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1.
Soaking the seeds of most upland plants in water before sowing results in poor germination. Varietal differences in flooding tolerance of seeds have been reported in maize, soybean, barley and so on. This study was conducted to evaluate the varietal difference in wheat (2n = 42) seeds to soaking injury and to examine the importance of ethanol accumulation and seed coat as determinants of flooding tolerance. Of 342 varieties tested, many from Asia appeared more tolerant of flooding than the varieties from the Middle East. Soak-induced inhibition of germination and amounts of ethanol excreted were increased with soaking duration. Seeds of 26 wheat varieties were soaked 8 days at 20 °. Subsequent germination was correlated with amounts of ethanol excreted. Seeds with a red-colored coat exhibited higher tolerance to flooding than white ones, however, a varietal difference existed even in the case where the seed coat was peeled. These data suggest that soak-induced inhibition of wheat seed germination relates to accumulation of ethanol rather than seed coat color. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

2.
选用黑、白芝麻为材料,通过(58±1)℃人工老化处理后的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数以及种子浸泡液中电导率和糖含量、丙二醛含量和过氧化物酶活性的测定。试验结果表明,2种芝麻随着老化时间的延长,种子生活力发生不同程度的下降,白芝麻的下降幅度比黑芝麻的大。电导率、糖含量和丙二醛含量则随着种子老化程度的加剧而上升,过氧化物酶活性则下降。各指标间的相关分析显示,在相同的老化时间下黑芝麻的活力较白芝麻要高,以浸泡液的糖含量指示油料种子芝麻老化程度不合适。  相似文献   

3.
Summary A landrace seed lot of runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus L.), obtained from the Budapest region, Hungary, was separated into five seed groups according to seed coat colour. 131 plants were grown randomly, and observed for 27 morphological and physiological characters. The collected data were analysed by ANOVA.Numerical taxonomy of the data employed Principal Components Analysis to generate scatter diagrams and Cluster Analysis to generate dendrograms, both before and after removing data on the four anthocyanin colour characters (seed coat, calyx, stem and flower colour) as these characters are probably controlled by a single major gene. The progenies from the five distinct parental seed groups showed much overlap in characteristics, indicating that they were not distinct lines but comprised a largely panmictic population.Some character associations were detected: plants from white seeds matured significantly later than those from black seeds, plants from white seeds with a few dark spots produced seeds significantly heavier than average, whereas those from white or black seeds produced significantly lighter seeds, although the average seed yield per plant did not differ significatly.  相似文献   

4.
A. H. Eenink 《Euphytica》1981,30(1):71-76
Summary For the production of inbred lines and F1 hybrids in witloof-chicory information is wanted on characteristics such as the incompatibility system. These characteristics can only be studied properly if the influence of temperature and physiological status of the plant on pollen germination and seed production is known. Investigations were carried out with 9 self-incompatible (SI) and 6 self-compatible (SC) clones in glasshouses of the IVT phytotron at constant temperatures of 10, 14, 17, 20, 23 and 26°C. In general, in vivo pollen germination percentages were rather low after self pollination with an optimum for germination around 17–20°C. No seeds were formed at the lowest temperature (10°C) while seed production for SC clones was usually (rather) good at higher temperatures. At 26°C seed production in some clones decreased. Both pollen germination and seed production decreased at the end of the flowering period. There was a rather positive relationship at e.g. 17 and 20°C between pollen germination after selfing and seed production. When no pollen germination was observed, no seed formation occurred. When pollen grains did germinate, seed development would not necessarily occur in all cases. So this relationship only enables negative mass selection for SC.  相似文献   

5.
Genetic improvement of soybean varieties released in India from 1969 to 1993   总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11  
Summary Soybean is an important oilseed crop in India and varieties with high yield potential are being developed since 1969. This study was conducted to assess the impact of breeding on yield and plant characteristics during the last 25 years. A 3-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate forty three soybean varieties belonging to two different selection cycles and representing most of the varieties developed in the domestic breeding programme of India from 1969 to 1993. Varieties resulting from selection cycle 1 showed 4 times higher seed yield and harvest index as compared to the farm traditional variety Kalitur. This yield increase was due to an increase in biomass, pods plant–1, mean seed weight and longer seed filling duration, but a reduced plant height and improved lodging tolerance, less seeds pod–1 and early flowering and maturity dates. The varieties of selection cycle 2 showed 19% higher seed yields and 16% increase in harvest index over selection cycle 1 accompanied by longer seed filling duration, more seeds pod–1 and reduced plant height. The annual genetic gain in seed yield of soybean varieties released in India from 1969 to 1993 was approximately 22 kg ha–1.  相似文献   

