缺量分别为59.47 kg（N）·hm^-2和89.17 kg（N）·hm^-2;油菜-双季稻模式和马铃薯-双季稻模式在晚稻种植季均存在严重的K亏缺现象,K亏缺量分别为45.93 kg（K）·hm^-2、124.33 kg（K）·hm^-2。冬季作物-双季稻轮作种植模式的养分循环是冬季作物和外部投入的NPK肥料共同驱动的养分循环,建议科学管理冬季作物和3季的NPK养分投入。     

基于土壤电导率控制的养分供给对设施番茄生长、产量和品质的影响

我国设施蔬菜生产中缺乏有效决策指标来引导养分的科学投入,过量施肥已成为设施农业可持续发展的主要瓶颈。选用土壤电导率（EC）作为控制养分投入的决策指标,探索不同土壤EC对番茄生长、产量以及品质的影响,为未来智能化设施生产提供科学依据。通过在设施番茄体系实地试验,运用可视化电导率传感器对土壤进行实时监测,并结合水肥一体化设备进行养分投入,通过测定不同土壤EC对应的番茄生长、产量以及品质指标来分析最适合番茄生长的土壤EC。结果表明,番茄的株高、茎粗、叶片SPAD值等指标与土壤EC呈二次曲线关系,通过营养生长末期建立的二次曲线拟合得出株高在EC为4.03 mS/cm时达到最大值,茎粗和叶片SPAD值分别在EC为2.93和2.54 mS/cm时达到最大值;干物质累积量和产量也与土壤EC呈二次曲线关系,通过模型拟合得出番茄干物质累积量在EC为2.97 mS/cm时达到最大值,单果重在EC为3.19 mS/cm时达到最大值;外形品质和营养品质多个指标也与土壤EC呈二次曲线关系,模拟结果显示番茄商品果率在EC为2.77 mS/cm时达到最大值,番茄可溶性糖、有机酸、维生素C分别在EC为2.94、3.1...