烟-稻复种连作年限对土壤理化性状及烟叶产量与品质的影响

为探明长期烟-稻复种连作对烟田土壤理化性状及烟叶产量与品质的影响,在衡阳烟区烟-稻复种连作区采取了不同复种年限的土样和当季烟叶样品,检测了土壤p H值、有机质及速效养分含量、中微量元素含量以及烟叶产量和烟叶主要化学成分含量等指标的变化。结果表明,适度的烟-稻复种连作(≤7年)可较好的协调土壤p H值,不仅对烟叶产量和产值无显著影响,而且使烟叶中糖碱比和钾氯比协调合理,品质趋好。而当连作超过10年后,土壤明显酸化,烟叶产量、产值也显著下降,可考虑通过绿肥轮作、休耕等措施提升土壤质量。     

Evaluation of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes for yield and related traits under drought stress conditions

ABSTRACT

Drought is a major factor threatening crop production worldwide. Developing wheat varieties that are adapted to drought prone environments is a sustainable strategy to improve wheat production and productivity. The aim of this study was to evaluate and select bread wheat genotypes for yield and yield components, and for stability under drought stress and non-stress conditions. One hundred and twenty genotypes were evaluated at five test sites in the 2018/19 cropping season using a 10 x 12 alpha lattice design with two replicates. The level of drought stress was imposed using different sowing dates (early planting representing non-stressed, while late planting as drought stressed conditions) following the onset of the main rain at each site. Grain yield and yield components were recorded, and drought indices were calculated for each genotype. Among the drought tolerance indices, GMP, MP, HM, STI and YI were found to be the most suitable for predicting drought tolerance because they had significant and positive correlations with yield under drought stress and non-stress conditions. Rank sum analysis identified the most drought tolerant genotypes as ‘YS-34', ‘YS-85' and ‘YS-82’. The selected wheat genotypes are useful genetic resources for future drought tolerance breeding programmes in Ethiopia or similar agro-ecologies.     

稻草不同还田方式对双季水稻产量及稻米品质的影响

通过2年田间定位试验,设置施肥区稻草还田（NPK+S）、 稻草烧灰还田（NPK+SI）和稻草不还田（NPK）以及相对应的不施肥区对照共6个处理,研究了不同稻草还田方式对双季水稻产量及稻米品质的影响。结果表明, 在施用等量氮、 磷、 钾养分条件下, NPK+S处理具有提高早稻分蘖数及成穗率、 中后期叶面积指数及地上部干物质量,增加叶片叶绿素含量（SPAD值）, 增加水稻单位面积有效穗数的显著作用,但对晚稻的作用不明显; 早稻NPK+S处理的产量较其他两个处理两年平均增幅为3.78%~8.77%, 晚稻随着稻草还田次数的增加,NPK+S与NPK+SI处理的产量趋于接近,但较NPK处理增产5.66%~7.32%。不施肥条件下,稻草还田（CK+S）处理对早、 晚稻生长发育的影响明显大于稻草烧灰还田（CK+SI）和稻草不还田（CK）, 且其早、 晚稻产量也极显著高于后两个处理。研究还发现,稻草还田能提高早、 晚稻的稻米食味品质,但降低其外观品质和营养品质以及晚稻稻米的加工品质。以上结果说明,进行稻草全量还田对持续提高双季水稻产量具有重要意义。     

