闽北山区红壤丘陵开发地生态恢复与综合利用模式构建及其应用研究

山地生态系统的退化不仅是一个生态问题，也是一个经济问题。生态恢复重建不能仅仅就环境退化问题而开展生态功能的恢复重建，却而不去考虑经济恢复重建和区域脱贫与持续发展问题。根据红壤丘陵开发地退化成因分析和区域社会经济文化状况，建立了以水土保持为核心，“林果草牧沼菌”有效链接的治理模式，以草保土养地，以草带动地方产业发展．实现生态恢复与经济发展的双赢。     

花岗岩红壤侵蚀生态系统建建的艰巨性探讨

本文在总结花岗岩严重侵蚀退化生态系统现状与特点的基础上,分析了花岗岩严重侵蚀退化系统生态重建的艰巨性,并提出了对该退化生态系统进行生态重建的两种策略。     

植被恢复对退化红壤轻组有机质的影响

我国亚热带山地丘陵红壤区植被受人为严重破坏后,表土易遭侵蚀,是我国仅次于黄土高原的严重侵蚀区,并形成了大面积的侵蚀退化生态系统。该区先后对此类退化系统生态进行了许多恢复与重建工作,植被覆盖发生了巨大变化,并在植物多样性、土壤肥力、水源涵养、营养元素循环、能量流动等方面做了许多有益的研究与探索[1~6],但目前有关植被恢复对土壤有机质尤其是轻组有机质影响的研究比较缺乏。土壤有机质是土壤质量和健康的重要指标,对维持土壤生产力具有重要作用[7]。利用密度分组技术可将土壤有机质分成轻组(Light fraction,LF)和重组(Heavy fraction,HF),轻组有机质主要由部分分解的植物残体     

红壤侵蚀退化地综合治理范式研究进展

红壤区是我国水土流失最严重的区域之一,尤其是一些山地丘陵,土壤贫瘠,水土流失剧烈,治理难度较大。为了加快这些地区的水土流失治理与生态恢复,开展治理范式研究成为当前的热点和社会需求。本文在介绍范式概念的基础上,分析了红壤侵蚀退化地的概况,系统总结归纳了现有综合治理模式的类型、功能、特点等研究现状。针对目前治理模式存在的问题,提出了应从结构、功能、调控机理及适宜性方面开展红壤侵蚀退化地治理范式的研究。     

于都县实施生态恢复试验研究

为了探索江西省于都县低效小老头松林的改造模式，提升退化马尾松林的生态系统服务功能，中科院江西省千烟洲红壤丘陵综合开发试验站与于都县水保局合作建立了于都生态恢复试验研究基地（简称基地）。     

亚热带红壤严重退化生态系统封禁管理后生物多样性的恢复

南方花岗岩发育的红壤由于严重的土壤侵蚀，生态系统退化严重，恢复与重建功能良好的生态系统是当前极炒迫切的任务，研究者在福建省长汀县河田镇对未治理的侵蚀地（严重退化生态系统）,封禁管理措施恢复的马尾松林和村边残存的乡土林（风水林）群落进行植被调查的基础上，研究了植物物种多样性的恢复情况，结果表明：严重退化生态系统植被稀少，植物区系组成简单，生物多样性各种指数最低；生态系统恢复重建后，植被覆盖恢复，植物种类增加，区组成向复杂化方向发展，各多样性指数增大，乡土林物种最为丰富，区系组成较为复杂，多样性指数最大，因此，严重退化生态系统经封禁管理措施恢复后，生态系统的植物物种多样性有了很大程度的恢复，但与乡土林相比，还有较大差距。     

闽西红壤侵蚀区生态退化及恢复研究进展

闽西红壤侵蚀区是我国丘陵红壤地带典型的强度土壤侵蚀区,几十年来在生态恢复方面取得了明显效果,已成为地区水土流失治理的典范。本文就闽西红壤侵蚀区的生态退化特征和机制,退化生态系统的生态恢复措施及评价、生态恢复的过程及机理进行综述,探讨了闽西红壤区生态恢复当前研究中存在的问题,并对未来的研究提出了展望。     

