Wear of spring tine cultivator points in sandy loam and light clay soils in southern Poland

Correct evaluation and forecasting of durability of soil cutting parts are the decisive factors for proper operation of agricultural machinery. During operation of cultivators, over two-fold difference in wear of cultivator points is observed, which makes establishing of their exchange periods extremely difficult. So, there is a need to conduct some research aimed for determination of relationship between arrangement of the points in individual cultivator rows and their wear. The presented experiments were performed under authentic farm conditions during spring soil loosening and levelling operations before sowing and planting, in sandy loam and light clay soils. Changes in length and thickness of the spring tine points, wear patterns and weight loss were measured. Loss in length of spring tine points was described by a complex function of the distance travelled or by an exponential function of the distance from the measuring point to the symmetry axis of a spring tine point; loss in thickness was described by a linear function. It was found that soil type, as well as arrangement of the points in individual cultivator rows and their position in relation to the tractor wheel track, significantly influenced their wear. It was also observed that wear of spring tine points was 40–100% higher in the sandy loam soil than in the light clay soil, and that wear within a tractor wheel track was 17–40% higher than outside the track. Moreover, wear of points positioned in the first row on the cultivator frame was 26–100% higher than wear of those in the third row. The research results emphasise the need for field experiments at compare wear of spring tine points made of different materials or of different designs to take into account differences in wear due to positioning of the points on cultivator frames.     

大中型拖拉机残值模型的研究

折旧是农业生产中的一项重要成本,而科学的折旧要以正确估计农业机器的残值为基础,ASABE的残值函数对估计农业机器残值提供了通用的方法,但这些模型是根据美国的实际情况模拟,并不能适合中国的实际情况.该文以上海农场近15年出售的116台拖拉机历史数据为观察样本,以机龄和年平均工作小时数为自变量,对6种不同的备选残值模型进行了回归分析和比较,在此基础上优选了双平方根模型为最佳残值模型,并用实际观察数据进行了验证.结果表明,用ASABE的模型来预测中国大中型拖拉机残值偏差很大,而本模型的预测精度是满意的,可用来预测中国大中型拖拉机残值;在残值模型变量中,机龄为决定残值的主要因素.     

采用碳水足迹评价中国与哈萨克斯坦大豆机械化生产模式

农业生产已进入机械化生产时代,定量评价作物机械化生产的环境影响、水资源消耗、生产效率等已成为迫切需要解决的问题。该研究以中国黑龙江垦区和哈萨克斯坦阿拉木图州的大豆机械化生产模式为例,从碳足迹、水足迹和产量3个方面对大豆的机械化进行分析与评价生产模式。研究结果表明:中国黑龙江垦区下属嫩江农场大豆机械化生产的碳足迹、水足迹和大豆产量分别为0.51 kg/kg、1.82 m3/hm2和2 875 kg/hm2,哈萨克斯坦阿拉木图州阿曼格迪农场分别为0.52 kg/kg、2.76 m3/hm2和2 000 kg/hm2。相较于嫩江农场,阿曼格迪农场大豆机械化生产的碳足迹高2.08%,水足迹高51.83%,大豆产量低30.43%。因此,阿曼格迪农场未来大豆机械化生产需以节水增产为重要发展目标。结合实际生产情况,更新与配套大豆机械化生产的各类农机具、推广节水灌溉技术、建立大豆机械化生产作业规范,有助于提升哈萨克斯坦大豆机械化生产水平。该研究可为多角度评价不同区域作物机械化生产模式提供案例参考。     

IT—Information Technology and the Human Interface: Reliability of Cotton Pickers and its Effect on Harvesting Cost

In this study, the reliability of cotton pickers is analysed and its importance in studying the performance of harvesting systems is examined. A theoretical development of farm machinery and specifically of cotton-picker reliability is presented and an algorithm based on the exponential distribution is developed. This algorithm is then applied to predict picker reliability, delays caused by machine breakdowns and their implications upon the cotton area harvested as well as the associated harvesting cost for a cotton producers group in Greece. The results obtained have shown a machine breakdown every 23·7 h with an average repair time of 2·86 h. Within a harvesting season, a cotton picker undergoes on average 12·75 breakdowns and 4 days out of work. This means a reduction in the least cost area harvested of 20% and an increase in the harvesting cost of 6·5%.     