糜子不同种植方式对土壤酶活性及养分的影响

【目的】土壤酶参与土壤中多种生化活动,是衡量土壤生产力的指标之一。本文比较分析了不同种植方式下糜子生育期间土壤酶活性的动态变化以及成熟期土壤养分含量和糜子产量,旨在探明糜子连作障碍和连作减产的产生机制,为糜子高产高效栽培提供理论依据。【方法】以西北农林科技大学农作一站小杂粮轮作连作长期定位试验为平台,设轮作(T1)、隔年种植(T2)、连作2年(T3)、连作3年(T4)4个处理,在糜子播种期、苗期、拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期、成熟期测定0—20 cm根际土壤中过氧化氢酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶活性以及成熟期0—20 cm根际土壤养分含量,对同一时期不同处理间的酶活性和成熟期不同处理间土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、有效磷、全钾、速效钾含量以及土壤p H值进行方差分析,并分析土壤养分和酶活性以及糜子产量之间的相关性。【结果】1)土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶活性随着连作年限的增加而降低;碱性磷酸酶在连作2年处理的活性较低。2)随着连作年限的增加土壤p H值升高,土壤速效钾严重积累,速效磷消耗较多,说明连作导致土壤盐碱化。3)过氧化氢酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶活性与糜子籽粒产量呈显著正相关,土壤p H值与籽粒产量呈显著负相关;蔗糖酶活性、有机质含量与产量具有一定的相关性。【结论】糜子连作改变了土壤酶活性及土壤养分含量,导致土壤腐殖化和熟化程度减慢,土壤次生盐渍化加重,土壤养分不均衡,植株生长发育受到影响,造成籽粒产量的下降。因此,在糜子生产上要进行合理的轮作倒茬,从而减缓连作障碍,实现糜子高产优质。     

Yam tuber and maize grain yield response to cropping system intensification in south-west Nigeria

Four factorial trials were conducted with yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir.) at Ibadan, Nigeria from 2013 to 2015, investigating effects of (1) tillage (2) fertilizer (3) intercropping (4) yam plant densities. Yam tuber yields varied between years (2013: 16.44 Mg ha^?1; 2014: 10.08 Mg ha^?1; 2015 26.61 Mg ha^?1). In 2013 neither tillage nor fertilizer affected tuber yields. In 2014 tillage increased yields (+25.4%, P < 0.0001), fertilizer reduced yield (?10.5%; P = 0.0046). In 2015 tillage increased tuber yields by 8.1% (ns), fertilizer application increased yield (+17.5%, P = 0.0017). Across the years, tuber yields increased (P < 0.01) with increasing yam density with a constant increase in 2013 up to the highest density, yet yields leveled out above 14,815 plants ha^?1 in 2014 and 2015. Intercropping with maize (66,667 plants ha^?1) reduced tuber yield by 42.62% in 2013, 44.52% in 2014 and 30.68% in 2015 (P < 0.01 all years) across all yam densities. Maize grain yield was higher in sole crop in 2 years. Fertilizer increased yields in all years (P < 0.0001). Maize yield had no response to the yam densities. Ridging had a negative effect on grain yield in 2015 (?0.3 Mg ha^?1, P = 0.0002). Increasing plant density appears a safe measure to increase yam yields.     

稻麦轮作区保护性耕作条件下氮肥对水稻生长发育和产量的调控效应

20062~008年在四川省广汉市开展了保护性耕作措施下水稻氮肥调控试验,设置不同秸秆还田量(0、6000、12000 kg/hm2)、施氮量水平(0、1502、10 kg/hm2)以及氮素分配比例(6∶2∶2、6∶3∶1、8∶2)。结果表明,和施N 150 kg/hm2相比,N 210 kg/hm2处理水稻分蘖力、干物质积累量、开花期的植株个体和群体质量均有升高,花后茎鞘贮藏物质的输出及光合物质积累量增加,子粒产量提高7.3%。在施N 150 kg/hm2水平和基肥∶蘖肥∶穗肥=6∶2∶2分配比例下,与旋耕无麦秸还田处理相比,免耕秸秆还田与否对水稻茎蘖消长、干物质积累及子粒产量影响较小,但花后绿叶功能期延长,光合产物积累在产量形成中所占比例增加。在施N 210 kg/hm2水平和基肥∶蘖肥∶穗肥=6∶3∶1分配比例下,免耕还田麦秸量从6000 kg/hm2增加至12000 kg/hm2,水稻分蘖力明显增强,干物质积累量增大,开花期个体和群体质量提高,单位面积穗数和穗实粒数增多,产量增加4.1%;将氮肥分配比例由6∶3∶1变为8∶2,即增加基肥用量,减少中后期的氮素供应会导致分蘖高峰后分蘖大量死亡,有效穗数降低,穗粒数减少,产量下降。以上结果说明,氮素的充分供应是保护性耕作水稻获得高产的重要前提和基础,适当提高麦秸还田量、增加中后期氮素供应,能提高氮素利用率及分蘖成穗率和结实率,利于稳产高产。     

