Protein content and amino acid composition of seven wheat cultivars subjected to water stress: Effects of nitrogen fertilizer treatments

Seven wheat cultivars of wide genetic base were grown with three levels of N (0, 100, and 200 kg/ha), and were subjected to a water stress at the flowering stage. The protein content and amino acid composition of the wheat grain were determined. Crude protein content increased with each increase of N rate for each cultivar but the largest increase was from the first increment. The percentages of three amino acids (glutamic acid, proline, and phenylalanine) increased with the first increment of nitrogen, and the percentages of eight (lysine, histidine, arginine, aspartic acid, threonine, glycine, alanine, and valine) decreased. None of the cultivar x N interactions for amino acid composition was significant, indicating that the relative changes in amino acid composition for the seven cultivars were the same. This shows that successful manipulation of amino acid composition through N fertilization of selected cultivars that were subjected to a soil water stress at the flowering stage is remote.     

Nitrogen Fertilization Influences Protein Nutritional Quality in Red Head Chicory

ABSTRACT

Excess nitrogen fertilization of leafy vegetables may cause undesirable accumulation of nitrates and a decrease in essential amino acids, resulting in a decrease in protein nutritional quality. We investigated the effect of nitrogen (N) fertilization (0, 100 or 200 kg N ha^?1) on the nutritional quality of red head chicory proteins. Lysine limited biological value of proteins in the control (0 N) as well as fertilized samples. The lysine content and protein biological value according to Mitchell and Block method decreased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) with 100 and 200 kg ha^?1 nitrogen applied relative to control. The Oser's essential amino acid index and protein biological value were relatively high and did not decrease with increased N fertilization. The correlation between the protein biological value of red head chicory and crude protein levels was negative (p < 0.001). Protein nutritional quality was optimal for adults and lower than optimal for children aged 2–5 and 10–12 years.     

锌、锰与含氯氮肥配施对冬小麦子粒营养品质的影响

采用田间试验与盆栽试验相结合的方法，研究了N、Zn、Mn平衡施用和含Cl氮肥（NH4Cl）中Cl对小麦子粒粗蛋白质和氨基酸营养品质的影响。结果表明，施N提高了小麦子粒粗蛋白质和各种氨基酸含量，但必需氨基酸在蛋白质中的比率下降。施适量的Zn能增加小麦子粒粗蛋白质和必需氨基酸含量，提高了小麦子粒的营养价值。施Mn对小麦子粒粗蛋白质和氨基酸总含量影响不大，但提高了必需氨基酸含量，对小麦子粒品质有一定的改良作用。N－Zn、N－Mn和Zn－Mn对小麦粗蛋白质和氨基酸含量的影响均为正连应。N、Zn、Mn平衡施用既能增加小麦子粒蛋白质和氨基酸总含量，又提高了蛋白质中必需氨基酸的比例，改善了小麦子粒的营养品质。含氯氮肥中适量Cl能增加小麦子粒蛋白质和氨基酸含量，且不影响蛋白质的营养价值。     

Yield and protein quality of five soft red winter wheat cultivars as affected by nitrogen fertilization rate

Abstract

This study reports the relationship between N levels (22, 56 and 112 kg/ha) and its effect on yield and protein quality for five cultivars of soft winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell). The objective was to determine the relationship of amino acid content and total protein at various levels of N. The 56 and 112 kg N/ha rates resulted in higher wheat yields than the 22 kg N rate over the 3 yr. mean. A cultivar x N level interaction for yield occurred when certain cultivars did not respond to higher N rates in 1972. Total seed protein increased with each increase in If. Increasing N levels generally resulted in a higher amlno acid content of the seed. Cultivar effects were found for 6 of the 17 amino acids (threonine, serine, glutamic acid, proline, glycine and lysine) indicating that cultivars differed in total amino acid content. Cultivars Arthur and Holley gave the greatest response (percentage amino acid) to N application. Coker 68–8 was intermediate in response while Coker 68–15 and Blueboy showed small inconsistent responses to H application.     