东北黑土漫岗区春耕期土壤水分空间变异及地形影响

土壤水分存在强空间变异特征,在多重尺度上受地形、土壤、土地利用、植被等因素综合影响,是农业生产和耕作的关键要素。为了揭示东北黑土漫岗区春耕期农田土壤水分空间变异特征及分析地形因子对其影响,以赵光农场为研究对象,利用Sentinel-1数据反演的土壤水分和DEM数据,采用半方差函数、集成推进树算法(ABT)等方法分析了春耕期土壤水分的空间变异及地形因子(坡度、坡向、坡位、高程、地形湿度指数)对土壤水分空间异质性的相对影响,并系统分析了土壤水分在不同坡位、坡度和坡向的变化特征。结果表明:研究区2018年4月24日处于春耕时期黑土漫岗区的土壤质量含水量分布在25%～37%; 地块内部变异系数为5.81%,相邻地块间变异系数为4.16%; 针对整个农场尺度土壤水分空间变异的有效变程为3 000 m,地块尺度上有效变程为300 m。土壤水分分布与地形湿度指数呈显著正相关,与坡度、坡向、高程、坡位呈显著负相关; 坡位、坡度、坡向是影响土壤水分空间变异的主控因子,其累计相对解释率超过了70%,其中坡位占36.28%。研究结果有助于了解东北黑土漫岗区春耕期农田土壤水分空间分异规律及影响机制,对黑土漫岗区土壤水分管理、春耕春播期农机科学调度、保障粮食安全具有重要意义。     

Integrating rainwater harvesting with supplemental irrigation into rain-fed spring wheat farming

A field experiment was conducted at the Haiyuan Experimental Station (36°34′N, 105°39′E), in a semiarid region of China, from 2000 to 2003 for rain-fed spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) production to maximize the utilization of low rainfall. This paper reports the two field cultivations of rainwater harvesting with a sowing in the furrow between film-covered ridges (SFFCR), and with a sowing in the holes on film-covered ridges (SHFCR). At the same time, the periods and indices of supplemental irrigation during the whole growth stage of rain-fed spring wheat were also studied. The periods of supplemental irrigation included the three-leaf stage (irrigated once), the elongation stage to flowering stage (irrigated twice), and the flowering stage to filling stage (irrigated once). The indices of supplemental irrigation during the whole growth stage of rain-fed spring wheat must reach over 59 and 40 mm in order to realize the 2250 and 2000 kg ha⁻¹ yield, respectively. This research also presented such a concept of efficient water saving supplemental irrigation, which was considered as a new index of water saving irrigation. The experimental result showed that the efficiency of water saving supplemental irrigation of field cultivation with SFFCR was 5.5–5.8%, and with SHFCR was 9.4–9.6%. The efficiency of water saving supplemental irrigation of field cultivation with SHFCR was improved by 40.4% in comparison with SFFCR. Consequently, in this region, the integration of rainwater harvesting and supplemental irrigation can play a crucial role in the improvement of rain-fed spring wheat yields and water use.     

Seedbed compaction produced by traffic on four tillage regimes in the rolling Pampas of Argentina

The main function of primary tillage is to increase the soil's structural macro-porosity, but during secondary tillage operations over these freshly tilled soils, traffic causes significant soil compaction. In terms of soil conservation however, there is evidence that direct sowing is a more sustainable system, even though there is still insufficient information about the rheology of a non-tilled soil under traffic. The objective of this study was to compare the traffic intensity and soil compaction caused by four different tillage regimes currently used by Argentinean farmers (1 direct sowing with a tractor and planter weighing 127 kN and 3 conventional tillage systems with equipment weighing 55.2 kN). The work was performed in the east of the Rolling Pampa region, Buenos Aires State, Argentina at 34°25′S, 59°15′W. Variables measured were: (1) cone index in the 0–450 mm depth profile; (2) bulk density; (3) total soil porosity; and (4) rut depth. (a) Results indicated that in the depth range 0–150 mm with all tillage treatments, bulk density and cone index values generated by tractor traffic were greater than the 1.3 Mg m⁻³ and 1400 kPa respectively. Similarly in deeper layers these parameters were greater than 1.45 Mg m⁻³ and 2000 kPa respectively. Measurements revealed that traffic reduced topsoil porosity under direct sowing by an average of 7% and under conventional tillage by 7.6–14.8% confirming that both systems cause both topsoil and subsoil compaction.     