长期施肥对双季稻产量变化趋势、稳定性和可持续性的影响

研究长期施肥对双季稻产量变化趋势、稳定性和可持续性的影响。采用线性回归、稳定性方差和可持续性指数等方法对长期施肥定位试验获取的双季稻产量数据进行分析。结果表明:(1)与偏施化肥处理相比,均衡施NPK化肥处理提高了双季稻产量、产量稳定性和可持续性,在等氮量条件下配施30%、50%和70%有机肥较NPK处理进一步提高产量6.15%、3.88%和7.75%,稳定性25.91%、59.78%和29.31%,配施30%有机肥较NPK处理提高可持续指数8.57%;(2)处理间整体表现出初始产量越高,产量的年变化量越小。施NK处理产量随时间呈下降趋势,其他处理均为上升趋势,其中不施肥和施PK处理变化显著,年变化量最大,分别为108.0和142.3 kg hm-2 a-1,NPK处理最小,为23.74 kg hm-2 a-1,有机无机肥配施处理间表现为随有机肥配施比例增加而产量年变化量显著增大的变化趋势。综上可见,有机无机肥配施有利于双季稻高产稳产,可有效维持系统可持续性,以70%化肥配施30%有机肥效果最佳。     

不同稻草还田方式对双季稻产量及其上部三叶特征的影响

于2010-2011年, 以双季早稻"陆两优996"和双季晚稻"五丰优T025"为材料, 研究了不同稻草还田方式对双季稻株型指标及产量的影响。结果表明, 在等养分条件下, 较单施化肥相比, 稻草全量还田能显著提高双季早稻的产量, 而双季晚稻产量稻草全量还田处理与稻草全部烧灰还田和单施化肥基本持平; 在不施化肥区, 无论是早稻还是晚稻, 稻草全量还田处理水稻产量均显著高于稻草烧灰还田和稻草不还田处理。稻草还田改善了双季稻上三叶株型特征, 早稻上三叶株型指标的优化效应高于晚稻, 但两者与水稻产量均呈显著相关(P<0.05); 当产量最高时, 早稻稻草还田处理上三叶株型指标趋近适宜值, 而晚稻规律不明显。稻草全量还田在一定范围内提高了双季稻上三叶的叶片质量, 其高效叶面积、高效叶面积率与产量呈抛物线关系, 比叶面积与产量呈显著或极显著线性负相关。以上结果表明, 双季稻上三叶叶系配置的改善是稻草还田增产的主要原因。     

Effects of ridge‐furrow and plastic mulching planting patterns on microflora and potato tuber yield in continuous cropping soil

Planting patterns have distinctive effects on the soil micro‐ecological environment and soil quality. To explore the effects of film mulch ridge‐furrow (FMRF) cropping on soil microbial properties and potato yield, a study was conducted in 2013 and 2014 in a continuously cropped field under nonfilm‐mulched flat plot (CK), half‐mulched flat plot (T1), fully mulched ridge cropping (T2), fully mulched furrow cropping (T3), half‐mulched ridge cropping (T4) and half‐mulched furrow cropping (T5) planting patterns. Our results indicate that T3 increased the average bacteria/fungi (B/F) ratio by 253% compared to CK. On average, half‐mulched ridge cropping increased the bacteria population and aerobic Azotobacter by 9 and 19%, respectively, compared with CK. On average, T3 had the greatest inhibitory effect on fungi populations. Half‐mulched furrow cropping had the most anaerobic Azotobacter and nitrifying bacteria. The study showed that FMRF increased soil bacteria, especially Azotobacter but reduced fungi and actinomycetes. Treatment T2 gave the greatest potato yield, followed by T4, whereas the greatest biomass yield was recorded in T4. Full‐mulch furrow cropping methods produced the greatest nutrient use efficiency. The findings of this study enhance our understanding of soil microbe and plant responses to plastic mulch and planting patterns under semi‐arid conditions.     

