Cd translocation into generative organs of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)

Linseed is able to accumulate considerably high concentrations of Cd in generative organs, the dietary critical value of 0.3 μg Cd/g seed often being exceeded. Differences between genotypes of linseed in this respect, however, have been observed but the underlying mechanisms responsible for these differences are unknown. The aim of the present work was to identify these mechanisms by studying the Cd accumulation of the linseed genotypes Antares and McGregor which differ in their ability to accumulate Cd in the seeds. Cultivar Antares is a high and cv. McGregor a low Cd accumulator which was confirmed in a pot experiment. It was found that the differences between these genotypes were Cd-specific and were caused neither by single seed weight nor by Cd translocation into the shoot. The distribution pattern of Cd within mature capsules between the pericarp and the seeds differed from that of Ca which was used as a phloem-immobile reference ion. From these results we conclude that Cd was translocated from the pericarp into the seeds via the phloem. This conclusion was supported by direct Cd determination in collected phloem sap from linseed stems. As sources of seed-Cd we identified the pericarps of capsules and the leaves. The genotype differences concerning the Cd concentrations in the seeds may be explained in terms of differences in phloem translocation of Cd.     

Agro-morphological variability and genetic diversity in linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) germplasm accessions with emphasis on flowering and maturity time

Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution - Assessment of genetic diversity and extent of trait variation among germplasm accessions facilitate the effective use of genetic resources for varietal...     

Distribution of cadmium-binding components in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) seed

The distribution of cadmium- (Cd-) binding components in flaxseed (cultivar NorMan) containing 0.526 ppm (ng/mg) Cd was investigated. Proteins extracted from dehulled, defatted flaxseed were fractionated by anion-exchange and size-exclusion chromatography. The contents of Cd and other metals, UV/visible spectral characteristics, and amino acid compositions of these fractions were analyzed. Over 66% of the eluted Cd was recovered by 0.1 M NaCl elution from DEAE-Sephacel, in a thiol-rich fraction representing only 7% of the extracted proteins. Sephadex G50 size-exclusion chromatography of this 0.1 M NaCl fraction concentrated most of the Cd in a low-molecular-weight peak eluting at V(t). About 72% of the extracted flaxseed proteins eluted from DEAE-Sephacel at 0.25 M NaCl and contained only 25% of the eluted Cd. Because the major Cd-binding fraction is a minor constituent of flaxseed, these results indicate the potential to isolate flaxseed's major storage protein with a low Cd content.     

Genetic diversity of cultivated flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) and its wild progenitor pale flax (Linum bienne Mill.) as revealed by ISSR markers

Little is known about the genetic diversity of pale flax (Linum bienne Mill.), the wild progenitor of cultivated flax (L. usitatissimum L.), and ex situ germplasm of pale flax was scarce. Effort was made to collect 34 pale flax accessions and five landrace accessions of cultivated flax in Turkey. The inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) technique was applied to characterize this set of flax germplasm, along with one Turkish cultivar, one Russian cultivar, five winter and four dehiscent type accessions of cultivated flax. Twenty-four ISSR primer pairs detected a total of 311 DNA fragments, of which 298 bands were polymorphic across 493 flax samples (roughly 10 samples per accession). These polymorphic bands had frequencies ranging from 0.002 to 0.998 and averaging 0.38. Accession-specific ISSR variation (Fst values) ranged from 0.469 to 0.514 and averaged 0.493. There was 49.3% ISSR variation resided among these 50 accessions, 35.9% harbored among landrace, winter, dehiscent types of cultivated flax and pale flax, and 38.2% present among 34 pale flax accessions. Pale flax displayed more ISSR variation than landraces and dehiscent type, but less than winter type, of cultivated flax. Clustering 493 individual plants revealed that these assayed plants were largely grouped according to their plant types and that pale flax was genetically more close to the dehiscent type, followed by the winter type and landrace, of cultivated flax. Pale flax collected within the geographic range of 180 km displayed a significant spatial genetic autocorrelation. Genetic distances among the pale flax accessions were significantly associated with their geographic distances and elevation differences. These findings are significant for understanding flax domestication and its primary gene pool.     

