甘肃宕昌县野生黄芪资源调查研究

采用踏查及实地样方调查的方法,对甘肃宕昌县野生黄芪资源进行了全面普查,旨在揭示该生态区野生黄芪资源的分布特点和药材储量。结果表明,宕昌县境内7个不同的植被类型,仅南河乡针叶林和阔叶林灌丛发现有野生黄芪居群分布,野生黄芪出现样地占宕昌县总调查样地的10.6%,野生黄芪出现样方占宕昌县调查总样方的0.38%。宕昌县野生黄芪资源分布面积约为2.53km2,药材储量约为19.368 9t。说明宕昌县境内野生黄芪资源极其稀少,分布范围极其狭窄。     

甘肃岷县野生当归资源分布特点及其与栽培当归生长特性的比较研究

通过踏查和实地样方调查相结合的方法,对甘肃岷县野生当归资源进行全面普查,旨在揭示该生态区野生当归资源分布特点、药材储量及其与栽培当归的差异性。结果表明,首次在甘肃岷县寺沟乡马烨林场石台山、马坞乡繁荣村4社和马坞乡沙金村上十子等3处阔叶林样地及附近发现野生当归居群,均属于马烨、马沿林牧区,分布面积约为17.9 km²,药材储量约为1094.9 kg。野生当归除株高、根色和大小以及茎色等与栽培当归有一定的差异外,其他植物学特征与栽培当归基本一致。与栽培当归相比,野生当归植株的叶片数、株高、地上部鲜重、根粗、根鲜重和根干重等生长指标均显著低于栽培当归,分别为栽培当归的64.7%,64.5%,47.6%,28.6%,26.2%和38.1%。栽培当归中,麻口病的发病率为17.5%,其他病害发病率为5.0%,而野生当归中,未发现麻口病和其他病害。以上结果说明,尽管野生当归生产性能低于栽培当归,但野生当归具有较强的抗病性,是当归抗病新品种选育的宝贵基础材料,保护和发掘利用野生当归种质资源(尤其是道地产区的野生资源)显得至关重要。建议有关部门将岷县野生当归分布区域尽快加以保护。     

青海省平安区野生林木种质资源调查与分析

为摸清青海省平安区野生林木种质资源状况,合理保护和利用管理优良林木种质资源,通过实地样方调查和查阅相关资料对该区野生木本植物种类、科属种分布、生活型分布、新物种记录和濒危物种进行了调查分析.结果显示:该区共有野生木本植物20科39属95种;单种科和少种科共占总种数的75％;单种属和少种属占总属数的92.91％;生活型分...     

黔南州草地资源清查成效、问题与对策

2017年9月至10月,通过分片包干指导、集中资料汇总、草地资源清查试点县,对黔南州草地实地清查与统计,(1)完成草地资源地面监测调查样地共427个,入户调查360户,分别完成省草原监理站下达任务的103.64%和100%。(2)共完成天然草地调查样地314个,灌丛草地调查样地67个,人工草地调查样地17个、非草地调查样地20个、石漠化调查样地9个,分别完成州级下达任务的96.61%、111.67%、154.54%、181.81%、180.00%。(3)采集样方照片1 730张,其中样地景观照片428张,样方俯视照片1 302张。此次草地清查工作基本摸清了黔南州草地资源情况,提升了草原生态监测技术,增强了草地系统凝聚力。但实地调查中发现存在资源利用不合理、城市建设导致草地资源减少、科研监测力度不足等问题,而加强草地监测工作、推进基本草地权属确权工作开展、加强草地建设和饲草资源的开发利用是保护与利用草地资源的有效手段。     

洞庭湖湿地野生牧草资源的研究

通过对洞庭湖湿地野生牧草资源的种类、分布及蕴藏量的调查,摸清了该湿地现有野生牧草42种,33属,3科.对分布广泛、蕴藏量大且具有开发价值的野生牧草进行了饲喂试验和品质分析,为综合利用提供了重要资料.     