柴油机自动控制系统线性模型的频率特性分析

拖拉机农具机组是一复杂的动力系统，在随机环境和波动载荷条件下工作，传统的静态分析方法不能使拖拉机与柴油机进行最优匹配，动态分析方法是一有效途径。柴油机系统动态分析是农具机组系统动态分析要解决的主要问题之一。在建立了柴油机自动控制系统线性模型的微分方程和以动态载荷为输入、转速为输出的传递函数，导出了系统的频率特性，并给出了计算实例。证明柴油机系统的频率特性是其工作点的函数，并指出了在进行柴油机与动态载荷匹配时应注意两者的频率特性，为农具机组的动态匹配奠定了基础。     

甘蔗生产机械化系统的试验和分析

该文对广前公司引进的甘蔗生产机器系统3年来的机械化试验进行了评价及经济分析。机械化是一项复杂的系统工程,机械化系统需要合理的机具配置和高质量的现代管理,各个环节都影响整个系统的工作效率。甘蔗生产机械化系统虽然还有很多问题,但是其潜在的高工效、高经济效益是人工难以比拟的。如果建立和完善管理体系和社会化服务体系,并且能够很好地解决土地清理、机具配套、收获部署及人员培训等问题,我国实现甘蔗生产全面机械化将有广阔的前景     

PA—Precision Agiculture: Wheel Traffic Influence on Poplar Regeneration and Grass Yield

All transport in forest stands occurs on the ground that at the same time is used as a growth substrate, not only for timber production but for grass as well in several Argentine production systems. Heavy traffic will damage the ground vegetation, affect tree roots and compact the soil to a degree where the tree roots have difficulty in regenerating in the damaged zone. The main objective of this research was to evaluate changes in soil compaction, introduced by traffic, during harvesting operations in a timber forest where grass production is also used for cattle feeding. Four experimental variables were measured: changes in bulk density in the profile, changes in penetration resistance, grassland yield and forest plantation regeneration after harvesting traffic. The work was performed in the south of the Rolling Pampa region, Argentina. The soil was a fine clayey, illitic, thermic Typic Argiudoll. Treatments consisted of four different traffic intensities, due to different passes of a tractor pulling a trailer on the inter-row area of the plantation, during harvesting operations. Increasing the number of traffic passes, increased the depth at which differences in cone penetration resistance values began to be significantly higher.The increments in bulk density values after traffic were not so evident as those in penetration resistance values, but the same tendencies were shown. The least traffic intensity, corresponding to only one pass, resulted in a reduction of grass yield (40·3%) in comparison with the control (no traffic) treatment, although there was no effect on tree regeneration. Traffic within the plantation impacted principally on tree shoot mortality, with a maximum of 51·5%, measured 1 year after traffic, recorded in the ten pass treatment. Grassland production within the plantation, after harvesting operations, was directly associated with forest regrowth.     

Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions from five contrasting rice production systems in the tropics

Carbon footprint (CF) quantification of major rice production systems (RPSs) is a prerequisite for developing strategies for climate change mitigation in agriculture. Total life cycle greenhouse gas emissions (LC-GHGs) from rice production to consumption might provide precise CFs for RPSs. Therefore, we assessed three segments (pre-farm, on-farm, and post-farm) of LC-GHGs under five major contrasting RPSs, i.e., aerobic rice (AR), shallow lowland rice(SLR), system of rice intensification (SRI), ...     

