Synergistic Interaction Between Tomato chlorosis virus and Tomato spotted wilt virus Results in Breakdown of Resistance in Tomato

ABSTRACT Multiple viral infections frequently are found in single plants of cultivated and wild hosts in nature, with unpredictable pathological consequences. Synergistic reactions were observed in mixed infections in tomato plants doubly infected with the positive-sense and phloem-limited single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) crinivirus Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) and the negative-sense ssRNA tospovirus Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). Synergism in a tomato cultivar susceptible to both viruses resulted in a rapid death of plants. A pronounced enhancement of ToCV accumulation mediated by TSWV co-infection was observed with no evident egress of ToCV from phloem tissues. No consistent alteration of TSWV accumulation was detected. More remarkable was the synergism observed in tomato cultivars which carry the Sw-5 resistance gene, which are resistant to TSWV. Pre-infection with ToCV resulted in susceptibility to TSWV, whereas co-inoculations did not. This suggested that a threshold level or a time lapse is needed for ToCV to interfere or downregulate the defense response in the TSWV-resistant plants.     

云南怒江番茄种植新区番茄病毒检测及病毒种传特性

病毒病对番茄生产造成严重危害, 近年来在番茄种植新区发生严重, 疑似为种子带毒传播。本研究通过对云南省怒江州番茄种植新区的番茄病毒病样品采用RNA-seq高通量测序, RT-PCR验证的方法检测病毒种类;对番茄病果种子进行超薄切片制样透射电子显微镜观察, 将病果种子播种后对种苗进行RT-PCR带毒检测。结果表明, RNA-seq高通量测序及RT-PCR检测到的病毒有番茄环纹斑点病毒(tomato zonate spot orthotospovirus, TZSV)、番茄黄斑驳相关病毒(tomato yellow mottle-associated virus, TYMaV)、辣椒脉斑驳病毒(chili veinal mottle virus, ChiVMV)、南方番茄病毒(southern tomato virus, STV)。透射电镜观察到种胚细胞及胚乳细胞中分布典型的正番茄斑萎病毒属Orthotospovirus病毒粒体。病果种子播种28 d后的种苗具有病毒病症状, 通过RT-PCR检出TZSV、ChiVMV、STV, 检出率分别为60%、100%、80%。上述研究结果为TZSV通过种子传播提供了有利的证据, 并为源头防控番茄病毒病提供了依据。     

Identification of the principal viruses infecting tomato crops in Tunisia

Serological tests have been used to detect viruses associated with tomato in 257 samples collected in different regions in Tunisia, Cap-Bon, Sahel and South during successive seasons. The viruses detected were cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) and tomato aspermy cucumovirus (TAV), potato Y potyvirus (PVY), tobacco etch potyvirus (TEV) and pepper veinal mottle potyvirus (PVMV), tomato mosaic tobamovirus (ToMV) and tobacco mosaic tobamovirus (TMV), tobacco rattle tobravirus (TRV), alfalfa mosaic alfamovirus (AMV), tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV), tomato ringspot nepovirus (TomRSV) and potato X potexvirus (PVX). Some were detected in all three regions surveyed, at variable frequencies: TMV, CMV, TEV, PVY, ToMV, AMV, TAV, TSWV and TRV. Others were only detected in two regions (PVMV in Cap-Bon and Sahel and PVX in Sahel and in the south) or one region (TomRSV in Cap-Bon). Movement of individual viruses from one region to another may be due to movement of specific vectors, as in the case of the thrips-transmitted TSWV moving from the south to the north. Some of these viruses were found for the first time in Tunisia.     