春小麦留茬处理对复种油菜产量和水分利用效率的影响

为了减少麦茬焚烧、控制麦茬焚烧污染及提高留茬的利用效率,2009年7－10月在石羊河绿洲灌区进行不同留茬处理（焚烧、翻耕和立茬免耕）对麦茬复种油菜的研究。结果表明,与休闲地相比,立茬免耕复种油菜可获得利润 3?275元/hm2;焚烧、翻耕（传统耕作）和立茬免耕处理的油菜籽粒产量分别为1?549、1?331和1?222 kg/hm2,水分利用效率分别为5.73、3.81和5.71 kg/hm2/mm,经济效益分别为4?485、2?929和3?275元/hm2;仅从作物籽粒产量、水分利用效率和经济效益等方面考虑,秸秆焚烧处理达到最大值, 这就是焚烧屡禁不止的原因。尽管传统耕作的油菜籽粒产量高于立茬免耕,但传统耕作的水分利用效率和经济效益显著低于立茬免耕。立茬免耕具有环保、相对较高水分利用效率和经济效益等效果,尤其有利于环境保护和旱地农作,值得大面积推广。结合大田推广示范研究成果,提出适宜于石羊河绿洲灌区的留茬免耕机械直播复种油菜技术。     

Influence of phosphorus application on yield,yield components,and quality of linseed

Abstract

Soil fertility depletion coupled with improper fertilization is one of the major constraints limiting linseed production in Ethiopia. Experiment was conducted in 2014/2015 on Nitisol in southeastern Ethiopian highlands to study the effect of phosphorus (P) fertilizer rate on yield, yield components, and oil content of linseed. It comprised of six levels of P fertilizer (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25?kg?P?ha^?1) arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications. Results revealed that P fertilization brought significant effect on biomass yield, harvest index, plant height, number of capsules per plant, and kernel size. However, it didn’t significantly increase seed yield and oil content on linseed. Considering its influence on increasing biomass yield and improving yield components, application of 5?kg?P?ha^?1 has been recommended for replenishing the extracted P, maintaining soil fertility and improving linseed production on Nitisols of southeastern Ethiopian highlands and other similar agro-ecologies.     

平衡施肥对连作日光温室黄瓜产量、品质及土壤理化性状的影响

以农户习惯施肥为对照,采用多点试验,研究目标产量法和数学模型法平衡施肥对连作日光温室黄瓜产量、品质及土壤性质的影响。结果表明,平衡施肥对黄瓜有明显增产、节本增效、改善品质、缓解土壤养分和盐分积累的作用。数学模型法平衡施肥在温室连作年限较长或土壤养分较高的条件下适用,目标产量法平衡施肥在温室连作年限短且土壤养分含量较低条件下适用。目标产量法较农户习惯施肥黄瓜增产5.4%～30.8%,减少化肥投入734～59 253元·hm-2,黄瓜硝酸盐含量降低20.8～145.3 mg·kg-1,VC和总糖含量分别提高0.2～2.5 mg·(100g)-1和0.11%～0.47%;数学模型法较农户习惯施肥黄瓜增产7.6%～34.7%,减少化肥投入944～59 463元·hm-2,黄瓜硝酸盐含量降低14.0～147.0 mg·kg-1,VC和总糖含量分别提高0.4～3.5 mg·(100g)-1和0.14%～1.11%。黄瓜拉秧期平衡施肥与对照相比,土壤养分和电导率明显降低。河北省日光温室黄瓜土壤全盐量与电导率呈极显著直线正相关(R=0.949 5),可以用电导率代替全盐作为反映土壤盐渍化程度的主要指标之一。     