非干旱造林困难地区植被恢复的科学检讨及建议

西北黄土高原、华南花岗岩丘陵、南方岩溶山地和西南干热河谷既是我国水土流失严重地区 ,也是非干旱气候区的造林困难地区。以上 4区的大部分地区可以依靠生态修复恢复植被 ,但C层大面积裸露的华南花岗岩丘陵、严重石漠化的岩溶山地和侵蚀强烈的干热河谷泥岩坡地 ,通过生态修复恢复植被难度较大 ,应辅以工程整地、引进外来树种和种植植物篱、藤本植物等人工措施 ,促进植被自然恢复     

冀西北山地水土流失与生态重建

分析了冀西北山地水土流失的现状与原因,认为造成其水土流失的根本原因是脆弱生态因子导致山地生态系统的退化.而退化生态系统的恢复应依靠含有人工投入的生态重建方式.提出治理冀西北山地水土流失的有效生态重建途径是植被建设体系、径流调节体系、经济开发体系和社会行为体系.     

图们江流域地形条件在土壤生态功能评价中的作用

在图们江流域生态调查研究中,通过实地调查与观测,提出了对土壤生态系统功能进行评价的客观标准,并制定出地形条件影响土壤生态功能的变量指标。研究结果表明:1.图们江流域土壤生态功能随海拔高度的增加而减弱。其生态功能强弱的垂直分异系列在丘陵山地中表现为:山地暗棕壤>丘陵暗棕壤>山地棕色针叶林土>山地苔原土;在台地中表现为:台地白浆土>高台地白浆土>低台地白浆土。2.图们江流域,地形直接控制着当地气候和生物,尤其制约着水、热条件的垂直变化。因而它就成了限制土壤生态功能的主要因素。而植被的破坏与水土流失则加剧了土壤生态功能的退化。3.土壤动物类群和数量的变化是衡量土壤生态功能强弱、进化与退化的重要指标。     

中国华北地区近40年物候春季变化

根据华北地区7个观测站物候资料,分析了华北地区1963-1996年及北京1963-2005年物候春季的变化特征及其与气温的关系。结果表明:华北地区的物候春季有明显提早来临的趋势,而造成这一变化的主要因素是本地区近40 a来冬春季气温的明显上升。其中1963-1996年间华北地区1-3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了2.3℃与1.7℃,物候春季起止日期分别提前了9d和4d,因而使得春季长度也延长了5d;北京1963-2003年间1-3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了3.5℃与2.6℃,物候春季的起止日期分别提前了11d和10d,但春季长度没有明显变化。     

Sediment denitrification in waterways in a rice-paddy-dominated watershed in eastern China

Purpose

Rice-paddy-dominated watersheds in eastern China are intensively cultivated, and lands with two crops receive as much as 550–600 kg?ha^–1?year^–1 of nitrogen (N), mainly through the addition of N-based fertilizers. However, stream N concentrations have been found to be relatively low. Waterways in the watersheds are assumed to be effective “sinks” for N, minimizing its downstream movement. We directly measured net sediment denitrification rates in three types of waterways (ponds, streams/rivers, and a reservoir) and determined the key factors that control net sediment denitrification. Such information is essential for evaluating the impact of the agricultural N cycle on the quality of surface water.

Materials and methods

The pond–stream–reservoir continuum was sampled every 2 months at nine sites in an agricultural watershed between November 2010 and December 2011. Net sediment N₂ fluxes/net sediment denitrification rates were determined by membrane inlet mass spectrometry and the N₂/Ar technique. A suite of parameters known to influence denitrification were also measured.

