抑藻剂S—06对赤潮藻酶活性的影响

利用一种植物中的提取物S-06为抑藻材料,研究其抑制赤潮藻的机制,即对超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）2种关键酶的影响,以便更好地应用于赤潮防治的实践中。     

塔玛亚历山大藻对海湾扇贝胚胎发育过程的影响

研究了塔玛亚历山大藻（Alexandrium tamarense）ATHK株对海湾扇贝受精卵孵化的影响,并探讨了可能的影响机制。将海湾扇贝受精卵暴露于不同密度的塔玛亚历山大藻ATHK中,观察其对胚胎孵化各阶段的影响,并利用光镜和透射电镜对实验组和对照组胚胎的外部形态和内部结构进行连续观察。结果表明：该藻对海湾扇贝受精卵孵化有显著的抑制作用,其IC50约为800 mL-1;2000 mL-1的ATHK延缓或破坏了胚胎的正常发育,胚胎内部出现大量溶酶体,原肠胚腔不能形成,且部分细胞出现胞质肿胀、线粒体自溶的现象,细胞不能进行正常的功能性分化;观察发现实验组中有些担轮幼虫的外形畸变,鞭毛发育迟缓;至24 h（D型幼虫）时,ATHK组中的D型幼虫数量远远低于对照组（P<0.05）,且死亡率明显高于对照组。观察还发现ATHK藻细胞和胚胎碰撞接触的现象,这种碰撞接触可能对有害物质的释放和转移有一定的刺激作用。     

磷浓度对２种有毒亚历山大藻生长和产毒力的影响

采用显微镜细胞计数和标准藻毒监测方法—小鼠生物法,研究了4种磷浓度0µmol•L-1、1.8µmol•L-1、3.6µmol•L-1和5.4µmol•L-1对有毒甲藻塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)和微小亚历山大藻(Alexandtium minutum)的生长和产毒力的影响。结果表明,磷浓度对两种甲藻的生长和产毒能力都有显著性影响(p<0.05)。3.6µmol•L-1磷浓度组的塔玛亚历山大藻密度显著高于其它3个磷浓度组,0µmol•L-1磷浓度组显著低于其它3个磷浓度组。微小亚力山大藻在1.8µmol•L-1、3.6µmol•L-1和5.4µmol•L-1磷浓度下生长没显著性差异(p>0.05)。但在0µmol•L-1磷浓度下生长缓慢,藻密度显著低于其它3个有磷组。0µmol•L-1磷浓度下塔玛亚历山大藻和微小亚历山大藻的产毒能力最高, 显著高于其它磷浓度组(p<0.05),分别为3 MU•10000cells-1和5.2MU•10000cells-1。其它磷浓度组两种有毒甲藻的产毒能力没有显著性差异(p>0.05)。     

塔玛亚历山大藻产麻痹性贝类毒素能力的研究

为探究塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)产麻痹性贝类毒素(paralytic shellfish poisoning,PSP)的能力,通过设置不同空间效应、盐度和营养素浓度对塔玛亚历山大藻进行培养,分析不同培养条件下塔玛亚历山大藻产麻痹性贝类毒素的能力.结果表明:1)塔玛亚历山大藻中至少含有1...     