华北高产粮区基于种植制度调整和水氮优化的节水效应

冬小麦/夏玉米一年两熟是华北平原粮食作物主要的种植方式。冬小麦生育期降水少,春季灌溉是保证其高产的必要措施。基于上述问题,在华北平原高产粮区设置田间试验,研究了调整种植制度和水氮优化等措施下的节水效应。结果表明,将一年两熟的冬小麦套种夏玉米调整为冬小麦直播夏玉米,并结合水氮优化等措施,能降低作物耗水15%,提高灌溉水利用效率52%～54%,而产量并没有下降;而将一年两熟调整为两年三熟和一年一熟,尽管能降低作物耗水24%～31%,且能提高灌溉水利用效率58%～172%,但产量却下降16%～27%。综上所述,该区将现行的一年两熟制中的套种调整为直播,并加以水氮优化等措施,是目前较为适宜的种植方式。考虑到该区水资源严重短缺的现实,两年三熟制可能是未来的种植趋势,但需要挖掘其产量潜力。     

镉胁迫对不同基因型小麦产量及构成因子的影响

盆栽试验以筛选出的6份子粒镉（Cd）高积累和5份子粒Cd低积累小麦为试材,研究不同基因型小麦在028 （对照CK）、5、10和 20 mg/kg 4个Cd浓度胁迫下小麦子粒产量及其构成因子的变化。结果表明,不同基因型小麦产量及其构成因子对土壤Cd浓度的变化响应差异很大。产量对Cd胁迫很敏感,随着Cd浓度的提高极显著降低; 小穗数、穗粒数和千粒重随Cd浓度的增加逐渐降低,响应显著的浓度分别为5、5和10 mg/kg; 而有效分蘖随着Cd浓度的提高先在5 mg/kg显著增加,然后极显著降低,响应强烈的浓度为10 mg/kg。相关性和通径分析表明,Cd浓度与小麦产量及构成因子呈负相关,影响程度为: 产量＞千粒重＞穗粒数＞有效分蘖＞小穗数。由此可知,产量随着Cd浓度的提高极显著降低的直接原因是瘪粒和空粒的增加; 同时还看出,Cd胁迫下子粒Cd高积累小麦的产量、小穗数和穗粒数显著低于Cd低积累品种,千粒重两者相差不大,有效分蘖是前者高于后者。     

限量单次灌溉对套作冬小麦和春玉米产量的影响

A field experiment was conducted during the 2002/2003 cropping season of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) and spring maize (Zea mays) to evaluate the effect of limited single drip irrigation on the yield and water use of both crops under relay intercropping in a semi-arid area of northwestern China. A controlled 35 mm single irrigation, either early or late, was applied to each crop at a certain growth stage. Soil water, leaf area, final grain yield and yield components such as the thousand-grain weight, length of spike, fertile spikelet number, number of grains per spike, and grain weight per spike were measured, and water use efficiency and leaf area index were calculated for the irrigated and non-irrigated relay intercropping treatments and sole cropping controls. The results showed that yield, yield components, water use efficiency, and leaf area index in the relay intercropping treatments were affected by limited single drip irrigation during various growth stages of wheat and maize. The total yields in the relay intercropping treatment irrigated during the heading stage of wheat and the heading and anthesis stage of maize were the highest among all the treatments, followed by that irrigated during the anthesis stage of wheat and silking stage of maize;so was the water use efficiency. Significant differences occurred in most yield components between the irrigated and non-irrigated relay-intercropping treatments. The dynamics of the leaf area index in the relay-intercropped or solely cropped wheat and maize showed a type of single-peak pattern, whereas that of the relay intercropping treatments showed a type of double-peak pattern. Appropriately, limited single irrigation and controlled soil water content level could result in higher total yield, water use efficiency, and leaf area index, and improved yield components in relay intercropping. This practice saved the amount of water used for irrigation and also increased the yield. Therefore, heading stage of wheat and heading and anthesis stage of maize were suggested to be the optimum limited single irrigation time for relay-intercropped wheat and maize in the semi-arid area.     