Results and discussion

Net denitrification rates ranged between 28.2?±?18.2 and 674.3?±?314.5 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the streams, 23.7?±?23.9 and 121.2?±?38.7 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the ponds, and 41.8?±?17.7 and 239.3?±?49.8 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the reservoir. The mean net denitrification rate of the stream sites (173.2?±?248.4 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1) was significantly higher (p?<?0.001) than that of the pond sites (48.3?±?44.5 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1), and the three types of waterways all had significantly higher (p?<?0.01) mean net denitrification rates in summer than in other seasons. Linear regression and linear mixed effect model analysis showed that nitrate (NO₃ ^?–N) concentration in surface water was the primary controlling factor for net sediment denitrification, followed by water temperature. Using monitoring data on NO₃ ^?–N concentrations and temperature of the surface water of waterways and an established linear mixed effect model, total N removed through net sediment denitrification in the pond–stream–reservoir continuum was estimated at 46.8?±?24.0 t?year^–1 from July 2007 to June 2009, which was comparable with earlier estimates based on the mass balance method (34.3?±?12.7 t?year^–1), and accounted for 83.4 % of the total aquatic N. However, the total aquatic N was only 4.4 % of the total N input to the watershed, and thus most of the surplus N in the watershed was likely to be either denitrified or stored in soil.

Conclusions

High doses of N in a rice-paddy-dominated watershed did not lead to high stream N concentrations due to limited input of N into waterways and the high efficiency of waterways in removing N through denitrification.     

天津半干旱地区不同种植年限菜田土壤微生物变化特征的研究

对天津周边半干旱地区不同种植年限的菜田土壤微生物状况调查研究表明 ,该地区土壤微生物以细菌为主 ,夏季微生物总量大大高于冬季 ;随着种菜年限的增加 ,耕层和亚耕层微生物总量都有增加趋势 ,其中细菌和放线菌增加明显 ,真菌有下降趋势 ;真菌类群分析表明 ,少数纤维素分解菌 ,如青霉 (Penicillium)、木霉 (Trichoderma)等为优势菌 ,而糖和木质素分解菌仅占少数。用尖孢镰刀霉 (Fusariumuoxysporum)、大肠杆菌 (Escherichia coli)接种不同种菜年限土壤 ,检测土壤拮抗菌状况发现 ,拮抗菌仅在种植年限长的老菜田的放线菌中发现。表明北方半干旱地区菜田土壤细菌为优势菌 ,主要存在于土壤微孔隙中 ;而适于生活在土壤疏松大孔隙中的真菌数量极少。应注意土壤结构的改良 ,为丰富土壤微生物提供良好的生态环境     

天津半干旱地区不同种植年限菜田土壤微生物变化特征的研究

对天津周边半干旱地区不同种植年限的菜田土壤微生物状况调查研究表明 ,该地区土壤微生物以细菌为主 ,夏季微生物总量大大高于冬季 ;随着种菜年限的增加 ,耕层和亚耕层微生物总量都有增加趋势 ,其中细菌和放线菌增加明显 ,真菌有下降趋势 ;真菌类群分析表明 ,少数纤维素分解菌 ,如青霉 (Penicillium)、木霉 (Trichoderma)等为优势菌 ,而糖和木质素分解菌仅占少数。用尖孢镰刀霉 (Fusariumuoxysporum)、大肠杆菌 (Escherichia coli)接种不同种菜年限土壤 ,检测土壤拮抗菌状况发现 ,拮抗菌仅在种植年限长的老菜田的放线菌中发现。表明北方半干旱地区菜田土壤细菌为优势菌 ,主要存在于土壤微孔隙中 ;而适于生活在土壤疏松大孔隙中的真菌数量极少。应注意土壤结构的改良 ,为丰富土壤微生物提供良好的生态环境     

Trends in soil science in Switzerland

Phytoremediation is an emerging technology based on the use of green plants to remove, contain, inactivate or destroy harmful environmental pollutants. Recent developments in Europe and the USA show that the approach is somewhat different on both sides of the Atlantic. In Europe, phytoremediation has more basically been research driven and, based on the outcomes, applications have been envisaged. By contrast, the approach in the USA is more application and experience driven. In spite of a growing track record of commercial success, more demonstration projects are needed to prove that phytoremediation is effective in order to rigorously measure its underlying economics, and to expand its applications. More fundamental research is also required to better understand the complex interactions between pollutants, soil, plant roots and micro-organisms at the rhizosphere level, to increase the bioavailability of pollutants, to fully exploit the metabolic diversity of plants and, thus, to successfully implement this new green technology.     