番茄褐色皱果病毒SYBR GreenⅠ实时荧光RT-PCR检测方法的建立和应用

根据番茄褐色皱果病毒（tomato brown rugose fruit virus,ToBRFV）外壳蛋白（coat protein,CP）的保守基因序列设计1对特异性引物,建立了基于SYBR Green I的ToBRFV实时荧光RT-PCR检测方法,并对其进行了特异性、灵敏度检测,对自然感染ToBRFV的番茄、辣椒种子进行了检测验证。结果表明,构建的实时荧光RT-PCR检测ToBRFV阳性的番茄种子总RNA和重组质粒标准品的检测低限分别为0.2 ng/μL和50.0拷贝/μL,均为普通RT-PCR检测灵敏度的100倍;对番茄花叶病毒（tomato mosaic virus,ToMV）、番茄环斑病毒（tomato ringspot virus,ToRSV）、番茄黑环病毒（tomato black ring virus,TBRV）、番茄斑萎病毒（tomato spotted wilt virus,TSWV）、辣椒轻斑驳病毒（pepper mild mottle virus,PMMoV）、烟草花叶病毒（tobacco mosaic virus,TMV）和烟草环斑病毒（tobacco ri...     

壳聚糖诱导番茄抗青枯病的作用

为了探索防治番茄青枯病的有效途径,我们对接种青枯病菌后的番茄进行40mg/L浓度壳聚糖的不同方式处理.结果表明,喷施壳聚糖可诱导番茄对青枯病产生抗性,减轻青枯病病情,经二次喷施后再喷微量元素的处理相对防效达到48.76%.体内与抗病反应有关的苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性峰值分别比对照高46.24%、51.77%、121.22%、36.49%.同时壳聚糖处理的番茄叶片中叶绿素含量明显高于正常接菌植株.     

宁夏设施番茄病毒病病原鉴定

正番茄病毒病是番茄(Solanum lycopersicum)安全生产的主要限制因素,感染番茄作物的病毒种类高达136 种~[1]。小RNA测序和组装技术(small RNA sequencing and assembly, sRSA)已用于不同物种的病毒检测~[2]。Xu等~[2]对采自我国的170个番茄样本进行小RNA深度测序分析,鉴定出22种病毒。其采样地点未包括宁夏回族自治区。宁夏是我国重要的设施番茄生产基地, 2011 年宁夏银川市     

Calcium silicate and organic mineral fertilizer increase the resistance of tomato plants to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Frankliniella schultzei</Emphasis>

Frankliniella schultzei Trybon (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is an important pest of tomato plants. The need for more healthful foods is stimulating the development of techniques to increase plant resistance to phytophagous insects. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of calcium silicate and an organic mineral fertilizer, alone or in combination, on the resistance of tomato plants to F. schultzei. The treatments consisted of: control (T1), calcium silicate (T2), organic mineral fertilizer (T3), and calcium silicate with organic mineral fertilizer (T4). The mortality of nymphs of this thrips and the number of lesions on tomato leaves were evaluated after three, six, nine and 12 applications of these products. The number of F. schultzei individuals and of lesions on tomato leaves was lower in treatments T2 and T4 than in T1 and T3, showing a possible increase in tomato resistance to this pest. The increase in the number of applications of calcium silicate and the organic mineral fertilizer increased the mortality of nymphs and reduced the damage by this insect on tomato leaves, mainly after nine applications.     

抑制蒸腾对番茄生长及植株镁、钾、钙吸收的影响

北方日光温室生产中蔬菜频繁出现营养失调,导致产量、品质明显下降,为探明番茄养分失调是否与蒸腾受到抑制有关,通过2个水培试验分别研究了短期（24 h）及长期（24 d）喷施蒸腾抑制剂对中杂9号和改良毛粉两个番茄品种蒸腾、生物量和镁、钾及钙养分吸收的影响。结果表明：短期（24 h）抑制蒸腾,蒸腾量减少20.6%、镁吸收量减少4.5%,蒸腾与番茄镁吸收呈显著正相关关系;长期（24 d）喷施蒸腾抑制剂减少了番茄生长量、光合速率,蒸腾量减少47.5%时镁吸收量减少17.1%,钾、钙吸收量分别减少12.9%和44.1%,不同番茄品种间对钾、钙、镁的吸收无显著差异。可见,抑制蒸腾减少番茄对镁、钾、钙的吸收。北方日光温室冬茬栽培中高湿、寡照等不良环境因子会诱导番茄营养失调症的发生。     

青枯病原细菌无毒菌株诱导番茄防御酶系及粗提液抑菌活性的影响

 用紫外诱变法获得的青枯无毒菌株诱导番茄,研究了诱导番茄细胞内防御酶系及组织粗提液抑菌活性的影响。结果表明:番茄经无毒菌株处理后,体内与抗病反应相关的苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等防御酶系活性均显著增加。无毒菌株可诱导产生植株体外和体内对致病菌有抑制作用的抑菌物质。表明青枯无毒菌株产生诱导抗性的机制可能是激活了植物本身的抗病代谢过程。     

Efficacy of mass trapping of tomato moth,Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), using a new-designed light trap in reducing leaf and fruit damages in greenhouse-grown tomatoes

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - The tomato moth, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is one of the most damaging pests of tomato crop in Turkey and is of great...     