6.
Summary Rice varieties were screened for chilling tolerance during germination and vegetative growth using different techniques. The effects of temperature during germination were investigated from 10 to 25°C. The screening was most effective at 10°C. Time of data collection has to be considered in order to discriminate slow germinating from chilling sensitive varieties. Chilling survival tests (10°C) applied at the 2-leaf stage revealed that different chilling durations brought complementary results: the longer treatments allowed to identify the most tolerant varieties, while shorter treatments allowed to distinguish intermediate from most sensitive rices. Results of chilling tests applied at the 2- and the 8-leaf stages showed a high correlation. Low-temperature electrolyte leakage and low-temperature fluorescence were also highly correlated to each other and to survival tests applied at the same development stage. By contrast, weak correlations were observed between low-temperature germination and plantlet chilling survival. It is concluded that low-temperature electrolyte leakage and low-temperature fluorescence are good indicators of chilling tolerance during the vegetative growth. The possibility to use a chilling screening procedure applied at this stage in order to predict the chilling tolerance at other development stages is discussed.  相似文献   

7.
The effects of incubation temperature on germination of intact and dehusked japonica rice that had been harvested every 5 days from 10 days after anthesis (DAA) to 70 DAA were surveyed. At 30 °C incubation, the germination percentage of intact seeds at 25 DAA exceeded that of dehusked seeds. This tendency persisted until 65 DAA, when around 95% of both intact and dehusked seeds germinated. Germination percentages of intact seeds incubated at 20 °C were lower than seeds incubated at 30 °C for all DAA. However, germination percentages of dehusked seeds incubated at 20 °C were consistently higher than at 30 °C. Germination percentages of intact and dehusked seeds were similar at 20 °C incubation. Germination of intact seeds under 34/11 °C (16/8 h) was higher than at 30 °C. In contrast, germination of dehusked seeds under 34/11 °C (16/8 h) was lower than at 30°C. Inhibitory effects of removing husk on germination were observed from 15 to 70 DAA. Almost all of the intact seeds at 45 DAA germinated when imbibed 35, 30 and 25 °C, and germination percentages decreased with decreasing incubation temperatures from 20 to 15 °C. By contrast, germination percentage of dehusked seeds was highest in 20 °C incubation temperature; further increase or decrease of incubation temperature reduced germination percentage. The optimum germination temperature of intact and dehusked seeds of japonica rice differs during seed formation, such that the extent of germination inhibition by husk removal depends on the incubation temperature.  相似文献   

8.
Summary A non-destructive method has been developed to select common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants whose growth is less effected at a suboptimal temperature. Shoot weight was determined at a suboptimal (14°C) and optimal temperature (20°C), 38 days after sowing and accessions identified with a significantly lower than average weight reduction at 14°C compared to their weight at 20°C. Weight of primary leaves and of the shoot was correlated with seed weight at both temperatures, but no correlation was found between shoot weight reduction at 14°C and seed weight.  相似文献   

9.
Cardamom is a popular and important tropical spice, traditionally propagated by rhizomes, although seeds which are considered recalcitrant are being increasingly used in planting programmes. Thus a study evaluated the effects of pod maturity on pod, seed and germination characteristics of three popular varieties, along with the influence of drying on seed germinability.
Green and yellow mature pods and seeds of all varieties had a high moisture content. The variety Mysore, which is considered high yielding, had larger pods with a greater number of heavy seeds. Although the pods of Vazukka were heavier than the Malabar variety due to greater seed weights, seed numbers were similar in both varieties. Seed moisture contents declined with increasing pod maturity, while seed weights and germinability increased.
The germinability of Mysore seeds were greater, while that of the other varieties were lower. The larger seeds of all varieties germinated 15–20 days earlier, giving rise to a greater percentage (20–25 %) of seedlings. Desiccation at 20 °C maintained germinability for a longer period (5–9 days) in all varieties, than when dried at 30 °C. The seeds of the variety Mysore was more tolerant to desiccation than other varieties. The study illustrated the importance of selecting large seeds from yellow mature pods of cardamom for propagation and the value of establishment immediately after harvest to obtain a greater number of seedlings.  相似文献   