沈阳市城市表土中微生物区系变化的初步研究

在沈阳市远郊-近郊-市区等不同城市化水平区内选取林地、草地和路边土几种不同利用方式下的表层土壤,对土壤中的微生物状况进行了初步分析。结果表明,随着城市化水平的提高,土壤中微生物的数量表现为明显的减少趋势。其中变化较大的是细菌,而真菌和放线菌的变化不明显。     

Patterns in trace elements in lichens

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - Epiphytic lichens were sampled in a Dutch national monitoring survey, which was carried out twice within 5 yr. The samples were analyzed by neutron activation...     

Trace metals in precipitation in Sweden

Trace metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn) concentrations in atmospheric precipitation have been routinely monitored in Sweden since the autumn of 1983. Concentrations are highest in southern Sweden and decrease northward. It is postulated that the long range transport of anthropogenic pollutants from the rest of Europe is the major source of Cd, Pb, and Zn in precipitation. Evidence for this hypothesis is that enrichment factors indicate anthropogenic origin, and Swedish atmospheric emissions of Zn and Cd are 2 to 3 times smaller than deposition fluxes. Also, Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations are correlated in both space and time and are also well correlated with exSO₄ ⁺, a substance known to be of anthropogenic origin transported long distances.     

Variation in ozone concentration in relation to local climate in south-west Sweden

Ozone (O₃) concentration and air temperature/relative humidity were monitored using diffusive samplers (weekly, 3 m above ground) and Tinytag loggers (10 min sampling, 1 m above ground, self-ventilating radiation shields), respectively, in the forested landscape of south-west Sweden, 40 km north-east of Gothenburg. Two forest sites were included, one at a hilltop (175 m a.s.l.), and one in a nearby (～1 km) valley (110 m a.s.l.). In addition, a valley site (～3 km from the forest sites, 60 m a.s.l.) in an agricultural landscape was included, where ozone was measured using both a UV-based monitor and diffusive sampling. At the agricultural site measurements of temperature and relative humidity were made using a radiation shield with forced ventilation and with Tinytags, as on the forest sites, in addition to observations of wind speed and the vertical temperature gradient. Furthermore, comparison with O₃ concentrations at urban and coastal sites in the region was made. The temperature dependent, systematic error of using a self-ventilating radiation shield was estimated and corrected for. It was found that the elevated forested site experienced higher O₃ concentrations and lower evening cooling rates in calm situations as compared to the forest site in the valley and in particular as compared to the agricultural site. This can be explained by a stronger coupling with the planetary boundary layer at the elevated site and more pronounced night-inversions at the valley sites. The difference in weekly O₃ concentration between the two forested sites was correlated with the difference in average minimum night-time temperature. The coastal site had the highest ozone concentrations, related largely, but not fully, to higher night-time O₃ concentrations. The urban site showed a depression in O₃ concentration associated with the combination of large NO emissions and slow air mixing during the morning traffic rush hours.     

不同种植模式下菜地土壤腐殖质组分特性的动态变化

通过在南京普朗克有机农场开展的9年长期定位监测,研究了有机(露地和大棚)和常规种植模式下蔬菜地耕层土壤有机碳和土壤腐殖质组分特性的动态变化。结果表明,有机露地、有机大棚和常规露地种植土壤有机碳含量分别从11.41、9.29、9.00 g k g-1提高至15.35、20.90、10.00 g kg-1;胡敏酸碳(CHA)分别从1.79、1.23、1.14 g kg-1提高至2.11、3.11、1.31 g kg-1;富里酸碳(CFA)分别从2.19、1.88、1.73 g kg-1提高至2.44、2.68、1.91 g kg-1。两种有机种植模式的土壤有机碳及腐殖质组分含量增加达到显著水平,而常规种植模式下的变化不显著。两种有机种植模式下表征土壤腐殖质品质的胡/富比(CHA/CFA)、胡敏酸占总腐殖物质的比例(PQ值)均高于常规种植模式,土壤富里酸的E4/E6值、色调系数(ΔlogK)值随着种植时间增加的幅度较常规种植模式更大,土壤胡敏酸芳化度呈现先降低后增高的趋势,但在常规种植下变化不明显。说明土壤在长期有机种植模式下不仅更有利于土壤有机碳的积累,而且能促进土壤腐殖化进程。