36%噻虫啉水分散粒剂对番茄幼苗根系活力及生理生化指标的影响

为明确土壤中施用噻虫啉对番茄植株生长的影响,分别用36%噻虫啉水分散粒剂有效成分1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0和5.0 mg/株处理盆栽番茄植株,测定处理后30 d番茄幼苗的生长量、叶片保护酶活性及根系活力。结果表明:1.0~2.5 mg/株噻虫啉处理均可提高番茄幼苗展开叶片数、株高、主根长和鲜重等生理指标,3.0 mg/株处理与对照相比无显著差异,而5.0 mg/株处理则对番茄幼苗生长有显著的抑制作用。不同剂量的噻虫啉处理均可提高番茄幼苗叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性及根系活力。PPO和SOD活性在2.0 mg/株噻虫啉处理时达到最大值,分别为47.9和14.2 U/(min·g FW),比对照高29.6%和49.5%;POD、CAT和PAL活性在2.5 mg/株剂量时达到最大值,分别为46.0、62.4和26.0 U/(min·g FW),比对照高47.0%、36.7%和35.3%。1.0~5.0 mg/株噻虫啉处理后番茄幼苗根系活力比对照提高2.7%~33.1%。研究表明,土壤施用适量的噻虫啉可显著促进番茄幼苗植株的生长。     

丙烷脒对番茄植株生长、叶片光合作用和前期产量的影响

较系统地测试了新型烷基脒类内吸性杀菌剂丙烷脒对番茄Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.植株生长、叶片光合作用和前期产量的影响。结果表明:丙烷脒对番茄植株生长有明显的调控作用,且与使用剂量有关。在100.00 g/hm2有效剂量下,与空白对照相比,丙烷脒处理可增加番茄植株粗壮度(株高相对生长速率降低35.00%,茎粗净增长量增加151.96%);使番茄叶片光合色素Chl a、Chl a+b、Car含量分别增加22.02%、15.17%和13.04%,光合能力增强 (Pn提高21.80%,Gs增大42.31%,Tr增大53.72%,Ci减小9.58%);使番茄叶片厚度增加21.88%,但单位面积叶片质量减少13.95%;番茄前期产量较对照增加25.70%。表明丙烷脒在推荐剂量下可明显促进番茄的生长,并可显著提高其前期产量。     

Occurrence of powdery mildew on aubergine in West Sussex

A powdery mildew ( Erysiphe sp.) was found on the upper surfaces of leaves of a glasshouse-grown aubergine ( Solanum melongena ) crop in West Sussex during Autumn 1992. It could be readily transferred to tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum ) and tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum ), but produced restricted growth and sporulation on cucumber ( Cucumis sativus ). Sweet pepper ( Capsicum annuum ), Chinese cabbage ( Brassica campestris var. chinensis ), lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ), chrysanthemum ( Dendranthema x grandiflorum ) and Nicotiana benthamiana did not show symptoms. When transferred to tomato and cucumber, the morphology of aubergine powdery mildew resembled the natural glasshouse powdery mildew on the two crops, respectively, rather than powdery mildew on aubergine. Powdery mildew from naturally infected tomato could infect aubergine directly, and also after one, but not two, generations on cucumber.     