Response of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) to fertilizer nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur, and their effect on the removal of soil sulphur

Abstract. Between 1981 and 1987 field experiments were made on loam and sandy loam soils to test the effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur fertilizers on the yield and quality of linseed, and the uptake of S by the crop. In one experiment, all through the six years, the application of fertilizers up to 60 kg N, 40 kg P₂O₅ and 30 kg S ha^-1 increased yields. In the second experiment, the same combination of N, P and S maximized crop yield, uptake of P and S, % oil and oil production. These balanced and optimum rates of fertilizers decreased the percentage of stearic, oleic and linoleic acids but increased that of linolenic acid by accelerating the metabolic pathway of linolenic acid synthesis. Applying P decreased the removal of native S in the soil but when more S was applied, more native S was taken up. Large dressings of P diminished crop yield and quality as well as the availability of native soil S.     

Variation of cultivated flax (Linum usitatissimum L. subsp.usitatissimum) and its wild progenitor pale flax (subsp.angustifolium (Huds.) Thell.)

The domestication of cultivated flax (Linum usitatissimum L. subsp.usitatissimum) is briefly discussed. Using data documented as a matter of routine in genebank work, 63 accessions of cultivated flax from the flax germplasm collection of the Gatersleben Genebank are compared with 73 accessions of its wild progenitor pale flax (subsp.angustifolium (Huds.) Thell.), which have been observed in systematic field trials. Range of variation, genetically based variation, heritability and correlation of several characters are considered, especially with respect to the influence of domestication. Cultivated flax shows higher variation in the characters of generative plant parts, while pale flax varies more in the vegetative parts of the plant. The character correlations are similar in both subspecies. Of the 29 characters studied in pale flax the parameters describing tillering, height of plant, weight of seeds, width of petals and width of leaves are especially suitable for distinguishing between different accessions. In spite of the high heritabilities of most of the characters, the influence of the environment is significant in most cases.     

Effects of inorganic fertilizers and micronutrients on methane production from wetland rice (Oryza sativa L.)

We compared the effects of adding different forms of nitrogenous fertilizers on the production of CH₄ in soil and on CH₄ emission from rice plants, Urea and diammonium phosphate gave the highest rates of CH₄ production from the soil and emission through rice plants, followed by (NH₄)₂SO₄. NaNO₃ was the least effective. The effects of micronutrients like Mo, Ni, or B were more prominent than those of Fe, Mn, Zn, V, or Co. It is concluded that CH₄ emission from rice paddies is influenced by both macro- and micronutrients, through effects on both microbial methanogenesis in soil and elimination through rice plants as a consequence of the effects on plant growth.     

施肥对旱地胡麻耗水特性和籽粒产量的影响

为了合理调控胡麻生产过程中氮、磷配施水平,以"陇亚杂1号"为试验材料,研究了不同施肥处理对旱地胡麻耗水特性、籽粒产量和水分利用效率的影响。试验设2个施氮(纯N)水平:75kg/hm~2(N_1),150kg/hm~2(N_2);2个施磷(纯P_2O_5)水平:75kg/hm~2(P_1),150kg/hm~2(P_2),共4个施肥处理(N_1P_1,N_1P_2,N_2P_1和N_2P_2),以不施氮磷肥为对照(N_0P_0)。结果表明:2013年胡麻的农田耗水量随着施肥量的增加而增加,2014年随着施肥水平增加至N2P1时,耗水量达到高峰,较N_2P_2处理显著增加10.23%;与N0P0处理相比,各施肥处理100—200cm土层的耗水量明显增加13.03~19.36mm。在胡麻现蕾至盛花期,2013年各施肥处理在此阶段的耗水量随着施肥量的增加而增加,而2014年以N_2P_1处理的阶段耗水量最大,较N_0P_0,N_2P_2处理分别显著增加19.25%和17.87%,说明氮磷配施有利于促进胡麻根系对土壤水分的吸收,尤其是深层贮水的利用,以满足胡麻生育后期的水分需求。两个生长季,胡麻的籽粒产量均表现为N_2P_1N_2P_2N_1P_2N_1P_1N_0P_0,且N_2P_1的籽粒产量显著高于N_0P_0处理44.27%~56.55%。胡麻的水分利用效率与籽粒产量的变化趋势基本一致,各施肥处理中以N_2P_1处理的最大,N_2P_2的次之,分别比N_0P_0处理显著增加30.23%~38.54%,20.50%~36.81%。可见,在本试验区同等肥力土壤条件下,氮磷施用量分别为150kg/hm~2,75kg/hm~2的高氮低磷配施(N_2P_1)是旱地胡麻高产节肥的最佳施肥处理。     

Overcoming Fe deficiency in guava (Psidium guajava L.) by co-situs application of controlled release fertilizers