塔玛亚历山大藻对中国明对虾鳃组织的氧化胁迫和对Caspase基因(FcCasp)表达的影响

选择在中国分离得到的一株能产生麻痹性贝毒(Paralytic Shellfish Poison, PSP)的赤潮甲藻塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense) ATHK株, 研究其对中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)鳃组织氧化胁迫和Caspase基因(FcCasp)表达的影响。将中国明对虾分别暴露于200 cells/mL 和1 000 cells/mL塔玛亚历山大藻中, 于胁迫后3、6、12、24、48、72和96 h测定鳃的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量和FcCasp基因相对表达量, 以不加藻的过滤海水作为对照。结果表明, 在200 cells/mL塔玛亚历山大藻胁迫下, SOD活性、GST活性、MDA含量和FcCasp相对表达量均随取样时间推移表现出先上升后下降的趋势。而在1 000 cells/mL塔玛亚历山大藻胁迫下, SOD活性随时间增加呈现先升高后降低的趋势, 在24~96 h 被显著抑制(P<0.05), GST活性除3和48 h外均被显著抑制(P<0.05), MDA含量和FcCasp相对表达量均整体表现上升的趋势, 呈现出一定的时间效应。相关性分析显示, 塔玛亚历山大藻胁迫下, 中国明对虾鳃的MDA含量和FcCasp相对表达量呈正相关(P<0.05)。实验结果表明, 塔玛亚历山大藻可破坏中国明对虾氧化−抗氧化系统的平衡, 引发对虾鳃组织的脂质过氧化(LPO), 造成其氧化损伤, 从而导致FcCasp表达的上调。本实验结果为将SOD活性、GST活性和MDA含量作为生物标志物, 用于评价塔玛亚历山大藻胁迫提供了依据, 同时也为研究塔玛亚历山大藻对中国明对虾的危害机制提供了参考。

     

3种滤食性贝类对塔玛亚历山大藻的摄食研究

20 0 3年 4月在实验室内采用静水法 ,研究了长牡蛎、紫贻贝、栉孔扇贝对塔玛亚历山大藻的清滤率 (CR)和摄食率 (IR) ,实验时间持续 3d ,水温 17℃。实验中每 1种贝都分别投喂 :(1)叉鞭金藻 (对照藻 ) ,(2 )叉鞭金藻 +塔玛亚历山大藻去藻过滤液 1.5L ,(3)叉鞭金藻 +塔玛亚历山大藻细胞。结果表明 ,塔玛亚历山大藻过滤液 ,对 3种贝的清滤率的无明显影响 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;3种贝对塔玛亚历山大藻和叉鞭金藻混合液的清滤率与对照组相比明显降低 (P <0 .0 1) ;而对塔玛亚历山大藻的摄食率和保留率 3d间无显著变化 ;实验期间 ,随时间的变化 ,牡蛎对混合液的清滤率变化最大 ,贻贝次之 ,扇贝则无明显著变化 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;如果以摄食率作为指标 ,贻贝在控制赤潮方面的潜力较大 ,值得今后进一步研究。     

福建定海湾一次东海原甲藻与夜光藻双相赤潮浅析

通过对2010年6月7—13日发生在福建定海湾的一次东海原甲藻与夜光藻双相赤潮进行跟踪监测,分析并探讨了该次双相赤潮生消过程。本次赤潮暴发时海区表层水温范围为22.8~23.2℃,盐度范围为28.24~28.36;本次赤潮暴发后,监测结果显示该海区表层水体中夜光藻的大量存在对东海原甲藻的快速增长无摄食压力,而且在夜光藻大量存在的表层水体中活性磷酸盐及氨氮含量与正常海区相比均明显偏高,另外海区表层水体中东海原甲藻在赤潮暴发后仍能快速生长。     

产麻痹性贝毒塔玛亚历山大藻共培养菌群的物种多样性研究

产毒赤潮藻与其共生菌的互作关系是揭示麻痹性贝毒(PSP)产生机制的关键,而其共培养菌群的分离及其多样性解析是开展此研究的必要前提。塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)是典型产PSP赤潮原因甲藻,为揭示其共培养菌群的物种多样性信息,本文通过免培养海洋微生物高通量测序技术,解析了东海塔玛亚历山大藻(at3#)共培养菌群的种类、丰度及多样性信息。结果表明,其共培养菌群共有87个种与已有数据库匹配,此外尚有5%的未知种。其包含57个属,其中优势菌属5个,分别为Rhodobacteraceae、Marinobacter、Methylophaga、Nitratireductor及Phycisphaera。研究表明东海产PSP塔玛亚历山大藻(at3#)含有物种丰富的共培养菌群,且具有发掘海洋特殊生境微生物新种属的良好潜力。     