控释肥及尿素添加剂对双季稻光合特性及产量的影响

试验选取4种新型尿素(树脂包膜控释尿素CRU、尿素配施氯甲基吡啶NU、硝化抑制剂DMPP、有效微生物菌剂EM)为材料,通过大田双季稻试验,研究新型尿素对水稻光合特性、生物量以及产量的影响。结果表明,新型尿素均能提高水稻叶片的净光合速率,早、晚稻分别以CRU和DMPP提高效果最为显著;气孔导度受氮肥影响较小,仅早稻季CRU降低叶片气孔导度比较显著;包膜控释尿素CRU对水稻胞间CO_2浓度、蒸腾速率的降低效果较为明显,其他氮肥处理影响较小。4种新型尿素相比对照普通尿素,均显著促进了双季稻各生育期生物量的增加。CRU处理增产效果最为显著和稳定,早、晚稻相比CK处理平均增产19.9%(P0.05),而NU、DMPP、EM处理早稻增产不显著,晚稻增产平均达到14.6%(P0.05),且晚稻增产效应优于早稻。     

耕作方式对冬小麦-夏玉米光合特性及周年产量形成的影响

【目的】作物的光合特性及干物质积累与转运是影响产量的重要因素。研究不同耕作方式对冬小麦-夏玉米光合特性、干物质积累转运及周年产量的影响,以期为冬小麦-夏玉米两熟地区选择适宜的耕作方式提供理论和实践依据。 【方法】以黄淮海地区2003~2014年连续12年定位试验为平台,在秸秆还田前提下,试验设4种耕作方式:传统翻耕（PC）为对照、免耕（PZ）、深松（PS）和旋耕（PR）。对2014~2015季冬小麦和2015季夏玉米各项光合参数、干物质积累和产量进行了测定。 【结果】长期不同耕作方式对冬小麦-夏玉米光合特性和周年产量影响显著,免耕、深松和旋耕处理的光合特性和周年产量均优于对照传统翻耕,依次为PS > PZ > PR > PC。PZ、PS和PR耕作方式显著提高了生育后期冬小麦和夏玉米功能叶的叶绿素含量、光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率,其中冬小麦灌浆后期叶绿素含量分别提高了97.0%、121.1%和71.4%,光合速率分别提高了57.6%、71.6%和51.2%;夏玉米灌浆期叶绿素含量分别提高23.6%、28.1%和10.4%,光合速率分别提高18.6%、26.5%和19.2%,延缓了叶片衰老,使光合作用始终维持在较高水平。PZ、PS和PR处理冬小麦花后同化物对籽粒的贡献率分别达65.3%、67.8%和65.0%,夏玉米为66.3%、70.6%和63.4%,而对照处理（PC）冬小麦和夏玉米的贡献率仅为59.3%和60.9%。PZ和PS处理冬小麦和夏玉米的穗粒数和千粒重显著高于PC处理,穗数显著低于PC和PR。PZ、PS和PR可显著提高周年产量,分别提高15.4%、18.2%和11.0%。 【结论】在黄淮海地区,采用长期秸秆还田下免耕、深松和旋耕均可提高冬小麦和夏玉米叶绿素含量和光合速率,提高胞间CO₂利用能力,降低非气孔限制,增强花后干物质积累能力,增加花后同化物对籽粒的贡献率,协调产量构成因素的关系,提高单季和周年产量,其中深松效果最佳,免耕次之。     