N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O,CO<Subscript>2</Subscript>, Production,and C Sequestration in Vineyards: a Review

Even if it is less polluting than other farm sectors, grape growing management has to adopt measures to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and to preserve the quality of grapevine by-products. In viticulture, by land and crop management, GHG emissions can be reduced through adjusting methods of tillage, fertilizing, harvesting, irrigation, vineyard maintenance, electricity, natural gas, and transport until wine marketing, etc. Besides CO₂, nitrous oxide (N₂O) and methane (CH₄), released from fertilizers and waste/wastewater management are produced in vineyards. As the main GHG in vineyards, N₂O can have the same harmful action like large quantities of CO₂. Carbon can be found in grape leaves, shoots, and even in fruit pulp, roots, canes, trunk, or soil organic matter. C sequestration in soil by using less tillage and tractor passing is one of the efficient methods to reduce GHG in vineyards, with the inconvenience that many years are needed for detectable changes. In the last decades, among other methods, cover crops have been used as one of the most efficient way to reduce GHG emissions and increase fertility in vineyards. Even if we analyze many references, there are still limited information on practical methods in reducing emissions of greenhouse gases in viticulture. The aim of the paper is to review the main GHG emissions produced in vineyards and the approached methods for their reduction, in order to maintain the quality of grapes and other by-products.     

基于Bezier曲线优化的农机自动驾驶避障控制方法

动力换挡拖拉机的产生促进农机自动驾驶向着无人化方向发展,农机的自动避障成为需要解决的关键问题。该文针对最短切线路径曲线曲率不连续、跟踪控制精度差及农机运动模型精度低等缺点,采用三阶Bezier曲线优化法形成连续平滑农机避障路径,通过链式控制理论建立农机运动线性控制模型,利用PI控制器进行转角补偿,并进行了控制方法的仿真和犁耕作业试验。仿真结果表明:农机行驶的航向误差角在-0.06～0.06 rad,横向位置误差小于13 cm,前轮转向角变化平缓,没有显著突变,说明该方法控制精度较高,农机能够按预设轨迹行驶。犁耕作业试验结果表明:Bezier曲线部分的避障精度为5.21 cm,曲线路径的跟踪控制效果较好;避障后农机继续沿直线行驶的精度为1.98 cm,说明该方法可保证农机在避障后恢复直线自动驾驶。研究结果表明,该避障路径控制方法在不平整犁耕地中具有较好的鲁棒性和适应性,可满足拖拉机作业的避障要求。     

油电混合机械液压式拖拉机动力系统节能性

针对大马力拖拉机在道路运输与田间作业过程中由于工况复杂、作业环境恶劣导致油耗高、节能效果差的问题,该研究采用油电混合动力匹配液压机械无级变速器（Hydro-Mechanical Continuously Variable Transmission, HMCVT）的方式,设计了一种油电混合-机液复合拖拉机动力系统,探讨了该系统的驱动模式与传动方式的实现原理并得到液压机械无级变速器的调速曲线;建立了动力系统的数学模型。为实现动力系统最佳性能,制定了整车控制架构,在此基础上提出HMCVT经济性速比控制策略、基于规则的工作模式划分策略和基于自适应等效因子的燃油消耗最小功率分配策略。为验证所提控制策略的可行性,在SimulationX仿真软件中建立系统动力学仿真模型,并基于测功机搭建试验台架进行测试,分别对拖拉机在犁耕、收获和运输3个典型工况下进行仿真与试验。结果表明,所设计的控制策略能够兼顾混合动力源的最佳扭矩分配与电池电量平衡,且动力系统能保持较高的系统效率（40%以上）,犁耕、收获和运输3个工况下油耗仿真值（2.59、6.56和1.69 L）与试验值（2.72、6.80和1.77 L）的误差均不超过5%,模型可靠。与德国农业协会公布的相近功率动力换挡拖拉机和无级变速拖拉机油耗数据相对比,本文所提的控制策略在3种工况下节油9%～20%。研究结果可为多工况作业条件下降低拖拉机能耗提供解决方案。     

农业机器完好率的灰色建模与预测

现有农机配备理论的一个重大缺陷——未考虑农业机器完好率,利用灰色理论建立起农业机器完好率的ＧＭ（１,１）模型,并阐述了其研究意义。此模型具有很高的精度,可用于预测。     