塔玛亚历山大藻对中国明对虾肝胰腺和鳃SOD、GST和MDA的影响

本文选择在我国分离得到的一株能典型产生麻痹性贝毒(PSP,Paralytic Shellfish Poison)的有毒赤潮甲藻塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense,ATHK株),研究其是否能通过引发中国明对虾的脂质过氧化作用, 使机体产生过多活性氧自由基, 导致氧化损伤而发挥其毒性作用。塔玛亚历山大藻粗提液经肌肉注射方式染毒中国明对虾,于染毒后1、3、6、12、24和48 h 测定肝胰腺和鳃SOD,GST活力和MDA含量的影响。结果显示,染毒后 1-6 h, 对虾肝胰腺和鳃组织SOD,GST酶活力均增加,12和48h鳃组织的上述指标受到抑制。对虾肝胰腺MDA含量除1h外未见明显改变,鳃中MDA含量随时间增加呈升高趋势。研究表明：塔玛亚历山大藻粗提液在中国明对虾体内代谢过程中能诱导对虾产生活性氧自由基,塔玛亚历山大藻粗提液能诱导MDA含量增加,降低SOD和GST活力,能够引发鳃的脂质过氧化,对鳃造成氧化损伤。     

塔玛亚历山大藻毒素及其对中国对虾的急性毒性

利用美国分析化学家协会(Association of Official Analytical Chemists, AOAC)所推荐的小鼠生物法(mouse bioassay, MBA), 测定了塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)(ATHK藻株)毒素粗提液的麻痹性贝毒(paralytic shellfish poisoning, PSP)毒性;采用浸浴方式, 研究了该藻株对中国对虾的急性毒性; 采用HE染色方法, 分别对有毒藻浸浴处理和毒素粗提液注射处理后96 h中国对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)的鳃和肝胰腺石蜡切片进行观察。结果表明, 该藻株麻痹性贝毒毒性为3.9×10^–5 MU/cell (相当于7.3 pg STX Equal/cell), 在同种藻株中属低毒藻株; 在96 h急性毒性实验中, 塔玛亚历山大藻对中国对虾的半致死浓度(LC₅₀)为1.0×10⁴ cells/mL, 安全浓度(SC)为1.0×10³ cells/mL; 石蜡切片观察发现, 塔玛亚历山大藻与毒素粗提液分别引起了鳃和肝胰腺组织出现细胞肿胀、空泡化等病理变化。以上研究结果提示, 塔玛亚历山大藻对中国对虾有急性致死作用。为了保证中国对虾的健康养殖, 养殖水体中的塔玛亚历山大藻浓度至少应该控制在1.0×10³ cells/mL以下; 鳃的病变直接导致对虾窒息死亡可能是塔玛亚历山大藻暴露后对虾急性致死作用的最重要原因;塔玛亚历山大藻所产的PSP毒素可引起虾体代谢和解毒的主要器官—肝胰腺的病变。     

利玛原甲藻对湛江港多种鱼虾贝的毒性研究

2010年3月采集在湛江港爆发的利玛原甲藻赤潮海水,测定了湛江港利玛原甲藻赤潮海水对凡纳滨对虾虾苗、斑节对虾虾苗、菲律宾蛤仔、丽文蛤和乌塘鳢的毒性.结果表明,利玛原甲藻对2种虾苗有一定的毒性影响,其中对凡纳滨对虾虾苗的96 h半致死浓度为1.990×106个/L,对斑节对虾虾苗的96 h半致死浓度为1.214×106个...     

Development and application of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method for simple and rapid identification of the toxic dinoflagellates Alexandrium tamarense and Alexandrium catenella in cultured and natural seawater

ABSTRACT:   The toxic dinoflagellates Alexandrium tamarense (Lebour) Balech and A. catenella (Whedon and Kofoid) Balech produce potent neurotoxins, such as saxitoxin and gonyautoxin and have been mainly responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in Japan. To prevent a negative effect on the fishery industry, it is necessary to identify these toxic species precisely and rapidly before and during the bloom. In this paper, a rapid and simple protocol of a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method using ribosomal RNA (rRNA)-targeted probes has been established for identifying the cultured strains and natural cells of A. tamarense and A. catenella . Using the FISH method established in this study, it was possible to identify these toxic species species-specifically and rapidly, within 30 min. The procedure of detection constituted three steps: (i) fixation/dehydration; (ii) hybridization; and (iii) washing; this made the identification simple. Moreover, this method did not require either special techniques or equipment, and the cost for detection was low. The specificity, rapidity, and simplicity of the developed method suggest that it might be useful for routine monitoring of these toxic microalgae.     