番茄、黄瓜及土壤中杀虫单总残留量的超高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱检测

建立了番茄、黄瓜及土壤中杀虫单残留的超高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)检测方法。先将杀虫单在碱性条件下水解成沙蚕毒素,经乙醚液-液分配后用甲醇定容,采用UPLC-MS/MS法测定沙蚕毒素浓度,最后再折算成杀虫单的残留量。结果表明:在1~500μg/L范围内,杀虫单质量浓度与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.99;仪器检出限(LOD)分别为0.213μg/kg(番茄)、0.212μg/kg(黄瓜)和0.172μg/kg(土壤),定量限(LOQ)分别为0.710μg/kg(番茄)、0.707μg/kg(黄瓜)和0.573μg/kg(土壤);对于番茄、黄瓜及土壤样品,10、100和500μg/kg 3个水平的添加回收率试验结果显示,方法的平均回收率在79%~101%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)为6.6%~16%。该方法可用于番茄、黄瓜及土壤中杀虫单残留量检测。     

Incidence and pathogenicity of races and isolates of Verticillium dahliae in Crete, southern Greece

Classification of 32 Verticillium dahliae isolates originating from 19 plant species in eight different botanical families to races and determination of host range pathogenicity were carried out. The physiological races of isolates were identified using the two differential tomato cultivars ??Belladonna?? (susceptible to both races 1 and 2 of V. dahliae) and ??Ace 55VF?? (resistant to race 1, susceptible to race 2 of V. dahliae). Among these isolates, 14 were race 2 (43.8%), 12 race 1 (37.5%) and six nonpathogenic (18.7%) on tomato. The host range pathogenicity of isolates was determined using four differential hosts (eggplant, turnip, tomato (Ve ^? ) and sweet pepper). Among isolates, five were pathogenic to both eggplant and turnip (15.6%), 21 to eggplant, turnip and tomato (65.6%), five to eggplant, turnip, tomato and sweet pepper (15.6%) and one was pathogenic to eggplant, turnip and sweet pepper (3.2%). The pathogenicity of isolates on the aforementioned five hosts was investigated on the basis of external symptoms and by calculating the relative areas under disease progress curves (relative AUDPC). Results showed that eggplant was the most susceptible, followed by turnip and tomato cv. Belladonna, while sweet pepper and tomato cv. Ace 55VF were less susceptible to all the isolates used. The pathogenicity of isolates varied from highly to mildly virulent on eggplant and turnip while on Belladonna, Ace 55VF and sweet pepper it varied from highly virulent to nonpathogenic. Belladonna exhibited a similar level of susceptibility to races 1 and 2 of V. dahliae, but was more susceptible than Ace 55VF to race 2. Interestingly, the isolates originating from eggplant were clearly more virulent than those originating from tomato and black nightshade on all solanaceous plants tested.     

Solanum nigrum: an indigenous weed reservoir for a tomato yellow leaf curl geminivirus in southern Spain

A tomato yellow leaf curl geminivirus (TYLCV-AL), was first identified in tomato plants in Almeria, southern Spain in 1992. This virus is transmitted by the tobacco whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), and is presently infecting tomato crops throughout the south eastern region of Spain. Solanum nigrum, collected from a field in south east Spain and exhibiting leaf curl symptoms, was squash blotted onto nylon membrane and gave a positive signal when hybridised to a TYLCV-Is DNA probe. Laboratory tests showed B. tabaci to transmit TYLCV-AL from infected tomato plants to S. nigrum seedlings. The virus could then be acquired by B. tabaci and transmitted back from infected S. nigrum plants to tomato, inducing typical TYLCV symptoms. These results indicate the importance of S. nigrum as a weed host/reservoir for a TYLCV and its possible role in the spread of this virus within Europe.     

吉林番茄黄化曲叶病毒分离物的检测及其DNA-A全基因组序列分析

从吉林省松原市田间表现黄化曲叶症状的番茄上分离到病毒分离物JLSY,基因组全序列测定结果表明,基因组全长2781 bp,共编码6个ORF。序列比对表明,JLSY基因组与番茄黄化曲叶病毒（TYLCV）安徽分离物（FN650807）相似性最高,为99.5%,而与其他双生病毒的序列相似性低于89%。经系统进化分析,该病毒分离物属于TYLCV以色列株系（TYLCV-IL）。这是首次在我国吉林省检测到番茄黄化曲叶病毒。     

Genetic diversity and mixed infections of begomoviruses infecting tomato, pepper and cucurbit crops in Nicaragua