Abstract

Among micronutrient deficiencies, Fe deficiency is the most difficult nutritional disorder to prevent in the fruits of trees growing on calcareous soils. In this study, a pot experiment was carried out to evaluate the potential of co-situs application of controlled release fertilizers (CRF) in alleviating Fe deficiency and improving the growth of fruit trees growing on calcareous soil (pH 9.3). Guava (Psidium guajava L.) seedlings were used as test plants because of their sensitivity to Fe deficiency. Treatments consisted of the following: (1) broadcast application of readily soluble Fe, Zn, Cu, B and Mn fertilizers (Control) or (2) co-situs application of CRF containing N, P, K, Mg, Fe, Zn, B, Cu and Mn (Co-situs). For the Control treatment, CRF containing only N, P and K was used. Both treatments received the same amount of all nutrients. Plants were more chlorotic in young leaves under the Control treatment and the Fe content of young leaves was significantly (least significant difference [LSD_0.05]) higher under the Co-situs treatment. Dry matter production of shoots under the Co-situs treatment was 5.2-fold higher than under the Control treatment, and the total accumulations of macro and micronutrients were much higher under the Co-situs treatment than the Control treatment. Total accumulations of N, P, K, Ca and Mg were 5.0, 4.1, 9.6, 3.2 and 2.2-fold higher, respectively, under the Co-situs treatment compared with the Control treatment, and Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn accumulations were 3.2, 4.1, 6.0 and 3.7-fold higher, respectively. Iron deficiency in guava seedlings was successfully alleviated by the co-situs application of controlled fertilizer, proving the high potential of this method in alleviating Fe deficiency in fruit trees growing on calcareous soils.     

Genetic diversity within a range of cultivars and landraces of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) as revealed by RAPDs

Analysis of the extent and distribution of genetic diversity incrop plants is essential for optimizing sampling and breedingstrategies. We used random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)markers to assess genetic diversity and relationships in 22 Canadiancultivars, 29 selected world cultivars and 10 landraces of flax(Linum usitatissimum L.). RAPDvariation was generally low and more variation was detected among,than within, the investigated flax accessions. Based on 53 variableRAPD loci observed for the 61 accessions, the landraces had a lowerproportion of fixed recessive RAPD loci (0.427) (i.e.,more genetic variation) than all of the flax cultivars examined(0.492). The linseed cultivars had a lower proportion ofrecessive loci (0.469) than the fiber flax cultivars(0.529). Canadian linseed cultivars had a lower proportionof recessive loci (0.465) than the selected world flaxcultivars (0.512). A trend was also observed that the rateof loss in genetic variation in Canadian flax breeding programs overthe last fifty years was approximately two variable loci per 100 lociper 10 years. Clustering analyses based on similarity estimatesshowed that the fiber cultivars were more related (or similar toeach other) and were classified as a homogeneous group. All ofthe linseed cultivars were clustered in diverse groups with the ninelandrace accessions. Implications of these findings for flax breedingand germplasm management are discussed.     

补充灌溉对土壤水分和胡麻籽粒产量的影响

为探讨不同灌水条件下胡麻田土壤水分动态特征和增产效果,以"陇亚杂1号"为材料,研究了不同灌溉处理对胡麻田土壤水分、籽粒产量和水分利用效率的影响。试验设置5个处理:不灌水(T_0)、分茎水80mm(T_1)、分茎水60mm+盛花水40mm(T_2)、分茎水80mm+盛花水40mm(T_3)、分茎水60mm+现蕾水40mm+盛花水40mm(T_4)。结果表明:分茎期灌水而现蕾期不灌水有利于增加现蕾期80—140cm土层含水量。在盛花期,T_2处理120—140cm土层含水量分别比T_3,T_4处理增加了11.40%和11.08%,这表明T_2处理对此时期深层土壤水分的提高有明显的促进作用。胡麻成熟期表层土壤的含水量与盛花期相比有所下降,而100—200cm土层的水分随灌水量的增加而明显增加,导致土壤中的无效水增多。随着灌水量增加,农田耗水量增加,而土壤贮水消耗量、降雨量和土壤贮水消耗量占农田总耗水量的比例均降低。可见,减少灌溉量可以提高胡麻对土壤贮水的吸收利用,降低了农田总耗水量,从而更有效地增加灌溉水分利用效率。与T_0处理相比,T_2处理的籽粒产量和产量水分利用效率分别显著增加36.50%和12.27%。因此,在本试验条件下,T_2处理具有明显的增产节水效益。     

Role of alternate and fixed partial root-zone drying on water use efficiency and growth of maize (Zea mays L.) in gypsiferous soils