Distribution and abundance of resting cysts of the toxic Alexandrium spp. (Dinophyceae) in sediments of the western Seto Inland Sea, Japan

Sediment samples were collected from 135 stations in the western part of the Seto Inland Sea (Iyo Nada, Suo Nada, Beppu Bay, Tokuyama Bay, Hiroshima Bay, Aki Nada, Hiuchi Nada and Bingo Nada) to determine the horizontal distribution and abundance of resting cysts of Alexandrium spp. ( A. tamarense  +  A. catenella ). Enumeration of the cysts was performed using the primuline-staining direct count method. Cysts of Alexandrium spp. were rarely found in Iyo Nada, Suo Nada and Beppu Bay, but were widely distributed in Tokuyama Bay, Hiroshima Bay, Aki Nada, Hiuchi Nada and Bingo Nada. Cyst concentrations ranged from not detected (ND) to 14, ND to 17, ND to 4, 93 to 8137, 8 to 4454, ND to 6, ND to 18 and 4–29 cysts/cm³ wet sediment in Iyo Nada, Suo Nada, Beppu Bay, Tokuyama Bay, Hiroshima Bay, Aki Nada, Hiuchi Nada and Bingo Nada, respectively. The majority of cysts occurred in Tokuyama Bay and Hiroshima Bay, where higher densities were observed in the inner bay and along the coastal margin. Relatively higher cyst concentrations were observed at stations with a higher mud content. The abundance of Alexandrium spp. cysts in western Seto Inland Sea is lower than in the eastern Seto Inland Sea, except for Tokuyama Bay and Hiroshima Bay. However, because sporadic blooms of Alexandrium have been observed, continuing monitoring is necessary to prevent paralytic shellfish poisoning outbreaks in this area.     

Isolation,Screening, and Identification of Proteolytic Lactic Acid Bacteria from Indigenous Chao Product

The aim of the study was to isolate, select, and identify proteolytic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from chao, a traditional fermented fish from Pangkajene and Kepulauan Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. LAB was isolated by poured plate method. Proteolytic LAB were selected using agar skim milk media. Protease activity of LAB was determined based on the amount of tyrosine released in unit/mL. Proteolytic LAB were identified using API 50 CHL kit and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The result showed that a total of 60 isolates were obtained from chao, and 57% of them were cocci-shape. Fifteen isolates were halotolerant proteolytic LAB. Their R values and protease activity were 2.11–3.39 and 0.267–0.304 U/mL, respectively. Identification by API 50 CHL kit showed that four rod-shape isolates were Lactobacillus plantarum, and two others were Lactobacillus curvatus. Cocci-shape isolates could not be identified as cocci bacterium. Rep-PCR results showed that there were two kinds of bands, namely thick and thin. Two isolates were selected from two types of bands that had the highest R for the analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences, namely Ags1-3 and Ags7-3. The results showed that Ags1-3 isolate was identified as Lactobacillus plantarum and Ags7-3 as Pediococcus acidilactici.     

鲍琼胶酶高产细菌的筛选和鉴定

从江蓠中分离筛选出两株琼胶酶高产菌,均为革兰氏阴性菌,呈细杆状。通过API条带分析,它们除了在对柠檬酸盐的利用上存在差别外,其它的生理生化特征基本相同,鉴定为多食鞘氨醇杆菌(Sphingobacteriummultivorum),其可信度分别是98.7%和99.5%。     