Environmentally induced changes in amino acid composition in the grain of durum wheat grown under different water and temperature regimes in a Mediterranean environment

Amino acid composition is an important feature in determining the nutritional value of wheat grain for human and animal diets. Environmental conditions are known to influence protein quantity as well as grain production and, in turn, amino acid composition. In this study, grain yield, protein content, and amino acid composition were determined in 10 durum wheat genotypes under three water and temperature regimes in a Mediterranean environment. The highest value for grain-protein content (15.7%) was found in the warmer and driest environment and the lowest (12.8%) in the irrigated environment. Although amino acid composition showed significant variation for all genotypes, with the exception of arginine and cysteine, major changes in amino acid composition were caused by environmental conditions and in particular by water availability and temperature during the grain-filling period, which significantly altered the duration of grain development. The amino acids with the highest percentage of variation between environments were tyrosine (26.4%), lysine (23.7%), methionine (20.3%), threonine (19.3%), and valine (15.6%), whereas phenylalanine (5.1%), glycine (6.4%), and aspartic acid (6.8%) showed the least variation between environments. Whereas the content of glutamine, phenylalanine, and proline increased with the decrease in grain-filling duration, the remaining amino acids tended to diminish, presumably because high temperature and drought favored the deposition of gliadins (proteins particularly rich in glutamine and proline), to the detriment of albumins and globulins (proteins especially rich in threonine, lysine, methionine, valine, and histidine). Despite the negative correlations found between the percentage of protein and its content in essential amino acids, the results indicate that reductions in lysine per unit of food were not very pronounced (0.32 to 0.29 g/100 g of flour) with increases of up 22.7% in grain-protein content, whereas threonine did not change and valine even slightly increased.     

Effect of peduncle‐perfused nitrogen,sucrose, and growth regulators on barley and wheat amino acid composition

Abstract

Nitrogen (N) or growth regulator application to small grain cereals near anthesis has been demonstrated to alter grain fill and grain yield, the protein yield and nutritional quality may also be modified by these management factors. The objective of this study was to determine whether delivery of N, growth regulator, or sucrose solutions into greenhouse‐grown barley (Hordeurn vulgare L. cv. Leger) or wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Katepwa), plants through peduncle perfusion altered the amino acid composition of the grain. The following treatments were tested: N (25 and 50 mM), chlormequat (30 μM), ethephon (15 μM), N + chlormequat, N + ethephon, detillering + N, sucrose (250 mM), distilled water check, and non‐perfused check. Perfusion lasted 30 d beginning 5 to 8 d after spike emergence. Addition of N via peduncle perfusion increased protein concentrations and concentrations of all amino acids in both barley and wheat when expressed in terms of grain dry matter. Protein yield and lysine content were also increased. However, the increase in essential amino acids such as lysine, methionine, threonine, isoleucine, arginine, and leucine was relatively small, and the proportions of these amino acids in the grain protein were actually reduced. The sucrose treatment only affected wheat, increasing lysine concentration and decreasing the total protein concentration. Growth regulators used in this study did not alter protein yield or amino acid composition in either crop.     

Comparison of Nutritional Compounds in Premature Green and Mature Yellow Whole Wheat in Korea

Until now few comparisons of nutritional compounds in premature green and mature yellow wheat have been reported. In this study, the contents of amino acids, vitamins, mineral compounds, phytosterols, and fatty acids as well as the proximate composition of premature green and mature yellow wheat were investigated. Premature green wheat had lower protein content (12.0 g/100 g db) and higher dietary fiber content (19.3 g/100 g db) than mature yellow wheat (13.6 and 14.3 g/100 g db for protein and dietary fiber, respectively). Despite a small difference in total amino acids, protein in premature wheat had a significantly greater proportion of essential amino acids: 16.1, 39.9, and 32.7 mg/g of protein for methionine, lysine, and threonine, respectively. Furthermore, the protein digestibility‐corrected amino acid scores of whole grain premature green and mature yellow wheat were 62.8 and 46.4, respectively, showing significant difference (P < 0.05). Total fatty acids content was 2.66 g/100 g db for premature green wheat and 2.21 g/100 g db for mature yellow wheat. Vitamin C, β‐carotene (provitamin A), α‐ and γ‐tocopherol, and niacin were the major vitamins in premature green wheat, whereas vitamin C and β‐carotene were not detected in mature yellow wheat. The results obtained indicated that premature green wheat has potential for the human diet because of its desirable nutritional value.     