黑龙江西部垦区农牧场草地生态现状调查

为了解黑龙江西部垦区农牧场草地生态现状,笔者采用实地踏查结合随机样方调查法,于2018年8月份在黑龙江西部垦区设置11个农牧场调查样地,记录各样地草群高度、草群盖度、草产量、物种数量、毒害草数量及人工培育措施等。结果表明:草群盖度大于80%的样地有5个,其中和平牧场草群盖度最大(为88.18%),安达畜牧场草群盖度最小(约为53.00%);干草产量达到3 000 kg/hm~2以上的样地有4个,其中巨浪畜牧场草原生产力最高(鲜草产量为12 408.33 kg/hm~2,干草产量为4 349.07 kg/hm~2),大山种羊场草原生产力最低(鲜草产量为1 780.69 kg/hm~2,干草产量为703.69 kg/hm~2);11个农牧场草类多样性丰富,优质牧草禾本科、菊科和豆科植物数量较多,分别为20种、17种、9种,各占总科数的27.78%、23.61%和12.50%;仅在绿色草原牧场和大山种羊场发现少量毒害草,其余样地均未发现毒害草,表明这几个农牧场保护较好;人工培育措施主要为禁牧休牧、围栏封育和补播等。说明垦区农牧场草地草群生长状况良好,生产力较高,物种组成丰富,优良牧草资源多,草原生态建设较好。     

河北省草地资源评价

为掌握河北省草地资源动态,于2005-2007年进行了草地资源调查.根据草地植被产量、适口性及利用性状分析结果进行了草地等级评价.结果表明,1)Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ等草地占调查样地的比例分别为0.91%、13.64%、31.82%、30.91%和22.73%.总体来看.Ⅲ、Ⅳ等草地所占的比例较大,占调查样地的62.73%...     

阿拉善左旗荒漠草原牛心朴子和变异黄芪的分布调查

2013年和2014年6月,就牛心朴子和变异黄芪在内蒙古阿拉善左旗荒漠草原的分布情况进行实地样方调查,在调查区域共布设了10个样地200个小样方,两年的调查结果表明,变异黄芪在阿左旗荒漠草原的分布面积为0.13万hm2、1.02万hm2,牛心朴子的分布面积为3.95万hm2、4.63万hm2,此结果与之前的调查结果相比有所减少,其原因可能是调查区域气候变化、退牧还草政策的落实以及小范围虫害的发生。分析不同相对多度的牛心朴子和变异黄芪对其群落物种多样性的影响可知,牛心朴子和变异黄芪并没有显著影响群落的物种多样性。     

西南区野生扁穗牛鞭草种质资源形态多样性研究

收集西南区不同居群有代表性的40份野生扁穗牛鞭草材料,研究其生境特点及外部形态变异规律。结果表明:西南区扁穗牛鞭草野生资源丰富,在海拔40～1650m均有分布,能适应粘土、壤土、沙土、沙壤土等不同土壤类型;不同居群外部形态变异大,自然高度的变异系数达46.73%,叶长、叶宽、茎直径、节间长和拉直高度变异系数均大于20%,叶色分为深绿、黄绿、灰绿3种,72%的材料能抽穗开花;聚类分析将西南区野生扁穗牛鞭草分为3大形态类型,即粗壮低矮型、高大直立型、纤细低矮型。     

利用EST-SSR标记分析西南扁穗牛鞭草种质的遗传多样性

利用禾谷作物EST-SSR标记对采自我国西南地区的40份野生扁穗牛鞭草和3份扁穗牛鞭草国审品种的遗传变异和亲缘关系进行了研究。试验筛选出23对引物对43份供试材料进行扩增,共获得323条带,其中多态性条带261条,多态性条带比率(PPB)达80.4%,多态信息含量(PIC)为0.354~0.500,平均值为0.474,遗传相似系数(GS)为0.690~0.913,表现出丰富的遗传多样性。聚类分析结果表明,各供试材料间的聚类与其地理来源及形态特征具有一定的相关性。5 个扁穗牛鞭草地理类群间的分子方差分析(AMOVA)揭示了供试的扁穗牛鞭草类群内的遗传变异占总变异的95.32%,类群间变异占总变异的4.68%。表明禾谷作物的EST-SSR能用于扁穗牛鞭草遗传多样性研究,是一种有效的分子标记。本研究结果为扁穗牛鞭草种质的收集、利用及育种提供了理论依据。     