冬季作物-双季稻轮作种植模式氮、磷、钾养分循环与产量可持续性特征

研究分析农业生态系统NPK养分循环和产量的可持续性,对实现养分资源优化管理和农业可持续发展具有重要意义。基于长期冬季作物-双季稻轮作种植定位试验,分析了2004—2017年冬闲-双季稻、马铃薯-双季稻、紫云英-双季稻、黑麦草-双季稻、油菜-双季稻等轮作种植模式早、晚稻产量的可持续性与稳定性;采用投入产出法（Input-Output Analysis）分析不同轮作种植模式NPK养分循环与平衡状况。结果表明：1）黑麦草-双季稻模式早稻产量变异系数与可持续性指数分别为0.09和0.81,说明稻田冬种黑麦草有利于促进早稻产量稳定性和可持续性的提高;油菜-双季稻模式晚稻产量变异系数与可持续性指数分别为0.07和0.82,说明稻田冬种油菜有益于晚稻产量稳定性和可持续性的提高;2）长期冬季作物-双季稻轮作种植未影响水稻产量和糙米NPK养分含量（P>0.05）;3）在稻田轮作种植周年内目前的NPK投入水平下,黑麦草-双季稻、紫云英-双季稻、油菜-双季稻、马铃薯-双季稻等模式均存在严重的K亏缺现象,K亏缺量分别为375.70 kg（K）·hm^-2、279.98 kg（K）·hm^-2、363.71 kg（K）·hm^-2、93.74 kg（K）·hm^-2;黑麦草-双季稻、紫云英-双季稻、油菜-双季稻等模式均在冬季作物种植季存在严重的K亏缺现象,K亏缺量分别为240.07 kg（K）·hm^-2、89.57 kg（K）·hm^-2、140.08 kg（K）·hm^-2,但马铃薯-双季稻模式在马铃薯种植季K盈余为255.21 kg（K）·hm^-2;同时黑麦草-双季稻模式和紫云英-双季稻模式均存在冬季作物种植季存在N亏缺,N亏缺量分别为59.47 kg（N）·hm^-2和89.17 kg（N）·hm^-2;油菜-双季稻模式和马铃薯-双季稻模式在晚稻种植季均存在严重的K亏缺现象,K亏缺量分别为45.93 kg（K）·hm^-2、124.33 kg（K）·hm^-2。冬季作物-双季稻轮作种植模式的养分循环是冬季作物和外部投入的NPK肥料共同驱动的养分循环,建议科学管理冬季作物和3季的NPK养分投入。     