Mn与N、K配施对冬小麦子粒中氨基酸含量的影响

在潮土区采用分设正交区组三因素五水平通用旋转组合设计的田间试验,研究了Mn与N、K配施对冬小麦各项氨基酸指标的作用。结果表明,Mn与N、K配施同小麦子粒中各氨基酸含量的关系模型均达到10%以上的显著水平;氮、钾作用强度较大,锰相对较小;氮量偏低和钾量偏高都可能导致氨基酸含量急剧降低。合理的Mn与N、K配比可以显著提高小麦的营养品质;N、K2O和MnSO4.H2O施用量分别在105.66～194.07、155.55～222.93和60.63～82.72.kg/hm2范围内,小麦各项氨基酸指标均可获得较为合理的数值;其中,氮肥肥效最大,锰肥在氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸等营养品质的肥效上优于钾肥。     

Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) enables the fast and accurate prediction of essential amino acid contents. 2. Results for wheat,barley, corn,triticale, wheat bran/middlings,rice bran,and sorghum

Further NIRS calibrations were developed for the accurate and fast prediction of the total contents of methionine, cystine, lysine, threonine, tryptophan, and other essential amino acids, protein, and moisture in the most important cereals and brans or middlings for animal feed production. More than 1100 samples of global origin collected over five years were analyzed for amino acids following the Official Methods of the United States and European Union. Detailed data and graphics are given to characterize the obtained calibration equations. NIRS was validated with 98 independent samples for wheat and 78 samples for corn and compared to amino acid predictions using linear crude protein regression equations. With a few exceptions, validation showed that 70-98% of the amino acid variance in the samples could be explained using NIRS. Especially for lysine and methionine, the most limiting amino acids for farm animals, NIRS can predict contents in cereals much better than crude protein regressions. Through low cost and high speed of analysis NIRS enables the amino acid analysis of many samples in order to improve the accuracy of feed formulation and obtain better quality and lower production costs.     

耕作方式对农田土壤理化性质、微生物学特性及小麦营养品质的影响

【[目的 ]】耕作措施对土壤健康和作物营养品质提升具有关键作用,明确不同耕作方式对土壤理化性质、微生物学特性及小麦营养品质的影响,为集约化农田可持续管理提供理论依据。【[方法 ]】田间试验自2012年起在山东德州进行,供试土壤为潮土,种植制度为小麦–玉米轮作。设置4种耕作模式处理：传统耕作、旋耕、休耕和免耕。2020年,采集0—20 cm土层土样分析土壤物理、化学性质和细菌群落结构,采集小麦籽粒样品分析其营养品质。【[结果 ]】与传统耕作相比,免耕、休耕和旋耕处理显著提高了土壤含水量、铵态氮、硝态氮、有机质、全氮及有效磷含量,休耕还显著提高了土壤容重,降低了土壤孔隙度。免耕、休耕和旋耕处理显著提高土壤微生物量碳、氮含量以及土壤细菌群落多样性指数,休耕及免耕处理提高土壤厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)的相对丰度,降低放线菌门(Actinobacteria)的相对丰度。从营养品质变化来看,休耕显著提高小麦籽粒蛋白质、淀粉、微量元素的含量,旋耕和免耕显著增加小麦籽粒蛋白质含量,除天冬氨酸外,其他16种氨基酸组分变化趋势与氨基酸总量变化基本一致。Pe...     