Alternate partial root-zone drying (APRD) is a water-saving method but can regulate crop physiological responses. A pot experiment has been conducted to study the efficiency of partial and fixed root-zone drying on the growth and production of maize (Zea mays L.) in addition to the water use efficiency in soils with different gypsum content. The experimental treatments include three irrigation treatments, i.e. Conventional Irrigation (CI), Alternate Partial Root-zone Drying (APRD) and Fixed Partial Root-zone Drying (FPRD), and three soils with different gypsum content " (60.0 [G1], 153.7 [G2], and 314.2 [G3] g kg^?1)". The vegetative growth, root dry mass and physiological indices (leaf relative water content, carotenoid concentration, proline) have been studied during three stages of maize plant growth (jointing, tasselling, and maturing). The Results showed that compared to CI, APRD and FPRD increased water use efficiency by 38.93 and 14.94% based on dry seed yield. In addition, compared to CI, APRD increased maize seed yield by 4.62–20.71%, while FPRD decreased yield by 19.24–5.28% for the gypsiferous soils G2 and G3, respectively. APRD has a slight effect on leaf water potential, leaf relative water content, carotenoid and proline activities from jointing to maturing stages at the three gypsiferous soils. Results suggest that APRD could make maize plants use water even more productively with better adaptation to water shortages in the gypsiferous soils.     

Influence of soil applied boron on yield of berseem (Trifolium alexandrium L.) and soil boron fractions in calcareous soils

A greenhouse experiment was conducted in North-west India to study the effect of soil applied boron on yield of berseem (Trifolium alexandrium L.) and soil boron fractions in boron deficient calcareous soils. Three soils with varying calcium carbonate content viz. 0.75% (Soil I), 2.6% (Soil II), and 5.7% (Soil III) were collected from different sites of Ludhiana, Bathinda, and Shri Muktsar Sahib districts, Punjab, India. The treatments consisted of six levels of soil applied boron viz. 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.5, and 2.0 mg B kg^?1 along with control. The green fodder yield and dry matter yield increased significantly at 0.75 mg B kg^?1 soil treatment level in the first cutting, while these were significant at 1.0 mg B kg^?1 soil treatment level in all soils at second, third, and fourth cuttings. Among all three calcareous soils, Soil I with lower calcium carbonate was the best soil in respect of mean yield in comparison to Soil II and Soil III. Combined effect of boron level and soils had significant effect on yield of berseem. There was a significant increase in mean dry root biomass at 1.0 mg B kg^?1 soil level over control and then remained non-significant with further high levels of soil applied boron. The mean dry root biomass decreased significantly for the soils having 0.75%, 2.6%, and 5.7% calcium carbonate levels. Readily soluble fraction is considered to be easily available fraction of B for plant uptake and consisted of 0.47–0.62% in Soil I, 0.31–0.43% in Soil II, and 0.24–0.34% in Soil III of the total boron. Among all B fractions, mean readily soluble, specifically adsorbed, and oxide-bound fractions got increased significantly with increase in B levels. Readily soluble and organically bound B fractions were more in Soil I as compared to Soil II and Soil III. Specifically adsorbed boron, oxide bound fraction, residual and total boron were more in Soil III in comparison to Soil I and Soil II. Among all fractions, residual fraction accounted for the major portion of the total B. It comprised of 92.71–93.90% in Soil I, 94.51–95.40% in Soil II, and 94.91–95.25% in Soil III of the total boron.     

亚麻FAD基因家族的生物信息学鉴定分析

不饱和脂肪酸为人体提供基本代谢所必需的能量,须从膳食中补充。脂肪酸去饱和酶FAD(fatty acid desaturase)是植物不饱和脂肪酸合成途径中的关键酶,植物体内脂肪酸的各组分比例和不饱和度与FAD的去饱和作用息息相关。为探究亚麻FAD基因家族的表达与进化,为其在亚麻高品质育种中的应用提供理论依据。运用生物信息学方法对亚麻全基因组FAD基因家族的43个LuFADs基因进行分析。结果显示,该家族成员编码的蛋白质大小为152～453个氨基酸,大部分为碱性不稳定亲水蛋白。与拟南芥FADs蛋白序列构建系统发育树,可分为4个主要亚家族:Δ12/ω-3去饱和酶、“前端”去饱和酶、Δ7/Δ9去饱和酶和SAD去饱和酶。保守结构域和外显子-内含子结构分析得出,同一亚组中的家族成员具有较为相似的基因结构。染色体定位分析呈随机性分布。亚细胞定位预测得出,叶绿体上的家族成员最多。启动子顺式作用元件分析发现,该家族成员中抗氧化反应元件(ARE)数量最多。     