10.
Defoliation during maize (Zea mays L.) kernel development has been observed to induce tolerance to cold of germinating seeds in responsive genotypes. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the response to defoliation of immature embryo and mature seed germinability at cold and to verify if the response was influenced by the developmental stage at which the treatment was applied. In three environments, six inbred lines (B73, IABO78, Lo1016, Lo964, Mo17, Os420) were defoliated (D) approximately 20 days after pollination (DAP) or not defoliated (ND). Immature embryos were excised three days after defoliation and germinated in vitro at 9 or 25 C. At maturation, kernel germination was tested at the same temperatures. Defoliation improved cold tolerance and mean time to germination (MTG) at 9 C of both embryos and kernels of Lo1016. To study the effect of kernel developmental stage on response to defoliation, plants of B73, Lo1016 and Lo964 were defoliated at 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, 36, and 39 DAP, or not defoliated. At the same DAP, immature grains were analyzed for dry weight, water and abscisic acid (ABA) content. In Lo1016, low amounts of kernel ABA were detected at all stages, while in Lo964 and B73 ABA increased during development. Lo1016 mature kernels showed an improvement of cold tolerance due to defoliation at all times, while the other genotypes did not. In conclusion inbred lines showed variability for mature seed and immature embryo tolerance to cold at germination and for the ability to acquire tolerance after defoliation.  相似文献   

11.
破除菜豆种子硬实方法初探   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
研究运用热水浸种和机械破损种皮等物理方法,初步探索了菜豆种子硬实形成的原因和打破硬实的方法。试验结果表明:种子硬实现象与种子体积、种子百粒重(重量)成低度负相关。应用划破种皮方法可以使菜豆8天后发芽率由33%上升到97%;80℃热水浸种2 min和5 min方法处理种子,8天后发芽率由33%分别提高到98%和91%。上述3种方法均可以打破菜豆硬实现象,使菜豆种子的发芽率达到或超过标准,说明菜豆硬实种子的形成机理主要与种皮致密透水性差有关。在生产实践中从操作简便和成本的角度考虑,使用80℃热水浸种2 min处理种子打破硬实是最佳选择。  相似文献   

12.
Summary Eleven populations of Brassica napus L. and twelve populations of B. campestris L. were subjected to three cycles of selection for fast germination at 2°C and at 25°C. The seeds from the selected populations, and unselected control populations grown in the same environment as the selected populations, were examined for germination behaviour at 2°C and 25°C, and for growth behaviour at 10°C. The populations in both species responded differently in terms of germination behaviour to selection for fast germination. In most of the populations that did respond positively to selection, selection practised at 2°C was superior to selection at 25°C in improving percent germination at 2°C, and was as good as the selection at 25°C in improving germination rate at the higher temperature. Selection for fast germination had no effect on growth characteristics of B. napus and B. campestris populations grown at 10°C. Thus, selection for fast germination at one low temperature may lead to improvement in germination characteristics over a range of temperatures, but will not necessarily lead to improved growth performance of the selected populations.  相似文献   

13.
S. A. Bowes 《Euphytica》1990,48(3):275-278
Summary Three methods for the long-term storage of narcissus pollen were compared; anthers in glass vials held in a desiccator with calcium chloride at 2°C, and polypropylene straws containing either anthers or naked pollen immersed in liquid nitrogen. Pollen from all storage treatments showed 15–16% germination in vitro after 3 days, compared with 27.4% for fresh pollen. Seed set per pod using pollen stored for 3 days was comparable to that of fresh pollen. However, after 351 days, pollen from anthers at 2°C exhibited only 0.1% germination and failed to set seed whereas no further change in germination rate was recorded for pollen from the two liquid nitrogen treatments and seed set was still equivalent to fresh pollen.  相似文献   

14.
Summary In vitro pollen germination at 10°C, 14°C and 22°C of four groups of two pure line tomato varieties was compared with their plant growth at 19°C D/10°C N under controlled environmental conditions. Generally, pollen germination was slow at 10°C but after 6 h the percentage of germination was similar to that at 22°C. Maximum germination was obtained at 14°C already after 4 h. The longest pollen tubes occurred at 22°C. The two varieties within each group differed significantly from each other for percentage of pollen germination. For one group, this difference was greater at 10°C than at 22°C. The varieties in two groups also differed significantly for pollen tube growth. These differences in pollen tube growth rate were greater at 22°C than at 10°C. There was no clear relationship between pollen germination, pollen tube growth and plant growth in any of the four pairs of varieties. The results are discussed with regard to the possibility of pollen selection at low temperature in order to improve the efficiency of breeding for growth at low temperature.  相似文献   

15.
Summary The green sepals in linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) persist till almost the time of fruit ripening. Since the plant retains very few leaves and the fruits are better exposed to receive sunlight, the green sepals may be important in fruit and seed development. Influence of the removal of 0, 1, 3 and 5 sepals on the day of anthesis, 7, 15 and 25 days after anthesis on fruit and seed development was examined. Excision of all the fine sepals on the day of anthesis stopped fruit and seed development in the varieties M 10 and NP (RR) 45 but in Mukta the reduction was about 55%. Removal of three sepals also decreased fruit growth in Mukta and NP (RR) 45. The effect of removal of sepals was more pronounced on the number of seeds per fruit than on seed weight. Sepals fixed 14CO2 and translocated 14C to seeds. However, the 14CO2 fixation was maximum at early stages of fruit development, whereas a higher percentage of the fixed 14C was translocated at later stages of growth. It is suggested that the sepal size in linseed could be a useful selection criterion.  相似文献   