施氮水平对不同花生品种产量与品质的影响

为了探讨氮对不同花生品种产量和品质的影响,采用盆栽法开展了不同氮用量对3个不同花生品种产量和品质影响的研究。结果表明,不同花生品种达到最高产量的施氮量不同,白沙1016和鲁花12施氮 112.5 kg/hm2时荚果产量最高,远杂9102施氮 75 kg/hm2时荚果产量最高。相对于不施氮,施氮后花生子仁蛋白质和氨基酸平均含量分别增加了4.9%和15.0%; 施氮375N1125 kg/hm2比不施氮粗脂肪平均含量提高3.7%; 施氮可有效增加子仁苏氨酸、蛋氨酸、异亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸等必需氨基酸含量; 除脯氨酸外,其它非必需氨基酸含量均显著提高; 与不施氮相比,施氮后子仁硬脂酸、花生酸和山嵛酸平均含量分别提高了13.6%、6.9%和5.5%。3个品种相比,子仁蛋白质、氨基酸和粗脂肪含量差异显著; 氨基酸组分除苏氨酸、色氨酸、甘氨酸含量外,其它差异显著,而脂肪酸组分除十七酸、硬脂酸外,其它差异不显著。总之,供试不同品种花生达到最高产量的施氮量存在明显差异; 施氮可显著提高花生子仁营养品质。     

Quality studies on wheat grown in different cropping systems: a holistic perspective

Spring wheat from a conventional (CONV) and an organic (ORG1) cropping system, both with animals, and from an organic system without animals (ORG2) was evaluated with respect to baking quality for the years 1995–2002. Amino acid (AA) composition was studied in both spring and winter wheat in 1993 and 2000–2002. The data were combined in multivariate analysis for exploration of the main factors responsible for the variation in quality. The most important factor for baking quality was weather conditions. High rainfall in May favoured baking quality in both cropping systems with animals, as did high temperature in May and high rainfall in July in the ORG1 system, and low rainfall in August in the CONV system. The only significant difference between the cropping systems was falling number, which was higher in ORG1 (252 s) than in CONV (205 s), probably due to a heavier CONV crop stand causing more difficult drying conditions. AA composition differed more between years than between cropping systems for both winter and spring wheat. The content of essential amino acids was high under the weather conditions associated with poor baking quality. The contents of threonine and leucine in spring wheat were significantly higher in ORG1, 1.76 and 8.11 g/100 g crude protein than in CONV, 1.63 and 7.72, respectively. In the interaction between AA and baking quality in spring wheat, it was possible to determine a correlation between phenylalanine, histidine, lysine and good baking properties. The primary effect was associated with weather conditions, but there was also an effect of differences between the cropping systems.     

Influence of P,Zn and Fe fertilization upon yield and protein quality of Sanilac Navy bean seed

Abstract

Treatments of P, Zn and Fe fertilizers were added to a Zn deficient Wisner silty clay loam soil. Sanilac bean plants were grown as the Zn responsive test crop and tissue samples were taken 5 weeks after planting for early growth and Zn uptake responses. At maturity, yield data were obtained and composite samples of beans were taken for determination of protein quality as evaluated by percentage of N, percentage of crude protein and relative contents of essential amino acids. A growth and Zn uptake response was obtained to ZnSO₄, ZnNTA and FeNTA fertilization at both P levels, while a yield response to the same treatments was obtained only at high soil P (448 kg/ha) levels. The percentage N, percentage crude protein and relative contents of essential amino acids did not change as a result of P, Zn or Fe fertilization even when yields were tripled due to Zn fertilization.     

氮肥类型和用量对冬小麦品质的影响

在连续4年有机无机氮肥配施试验基础上,设置不同冬小麦品种研究氮肥类型（无机肥氮、 有机肥氮以及有机肥氮与无机肥氮配施）和用量（N 0、45、90、120、180 和 240 kg/hm2）对冬小麦子粒品质的影响。结果表明, 中穗型品种石麦15和大穗型品种潍麦8的子粒产量和各项品质指标差异显著,其中石麦15 的产量、沉降值、形成时间和稳定时间分别比潍麦 8 高12.62%、5.09%、5.85%、25.35%,而粗蛋白、 湿面筋和吸水率则比潍麦8 显著低11.03%、15.51%、 5.49%。子粒产量、 粗蛋白、 湿面筋和沉降值及形成时间与植株吸氮量极显著正相关,吸水率和稳定时间与植株吸氮量的相关性较差。单施无机氮180 kg/hm2（0/180 处理）和240 kg/hm2（0/240 处理）及有机无机氮配施 240 kg/hm2（120/120 处理）植株吸氮量最高且三者差异不显著,而单施有机氮240 kg/hm2（240/0 处理）植株吸氮量显著低于0/180、0/240 和120/120 处理。施氮量小于240 kg/hm2 时等氮量比较,单施无机氮吸氮量大于有机无机配施,单施有机氮最小;且施氮量越低,不同施氮类型间吸氮量差异越小。两品种均在单施无机氮180 和 240 kg/hm2 时产量最高且各项品质指标最优,有机无机氮配施120/120 处理对比等量无机氮单施 0/240 处理产量不降低且品质指标不下降,单施有机氮240/0 处理产量和子粒品质都较 0/240 和120/120处理差;施氮量低于240 kg/hm2 时,单施无机氮处理的产量和各项品质指标优于有机无机配施,有机无机配施又优于单施有机氮,这与有机肥供氮不足有关。     