Begomoviruses were detected in Nicaraguan fields of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum ) and adjacently growing plants of pepper ( Capsicum annuum ), chilli pepper ( C . baccatum ), cushaw ( Cucurbita argyrosperma ) and Mexican fireplant ( Euphorbia heterophylla ) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and universal begomovirus primers. All tomato and Mexican fireplant plants showing symptoms were infected with begomoviruses, while only 30–46% of the pepper, chilli pepper and cushaw plants showing symptoms tested virus-positive. No begomoviruses were found in potato. The virus species were provisionally identified by sequencing 533 bp of the viral coat protein gene ( AV1 ). Tomato severe leaf curl virus (ToSLCV), Tomato leaf curl Sinaloa virus (ToLCSinV) and Pepper golden mosaic virus (PepGMV) were found to infect both tomato and pepper. A new provisional species designated Tomato leaf curl Las Playitas virus (ToLCLPV) was detected in a tomato plant. Squash yellow mottle virus (SYMoV) and PepGMV were found in cucurbits, the latter for the first time in this host. Euphorbia mosaic virus (EuMV) was detected in Mexican fireplant. Sequencing of a larger number of PCR-amplified clones from selected plants revealed intraspecific viral sequence variability, and also multiple begomovirus infections which could represent up to three species in a single tomato or cushaw plant. Phylogenetic grouping of virus sequences did not correlate with the host of origin.     

The corky root rot pathogen Pyrenochaeta lycopersici secretes a proteinaceous inducer of cell death affecting host plants differentially

Pathogenic isolates of Pyrenochaeta lycopersici, the causal agent of corky root rot of tomato, secrete cell death in tomato 1 (CDiT1), a homodimeric protein of 35 kDa inducing cell death after infiltration into the leaf apoplast of tomato. CDiT1 was purified by fast protein liquid chromatography, characterized by mass spectrometry and cDNA cloning. Its activity was confirmed after infiltration of an affinity-purified recombinant fusion of the protein with a C-terminal polyhistidine tag. CDiT1 is highly expressed during tomato root infection compared with axenic culture, and has a putative ortholog in other pathogenic Pleosporales species producing proteinaceous toxins that contribute to virulence. Infiltration of CDiT1 into leaves of other plants susceptible to P. lycopersici revealed that the protein affects them differentially. All varieties of cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) tested were more sensitive to CDiT1 than those of currant tomato (S. pimpinellifolium). Root infection assays showed that varieties of currant tomato are also significantly less prone to intracellular colonization of their root cells by hyphae of P. lycopersici than varieties of cultivated tomato. Therefore, secretion of this novel type of inducer of cell death during penetration of the fungus inside root cells might favor infection of host species that are highly sensitive to this molecule.     

Induced systemic protection against tomato late blight elicited by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria

ABSTRACT Two strains of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), Bacillus pumilus SE34 and Pseudomonas fluorescens 89B61, elicited systemic protection against late blight on tomato and reduced disease severity by a level equivalent to systemic acquired resistance induced by Phytophthora infestans or induced local resistance by chemical inducer beta-amino butyric acid (BABA) in greenhouse assays. Germination of sporangia and zoospores of P. infestans on leaf surfaces of tomato plants treated with the two PGPR strains, pathogen, and chemical BABA was significantly reduced compared with the noninduced control. Induced protection elicited by PGPR, pathogen, and BABA were examined to determine the signal transduction pathways in three tomato lines: salicylic acid (SA)-hydroxylase transgenic tomato (nahG), ethylene insensitive mutants (Nr/Nr), and jasmonic acid insensitive mutants (def1). Results suggest that induced protection elicited by both bacilli and pseudomonad PGPR strains was SA-independent but ethylene- and jasmonic acid-dependent, whereas systemic acquired resistance elicited by the pathogen and induced local resistance by BABA were SA-dependent. The lack of colonization of tomato leaves by strain 89B61 suggests that the observed induced systemic resistance (ISR) was due to systemic protection by strain 89B61 and not attributable to a direct interaction between pathogen and biological control agent. Although strain SE34 was detected on tomato leaves, ISR mainly accounted for the systemic protection with this strain.