16.
丛磊  刘燕 《种子》2004,23(8):45-48,76
为了寻找适宜山楂种子快速萌发的措施,对11个种(品种)山楂种子分别采取干湿交替、浓硫酸浸泡及两种处理相结合3种方法,致使种壳开裂或裂缝后,然后在恒温及变温条件下沙藏3~4个月,播种后检查发芽率.结果表明,各种山楂种子发芽率的差异与种子的千粒重、种壳厚度、处理方法、低温方式等密切相关.根据千粒重、种壳厚度相似性进行归类研究得出,大粒型种子适宜采用干湿交替或浓硫酸处理、变温沙藏;中、小粒型种子适宜采用干湿交替、恒温沙藏;未处理种子适宜采用变温沙藏.  相似文献   

17.
In marginal, agroclimatic zones, yield is often affected by flooding, but the effect is much less for winter spelt (Triticum spelta L.) than for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). This study evaluates the reaction of a wheat x spelt population (F5 RILs of Forno x Oberkulmer) to flooding stress in the early phase of germination. Lines with greater tolerance to 48 h flooding just after imbibition showed less electrolyte leakage (r = -0.79) indicating greater membrane integrity and better survival. Five QTL explaining 40.6% of the phenotypic variance for survival to flooding were found, and localized on the chromosomes 2B, 3B,5A, and 7S. The tolerance to 48 h flooding four days after sowing was best correlated with the mean germination time (r = 0.8), indicating that the plants with a fast coleoptile growth during flooding are less susceptible to flooding. Ten QTL were found for seedling growth index after flooding explaining 35.5% of the phenotypic variance. They were localized on chromosomes 2A, 2B, 2D, 3A, 4B, 5A, 5B, 6A, and 7S. Standard varieties of spelt and wheat showed the same tolerance characteristics. The possibility to use marker assisted selection for flooding tolerance is discussed. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

18.
Summary The effect of temperature on seed set and embryo development in reciprocal crosses of barley and wheat was assessed in crosses involving two spring barley varieties (Betzes, Martonvásári 50) and one wheat variety (Chinese Spring). Detached tillers placed in nutrient solution were pollinated in controlled environments at constant day-night temperature regimes (12, 15, 18 and 21° C) with a light intensity of 30,000 lux and a relative humidity of 80%. When barley was used as the female, lower temperatures (12 and 15° C) produced the maximum seed set, whereas for the reciprocal cross, the highest temperature (21° C) produced the best seed set in the Chinese Spring × Betzes combination.Low temperature retarded the embryo development. The highest numbers of hybrid plants were produced at 18° C and 21° C in the barley × wheat cross and in the wheat × barley cross, respectively. Embryos of about 1.5 mm length in the barley × wheat cross, and of about 1.0 mm length in the wheat × barley cross germinated successfully. The smallest embryo giving rise to hybrid plants was 0.57 mm in the barley × wheat cross and 0.51 mm in the wheat × barley cross.  相似文献   

19.
Summary The effect of temperature on fruit set, seed set and seed germination was studied in Sonia × Hadley Hybrid Tea-rose crosses. Sonia mother bushes were grown at constant temperatures (10, 14, 18, 22, 26°C) in the greenhouses of the phytotron until fruit ripening. Fruit set, fruit weight and number of seeds increased as temperature was higher. Optimum temperatures were found for days to fruit ripening (18°C), seed germination (22°C) and number of seedlings per pollinated flower (22°C). Fruit weight and number of seeds were positively correlated. For crossing and the subsequent growing of seed-bearing plants 22°C was the most favourable temperature. Effects of temperature on pollen tube growth, fertilization and seed germination are discussed.  相似文献   

20.
Summary Application of heat during self-pollination of open flowers by means of an electric mini soldering iron resulted in seed set in self-incompatible Brassica oleracea varieties. Temperatures of 60, 70 and 80°C were tested. Compared with bud-pollination, in some cases the so-called thermally aided pollination (TAP) method, gave a considerably higher seed yield at 70 and 80°C. In view of the ease and rapidity of TAP it should be ascertained how far this method can replace bud-pollination in maintaining inbred lines. The possible mechanism behind the TAP response is briefly discussed.  相似文献   

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