中国野生老芒麦形态多样性研究与种质利用潜力分析

为揭示野生老芒麦形态变异特征和遗传背景，对我国野生老芒麦主要分布区域不同生态类型的104个居群520份野生老芒麦种质进行了23个形态指标测定和遗传多样性分析。结果表明：不同生境老芒麦材料的形态特征存在显著差异，数量性状变异系数为9.49%～49.56%；聚类分析将104个居群分为具有各自明显特征和开发利用潜力的4类；形态特征与地理环境因子的相关性分析发现，野生老芒麦抽穗早晚及茎秆叶鞘基部小刺等特殊性状与其海拔呈显著相关；主成分分析发现，株高、抽穗、茎节数、单株干鲜重、旗叶长宽等指标代表了老芒麦67.79%形态多样性，是造成老芒麦形态特征变异的主要因素，可作为老芒麦形态分化的重要参考指标。     

Estimating Aboveground Net Primary Production in Grasslands: A Comparison of Nondestructive Methods

Aboveground net primary production (ANPP) is an important ecosystem property that is affected by environmental variability. ANPP in grasslands is typically measured by clipping peak live plant material. However, this method is time intensive (and therefore expensive), making it difficult to capture spatial and temporal variability. Additionally, it is impractical to use a destructive method to estimate ANPP in long-term, permanent plots. Thus, many double-sampling techniques have been developed to reduce costs and increase sample size. The objective of our study was to assess the accuracy and precision of nondestructive techniques to estimate ANPP as supplements to the traditional method of peak biomass harvest at two grassland sites. We harvested biomass and compared estimates from the same plots to 1) canopy interception using a point frame, 2) green cover estimates derived from a digital camera, and 3) reflectance measurements using a handheld radiometer. We calculated the optimum allocation of sampling effort to direct and indirect methods to minimize sampling cost yet achieve a desired precision. We found that the point frame technique explained the highest proportion of the variability in biomass at both sites (R² = 0.91, 0.90). However, our cost-optimization analysis revealed that the radiometer technique, although less accurate (R² = 0.38, 0.51), could achieve a desired precision for lower labor costs than the point frame. The radiometer and point frame methods will be a useful tool for grassland ecologists and rangeland managers who desire fast, nondestructive estimates of ANPP.     

高寒草甸植物群落结构对高原鼠兔种群密度的影响

利用草地改良措施探讨了禾草补播和人工草地建植对高原鼠兔种群密度的影响,以期为有害啮齿动物的植被调控提供理论依据。在高原鼠兔分布密集草地建立围栏样地50 hm²,同时在围栏内选择20 hm²样地进行垂穗披碱草补播和人工草地建植,探讨草地植物群落结构的变化对高原鼠兔种群密度的影响。结果表明,鼠害草地、补播草地和人工草地除物种数外,物种多样性指数(H')、植被盖度、密度、高度和地上生物量均表现出显著差异(P<0.01)。其中物种多样性指数表现为补播草地>鼠害草地>人工草地;植被盖度、密度、高度和地上生物量均表现为人工草地>补播草地>鼠害草地。群落中垂穗披碱草所占比重亦大不相同,鼠害草地中垂穗披碱草比重不足10%,而补播草地和人工草地群落中,垂穗披碱草比重分别达50%和90%以上。不论是总洞口数还是有效洞口数,在3种草地中都存在显著差异,总洞口数变化在35~411,其中,鼠害草地的总洞口数是补播草地的2.28倍,是垂穗披碱草草地的11.74倍;有效洞口数变化在11~188,鼠害草地是补播草地的2.26倍,是垂穗披碱草草地的17.09倍,表明垂穗披碱草群落对高原鼠兔有显著的抑制作用。此外,高原鼠兔种群密度与草地植被特征间有不同的关系。无论是总洞口数还是有效洞口数与植物物种数间均无显著相关关系,与H'间则呈二次函数关系;高原鼠兔总洞口数及有效洞口数分别与植被盖度、密度、高度及地上生物量呈显著负相关关系。此结果表明,相对于鼠害严重草地,无论是补播草地,还是人工种植草地,植物群落结构的变化对鼠兔种群密度都有重要的影响。     

Copper poisoning in wild ruminants in the Kruger National Park: geobotanical and environmental investigation.