基于实际作业工况的拖拉机能效评价

为深入了解拖拉机实际作业的能效情况,该研究提出基于实际作业工况的拖拉机能效评价方法,对拖拉机整体能效进行全面度量。基于距离最短分区原理,通过K-means聚类与成对比较矩阵方法进行拖拉机发动机常用工况点提取;通过对186台162 kW的拖拉机能效分析,提出拖拉机能效等级划分标准,确定能效限值和各级能效比限值,并对不同作业环节的平均能效进行分析。研究结果显示:拖拉机发动机实际8工况点和ISO稳态8工况点区别较大;不同拖拉机能效差异较大,50%的拖拉机能效值分布在3.20～3.65 (kW·h)/kg区间;162 kW拖拉机实际能效合格限值为3.07 (kW·h)/kg;拖拉机不同作业环节的平均能效值差异大,旋耕作业的平均能效值最高,行走模式最低。研究结果可为发动机节能减排技术升级提供数据基础,也可为农机节能考核、与绿色化作业水平挂钩的应用补贴方法研究等提供参考。     

A summary of state laws regulating youth operating farm tractors on highways

Driving farm tractors on highways is hazardous for youth due to the large speed differential between motor vehicles and agricultural vehicles, as well as recent increases in traffic volume on many rural roads. In 1994, the state of Wisconsin enacted legislation requiring youth who operate farm tractors on highways to complete a tractor and machinery certification course. We were interested in finding out whether other states have similar requirements. The purpose of this project was to collect and summarize state laws regulating youth who operate farm tractors on highways in the U.S. A systematic method was used that included an initial Lexis-Nexis database search followed by internet searches in combination with follow-up email and telephone communications when missing or unclear results were obtained. The findings show that 14 states have legislation addressing youth who operate farm tractors on highways. The content of these statutes varies, but includes driver's license or educational requirements, as well as regulations concerning the ages, locations, and/or times of day when youth may drive farm machinery on highways. This compilation of state laws will be useful information for agricultural safety professionals in designing effective outreach programs. A synthesis of the findings may also lead to the development of model legislation or inform future research efforts aimed at preventing youth farm tractor crashes on highways.     

机械化吨粮田配套技术的研究

本研究从农业机械化技术的角度,结合北京顺义县具体条件,以提高小麦、玉米播种质量为主攻方向与有关学科配合展开。通过采取正确选型、合理配套、改制并完善机具、优化田间机械化作业工艺以及培训农艺、农机人员等措施,在三夏和三秋两个关键时期,提高了作业效率,争得农时,提高了播种质量,达到苗齐、苗壮。从而为实施吨粮田的栽培管理技术提供了良好的基础,较好地完成了单产吨粮目标,建立起一套具有中国特色的新型机械化吨粮田技术体系。     

木薯燃料乙醇生产的技术提升及全生命周期能耗分析

发展燃料乙醇是中国替代能源战略大框架下的成熟模式,木薯燃料乙醇因为不耗用粮食原料也日益提上发展日程.该文引入生命周期理论,对木薯燃料乙醇系统的三个阶段进行了能耗分析,重点讨论了燃料生产阶段采用新旧工艺对周期能耗的影响.能耗计算发现,采用新工艺可以较大地增加系统周期的净能量产出,提高系统的能效;加强副产品的开发,使用农家肥替代化肥也可产生同样的效果.     

广东惠阳水稻种植中耕牛与小型拖拉机使用的能值比较

以能值理论方法为手段，从资源的投入和输出结构角度，对广东省惠州市惠阳区典型水稻种植户的耕牛和小型拖拉机这两种典型的农业驱动力产出系统的转化与生产效率，环境负载和可持续性进行比较分析与评价。研究表明：耕牛系统在单位面积水稻田上消耗的不可更新资源量是拖拉机系统的4.57倍；人力能值消耗是拖拉机系统的6.14倍。相对于拖拉机动力，耕牛产出动力处于较低的能量等级，其环境负载率(ELR)仅是拖拉机系统的24%，可持续能值指标(ESI)是拖拉机系统的4.25倍，但有巨大的优化空间和可能。而广东小型拖拉机系统产出驱动力的使用效率则稍高于典型65 kW拖拉机系统。从提高能值效率角度分析，减少耕牛系统生产过程中过多的人力投入，着力提高耕牛系统产出驱动力的利用效率比发展小型拖拉机系统更有潜力。生产过程中的人力投入和使用过程中的维护投入是农机驱动力产出系统不可忽视的能值投入项。