Germination and growth response of flax (Linum usitatissimum) to salinity stress by different salt types and concentrations

This investigation was conducted to explore the effects of salt types with different concentrations on germination and growth parameters of flax seeds. The experiment was set out as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications. We used six kinds of salts (NaCl, CaCl₂, CaCO₃, Na₂SO₄, Na₂CO₃ and KCl) with concentrations of 0, 50, 100 and 200 mM. According to the results, the inhibitory effects of the five salt types differed substantially, especially in the case of CaCO₃, Na₂CO₃ and Na₂SO₄. Inhibitory effects of these salts were very strong compared to those of NaCl and CaCl₂. Germination of flax seeds by various salts was in the order of NaCl > CaCl₂ > KCl > Na₂CO₃ > Na₂SO₄ > CaCO₃. The effect of salt concentration was obvious, too. Seeds of flax were able to germinate even in 200 mM NaCl, but they only germinated in distilled water or at very low CaCO₃, Na₂CO₃ and Na₂SO₄ concentrations (50 mM).     

种植方式和施氮量对冬油菜产量与水氮利用效率的影响

为确定中国西北地区冬油菜适宜的种植方式及其施氮量,该文通过3 a田间试验,在垄沟集雨(ridge film mulching and furrow planting,RFMF)和传统平作(flat planting,FP)2种种植方式下设置6个施氮量:0、60、120、180、240和300 kg/hm~2(以N计,下同),分别记为N0、N60、N120、N180、N240和N300,研究不同种植方式和施氮量对冬油菜产量和水氮利用效率的影响。结果表明,与FP相比,RFMF能显著提高冬油菜收获时的地上部干物质量(aboveground dry matter,ADM)、氮素累积吸收量、籽粒产量、水分利用效率(water use efficiency,WUE)和氮肥偏生产力(nitrogen partial factor productivity,NPFP),并显著降低其耗水量(evapotranspiration,ET)。相同ET下,RFMF方式下冬油菜的籽粒产量和WUE均高于FP。RFMF方式下,在0~240 kg/hm~2施氮范围内,冬油菜的ADM、氮素累积吸收量、籽粒产量和WUE均随施氮量的增加而显著增加,超过240 kg/hm~2,ADM和氮素累积吸收量不再显著变化,而ET显著增加,籽粒产量和WUE显著降低。2种种植方式下,冬油菜的氮肥农学利用率(nitrogen agronomic efficiency,NAE)、生理利用率(nitrogen physiological efficiency,NPE)和吸收利用率(nitrogen recovery efficiency,NRE)均随施氮量的增加,先增后降,且基本在N180处理最大;冬油菜的NPFP随施氮量的增加而降低。RFMF方式下,N240处理冬油菜的NAE、NPE、NRE和NPFP与N180处理无显著差异;且N240处理冬油菜的籽粒产量和净效益最高,3a平均为3 002 kg/hm~2和9 538元/hm~2;FP方式下,N180处理冬油菜的籽粒产量和净效益最高,3 a平均为2 291 kg/hm~2和7 498元/hm~2;2种种植方式的最高产量和净效益相比,RFMF可分别提高31.0%和27.2%。综上,在西北地区RFMF可应用于冬油菜的栽培,且适宜施氮量为240 kg/hm~2。     

Effects of different levels of soil salinity on yield attributes,accumulation of nitrogen,and micronutrients in Brassica spp.

The present study was conducted to assess the effect of soil salinity on yield attributes as well as nutrient accumulation in different plant parts of seven Brassica cultivars from two different species raised in pot culture experiment with two levels of salinity treatments along with control corresponding to soil electrical conductivity (EC) values of 1.65 (S₀), 4.50 (S₁) and 6.76 (S₂) dS m^?1. The experiment was consisted of twelve replications in a completely randomized design. Imposition of salinity stress affected various yield attributing characters including plant height, which ultimately led to severe yield reduction. However, tolerant cultivars, CS 52 and CS 54 performed better under salt treatment showing lesser yield loss. Salinity stress reduced the nitrogen (N) content in leaves of the Brassica plants, which reflected in decreased seed protein content. Reduced accumulation of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) was observed in leaf, stem and root at flowering and post-flowering stages, while CS 52 and CS 54 showed less reduction than susceptible cultivars under salinity stress.