Characteristics of maize flour tortilla supplemented with ground Tenebrio molitor larvae.

The larva of the Tenebrio molitor, known as the yellow meal worm, is a plague of wheat and flours. Consumption of the raw insects is not well accepted because of their appearance. The objective of the present work was to grow T. molitor larvae under standard conditions, to analyze the chemical composition of the larvae powder, and to prepare supplemented maize tortillas. Protein and fat contents were performed with standard methods. Tenebrio larvae powder had a 58.4% protein content; this protein was rich in essential amino acids such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan; the found values satisfied those recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization. Fatty acid composition was determined by GC-MS showing high contents of oleic acid and linoleic acid (19.8 and 8.51%, respectively). A large proportion of unsaturated fatty acids of longer chains was detected. Long-chain fatty acids having two or three double bonds have been claimed as highly beneficial to health. Tortillas supplemented with larvae powder had excellent consumer acceptance, and tortilla protein content increased by 2% as well as the amount of essential amino acids. These results show new ways to consume insects and at the same time increase the nutritional value of the original food products.     

Influence of Nitrogen Fertilizer Treatments on Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Flour Characteristics and Effect on Fresh and Frozen Dough Quality

Growers are targeting hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (HRSW) for frozen dough end uses. Consequently, it is important to determine whether increasing nitrogen (N) fertilizer rates and grain protein content (GPC) improve frozen dough quality. Four HRSW cultivars were grown in low‐N soils at three locations over two years in North Dakota and fertilized with N rates of 0 kg/ha, 67.2 kg/ha, and 134.4 kg/ha. End use characteristics were analyzed using farinograph, extensigraph, and baking tests. Fresh and frozen doughs were analyzed to determine the effects of N treatments on frozen storage. A cultivar × N treatment interaction existed for extensigram curve area of fresh dough. A significant increase in GPC existed between the 0 and 67.2 kg/ha N treatments. Farinograph water absorption, arrival times, and peak times increased significantly at the 67.2 kg/ha N treatment. Bread loaf volume of fresh dough increased significantly with all treatments, while loaf volume of frozen dough increased significantly only at the 67.2 kg/ha N treatment. Therefore, aside from fresh dough loaf volume, there appears to be no improvement in frozen dough quality with the use of higher than typical N application.     

地表臭氧胁迫对冬小麦籽粒品质的影响研究

为深入探讨地表臭氧（O3）对冬小麦品质的影响,采用开顶式气室（OTC）,设置3个处理组：CK（对照组）、CF100（O3浓度为100 nL·L-1）、CF150（O3浓度为150 nL·L-1）,通过大田试验和实验室分析,开展了O3浓度增加对冬小麦蛋白质及其组分、氨基酸及其组成、淀粉含量等营养品质和加工品质的影响研究。结果表明：①籽粒氨基酸总量依次为CF100〉CF150〉CK,而人体所需的必需氨基酸总量为CF150〉CF100〉CK,处理间均差异显著（P〈0.05）。②粗蛋白含量随O3浓度的升高而增加,但各组分间变化趋势不同：清蛋白、球蛋白的含量为CF150〉CF100〉CK,醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白的含量则为CF100〉CF150〉CK。③淀粉含量随着O3浓度的升高而降低,两者呈显著负相关（P〈0.05）,与CK相比,CF100、CF150冬小麦淀粉含量分别下降了4.06%和16.61％。可见,O3胁迫能促进籽粒营养品质和加工品质的合成。     