A geobotanical and environmental investigation was undertaken to investigate the potential for copper poisoning in wild ruminants within the Phalaborwa area in the Kruger National Park and to confirm that environmental copper pollution associated with smelting operations at a nearby mine was the source of copper responsible for the poisoning. The study area selected was divided into high, moderate and low-risk zones and a control area based on initial topsoil copper concentrations and impala (Aepyceros melampus) liver copper concentrations in relation to distance from the copper smelter. Samples collected revealed that topsoil copper concentrations were significantly higher than subsoil copper concentrations at the same sites. There was a significant linear decrease in topsoil to subsoil copper concentration relative to distance from the copper smelter and thus from the high-risk zone to the control area. Copper concentrations of unwashed plant material were significantly higher than washed plant material at the same sites, indicating the deposition of copper on the plant surfaces. Copper deposits in dust fall buckets were significantly higher downwind than upwind from the smelter stack and the presence of atmospheric copper was also confirmed with the aid of low-volume air sampling monitors. The investigation confirmed that the emissions from the copper smelter were sufficient in amount and appropriate in direction to have contributed significantly to the topsoil copper concentrations, unwashed plant copper concentrations and dust fall results.     

Optimal Sampling Designs for Monitoring Plant Frequency

Plant frequency is a pragmatic surrogate for plant density in protocols designed for the long-term monitoring of diverse communities. Frequency estimates are based on presence/absence data from plots of fixed size, and plots are usually spatially aggregated into sites (often transects) to reduce field effort. Using a combination of statistical models and computer simulations, we identify sampling designs that maximize statistical power for detecting changes in underlying plant density based on the analysis of plant frequency. The optimal plot size for collecting frequency data decreases both with increasing spatial variation in local density (spatial structure) and with increasing numbers of plots per site. Over realistic ranges for these parameters, plots of optimal size yield mean frequencies that vary from 20% to 80%. However, with the exception of highly overdispersed populations, power is relatively insensitive to plot size; consequently, a plot size that yields a mean frequency of 50% usually provides nearly maximal power. For population monitoring, in which comparisons are made between successive samples from the same population, repeated measures from fixed sites improve statistical power substantially if there is spatial structure among sites, provided that the spatial pattern is at least partially consistent over time. However, there is still a power loss to the extent that the pattern of spatial structure among sites changes over time (a site-by-time interaction). This power loss can be mitigated by increasing the spacing between plots within sites, which has the effect of increasing the within-site structure and reducing the between-site structure. With more than 1 plot per site, there is no statistical advantage to obtaining repeated measures from fixed plots; relocating plots within sites in successive samples may therefore be advisable to minimize disturbance to the community.     

巴音布鲁克新疆假龙胆适生地植物群落物种多样性及其环境解释

为研究新疆巴音布鲁克地区不同土壤层次环境因子对新疆假龙胆适生地植物群落物种多样性的影响,为新疆假龙胆物种多样性保护提供理论依据.采用野外样地调查的方法,在新疆假龙胆适生海拔范围内共设置了16个样地进行植物多样性统计分析,共调查到植物72种,隶属22科48属,以豆科和禾本科植物为主.根据样地内各物种重要值的大小将所有采样...     

红松洼自然保护区植物多样性的研究

应用α和β多样性指数及聚类分析,探讨河北省围场县红松洼自然保护区在不同管理条件下的变化规律。结果表明,聚类分析将15个样地划分为5个组。在α多样性方面,以个体数为基础和以重要值为基础的多样性测度结果一致,最小多样性、最小均匀度、最小丰富度和最大生态优势度出现于核心区和缓冲区的中央。α多样性、均匀度和丰富度的最大值,以及生态优势度最小值出现在3个区的过渡地带。该地区α多样性最重要的影响因素是草地管理方式。在β多样性方面,该地区不存在位置上的环境梯度,生境破碎化程度较大。物种替代速率最快的是缓冲区与核心区的过渡地带,最慢的是在缓冲区的中央。     

宁南山区不同造林整地方式对草地植物群落特征的影响

以固定样地的群落样方调查数据为依据,对宁南山区不同整地方式下退化草地植物群落恢复过程中的动态特征进行了对比研究。结果表明：在一定时间尺度上,生境的异质性对鱼鳞坑整地植物群落的结构影响较大,整地方式对植物群落结构特征的影响不明显。植物群落物种多样性由高到底的顺序为：鱼鳞坑整地＞“88542”水平沟整地＞天然封育草地。对于封育5年的草地,鱼鳞坑与水平沟的整地方式对草地植物群落特征的影响不明显,自然生态因子对草地植物群落特征的影响比人为整地方式影响强。