稻草全量还田下氮肥运筹对双季晚稻产量及其氮素吸收利用的影响

【目的】稻草还田和合理的氮肥运筹不仅可以改良土壤和培肥地力,提高农作物产量和品质,还可以减少因过量施用氮肥带来的环境污染。随着水稻机械化收割的快速发展,稻草全量原位还田面积迅速扩大。因此,研究稻草全量还田后合理施用氮肥十分必要。本文通过早稻机收稻草切碎全量还田后晚稻氮肥运筹试验,探索该条件下晚稻氮肥的合理施用技术。【方法】以超级晚稻品种淦鑫688为试验材料,设计4个施氮（N）水平（0、 120、 180、 240 kg/hm2）基蘖穗肥比例为5∶2∶3,并在180 kg/hm2水平下增设稻草不还田对照处理和稻草全量还田下基蘖穗肥不同施氮比例处理（5∶0∶5、 5∶1∶4、 5∶2∶3、 5∶3∶2、 5∶4∶1、 5∶5∶0）。旨在分析不同处理间水稻产量、 产量构成和氮素吸收利用的差异。【结果】稻草全量还田下,施氮量在180 kg/hm2以下时产量随施氮量的增加而增加,之后则下降,处理间差异极显著。随施氮量的增加,有效穗数显著增加,而结实率则显著下降,施氮处理每穗粒数和千粒重显著高于不施氮处理。在相同施氮水平下,因为有效穗数、 结实率和千粒重显著提高,所以稻草全量还田产量极显著高于不还田处理,增幅8.83%。稻草全量还田同一施氮水平下,施氮比例为 5∶2∶3 处理产量极显著高于其他处理,其每穗粒数和千粒重均为最高,有效穗数随分蘖肥比例的增加而减少,处理间结实率差异不显著。稻草全量还田后,随着施氮量增加,其氮素总积累量、 氮肥表观利用率、 氮素的吸收率和百公斤籽粒的需氮量也显著提高,且与施氮量呈极显著正相关。但氮素收获指数和氮肥生理利用率均随施氮量的增加而降低。同一施氮水平下,全量还田处理水稻氮肥农学利用率和生理利用率均显著高于不还田处理。相关分析表明, 氮素总积累量与产量呈二次抛物线极显著正相关,氮肥表观利用率、 氮素吸收率与产量呈极显著正相关。稻草全量还田相同施氮水平下,随着穗肥施氮比例降低,其氮素总积累量、 中期的积累量和比率下降,其氮肥的表观利用率、 收获指数和氮素的吸收率也随之降低,但前期的氮素积累量和比率则升高。氮素的农学利用率和生理利用率均表现为随着穗肥比例的减少呈先增加后降低趋势,均以施氮比例为5∶2∶3处理处理最高,不施穗肥处理最低。各施氮比例处理中,穗肥的施氮量与氮素的总积累量、 中期积累量、 氮肥的表观利用率、 收获指数和氮素吸收率呈极显著正相关,氮肥的农学利用率和生理利用率与产量显著正相关。【结论】稻草全量还田后配施适量的氮肥可以提高晚稻产量,本试验以配施N 180 kg/hm2产量最高;在施纯N 240 kg/hm2以内,施氮越多,氮素积累量越多,相应的氮肥表观利用率、 氮素的吸收率和百公斤籽粒的需氮量也越大。总施氮量相同条件下,以基肥∶分蘖肥∶穗肥为 5∶2∶3 的施氮比例水稻产量, 氮肥农学、 生理利用率均为最高,此结果可作为双季稻区稻草全量还田后的推荐施氮比例。     

Effect of partial defoliation after silking stage on yield components of three grain maize hybrids under semi-arid conditions

The effect of source reduction on yield and yield components of three maize hybrids at three plant densities was studied under agro-climatic conditions in southern Iran. Field experiments were conducted at the research farm of the College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran, located at Bajgah (52° 35′ N and 39° 4′ E, 1810 masl) during the 2008 and 2009 growing seasons. The treatments included three hybrids, three plant densities and defoliation, arranged in the main, subplots and sub-subplots, respectively. Defoliation treatments, which consisted of removing all the leaves from one side of the maize plants, were imposed when plants were at the silking stage. Silking was taken as the time when 50% of the plants in a row presented visible silks. Partial defoliations included control, and 50% defoliation at 25 and 35 days after silking (defoliation treatments were applied to all plants in each plot). The experiments were conducted in a randomized complete block (RCB) design with three replications. Dry matter accumulation was assessed by sampling ears at 7-day intervals from the mid-silking stage to black layer formation. Defoliation treatments decreased grain yields significantly in both years. The highest grain yield in 2008 (19 t ha^?1) was obtained from hybrid Maxima ‘524’ and in 2009 (14 t ha^?1) from hybrid 704 at 95,000 plants ha^?1 density. Defoliation treatments decreased grain yields due to a reduction in the number of kernels per ear, as well as mean kernel weight. Some other measured parameters including stalk, shank, husk and cob dry weights, and cob and ear lengths were also decreased under defoliation treatments. If 50% of the photosynthetic area after silking was removed, the quantity of retransferred assimilates from stalk to kernel was increased. Finally, partial defoliation, 25 days after silking, reduced all the yield components more than any other treatments.