施氮量对土壤无机氮分布和微生物量氮含量及小麦产量的影响

在高肥力土壤条件下,研究了施氮量对土壤无机氮分布和微生物量氮含量及小麦产量的影响。结果表明,小麦生长期间,施氮处理0100.cm土层硝态氮积累量显著大于不施氮处理;当施氮量大于150.kg/hm2时,随施氮量增加,0100.cm土层硝态氮积累量显著增加;随小麦生育进程推进,施氮处理上层土壤硝态氮下移趋势明显,至小麦成熟时,施氮1952～85.kg/hm2处理60100.cm土层硝态氮含量显著大于其它处理。小麦生长期间,0100.cm土层铵态氮积累量较为稳定,施氮处理间亦无显著差异。与不施氮肥相比,施氮提高小麦生长期间040.cm土层土壤微生物量氮含量;当施氮量小于240.kg/hm2时,随施氮量增加,土壤微生物量氮含量增加。小麦的氮肥利用率随施氮量增加而降低;施氮1051～95.kg/hm2,收获时小麦植株吸氮量、生物产量、子粒产量和子粒蛋白质含量提高;而施氮量大于240.kg/hm2时,小麦生育后期的氮素积累量降低,收获时植株吸氮量、生物产量和子粒蛋白质含量降低。说明本试验条件下,施氮1051～50.kg/hm2可满足当季小麦氮素吸收利用,获得较高的子粒产量和蛋白质含量。继续增加施氮量,土壤微生物量氮含量增加,但土壤中残留大量硝态氮,易淋溶损失。     

Use of an N-tester chlorophyll meter to tune a late third nitrogen application to wheat under humid Mediterranean conditions

In Northern Spain, winter wheat is usually fertilized with 180–220 kg N/ha split in two applications. To reduce this rate, a strategy was tested which comprised three nitrogen (N)-applications, the latter being tuned to the nutritional needs of the crop using a chlorophyll meter. N-fertilization experiments were performed on winter wheat (Soissons variety). Treatments consisted of three N-broadcasts of 40, 60, and either 0, 40, 60, or 80 kg N/ha respectively applied at Zadoks scale growth stages 21, 30, and 37. An over-fertilized treatment of 220 kg N/ha was included for normalization of chlorophyll-meter values. Chlorophyll-meter readings were performed at growth stage 37, before fertilization. When normalized chlorophyll-meter values were below 92%, yield and grain protein contents attained with 40+60+0 kg N/ha could be respectively enhanced with third applications of 60 or 80 kg N/ha and 40 kg N/ha.     

Comparison of protein quality and mineral element concentrations in grain of spelt (Triticum spelta L.) and common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The cultivation of Triticum spelta (spelt) has no tradition in Hungary. In recent years the interest towards this old species renewed in many countries. This high‐nutritional cereal, which has a high ash and fibre content, can be used in many health‐oriented grain‐based food products. Therefore, field experiments have been conducted for some years to test the performance of this species under home growing conditions. Here we report the results of analyses for some important quality parameters of grain samples from the 1996/97 season in comparison with those of older and new home‐grown bread wheat cultivars. Three common wheat cultivars and one advanced spelt line were grown on small plots fertilised with an NPK dose necessary to reach the highest yield and quality. Spikes were sampled weekly from the time of 70–77% grain moisture to full ripening. The grains were analysed for ash, N, P and K content and amino acid composition. Concentrations of 16 other macro + micro elements and in the ripe grains, baking quality parameters were also assessed. The grain development of spelt showed a remarkable time‐lag compared to that of the common wheat cultivars. However, the highest thousand‐grain‐masses, ash, N, and P concentrations were measured in this cultivar after milk ripening. The grains of spelt contained the macro‐nutrient Mg and four micro‐nutrients (Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu) in higher concentrations compared to those of the common wheat varieties. The total and essential amino acid concentrations measured in the ripe grains of spelt were also remarkably higher.

Although its wet gluten content (47.5%) was considerably higher than that of the bread wheat cultivars, its breadmaking quality was poor.