池塘养殖水体中土著反硝化细菌的分离与初步鉴定

池塘养殖水体水质恶化问题日益突出,尽管已有各种商品化微生态制剂,但水质净化修复效果始终未得到有效提高。通过采用定向分离、筛选、扩繁来自原生境的土著有益菌的方法进行生物修复,从而提高养殖废水的净化修复效果;该方法具有针对性强、效果佳、安全性高、成本低以及持续活性时间长、无二次污染等优点。2016年9月,从山西省运城黄河滩涂水产养殖主产区养殖中后期的池塘水体中定向分离筛选得到1株土著反硝化细菌,命名为YJ-1,使用奈氏试剂和格利斯试剂对其反硝化能力进行检测。结果显示,奈氏试剂显示黄色,格利斯试剂显示绛红色,说明在细菌培养24h后发酵液中产生了少部分的铵离子和较多的亚硝酸盐,菌落具有反硝化功能。经16SrDNA序列扩增与测定,片段长度为1 441bp。无根系统发育树分析显示,YJ-1与产酸克雷伯氏杆菌(Klebsiella oxytoca)的同源性最高,YJ-1的分离打破了现有微生态制剂成分大多数为各种商品菌的局势;在水产微生态制剂制备过程中定向加入土著反硝化细菌,可有效降低养殖水体中氨氮与亚硝酸盐含量、减少鱼体发病率;反硝化细菌在水产养殖水质净化、城市污水处理中具有较大的应用前景,本研究为其他土著有益菌的分离、筛选、鉴定及应用提供了可借鉴的思路。     

乌江网箱养殖中患病花鲈的细菌分离与分子鉴定

利用微生物学常用的细菌分离、纯化方法从患病花鲈(Lateolabrax japonicus)分离出9个菌株,编号分别为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ、Ⅸ。对9个菌株的16SrRNA基因序列进行PCR扩增,均得到约600bp的片段。将扩增结果进行测序,结果输入到NCBI(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)中,用BLAST工具对序列进行同源性比对分析。结果表明,Ⅰ为杀鲑气单胞菌,同源性98%;Ⅱ为不动菌属,同源性97%;Ⅲ为肺炎克雷伯氏杆菌,同源性98%;Ⅳ为嗜水气单胞菌,同源性99%;Ⅴ为希瓦氏菌,同源性99%;Ⅵ为腐生葡萄球菌,同源性99%;Ⅶ为枯草芽孢杆菌,同源性99%;Ⅷ为沙雷氏菌属,同源性95%;Ⅸ为杀鲑气单胞菌,同源性97%。     

乌江网箱养殖中患病花鲈的细菌分离与分子鉴定

利用微生物学常用的细菌分离、纯化方法从患病花鲈(Lateolabrax japonicus)分离出9个菌株,编号分别为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ、Ⅸ.对9个菌株的16SrRNA基因序列进行PCR扩增,均得到约600bp的片段.将扩增结果进行测序,结果输入到NCBI(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)中,用BLAST工具对序列进行同源性比对分析.结果表明,Ⅰ为杀鲑气单胞菌,同源性98%;Ⅱ为不动菌属,同源性97%;Ⅲ为肺炎克雷伯氏杆菌,同源性98%;Ⅳ为嗜水气单胞菌,同源性99%;Ⅴ为希瓦氏菌,同源性99%;Ⅵ为腐生葡萄球菌,同源性99%;Ⅶ为枯草芽孢杆菌,同源性99%;Ⅷ为沙雷氏菌属,同源性95%;Ⅸ为杀鲑气单胞菌,同源性97%.     

海水虾蟹混养池中氨氮降解菌的分离筛选与鉴定

采集海水虾蟹养殖池底泥,在以(NH4)2SO4为唯一氮源的选择性培养基上分离得到17株细菌,利用纳氏试剂分光光度法测定其氨氮降解能力,筛选出降解率较高的菌株X14-1-1。该菌株在氨氮质量浓度50mg/L时,72h内使氨氮质量浓度降至1.65mg/L,降解率可达96.7%;在氨氮质量浓度5mg/L时,72h内降解率可达74.01%。采用盐酸萘乙二胺分光光度法测定其降解亚硝酸盐的能力,结果显示,菌株X14-1-1在72h对亚硝酸盐的降解率达到67.2%。该菌株为革兰氏阴性短杆菌,大小为1.47~2.54μm×0.37~0.53μm,平板菌落呈乳白色,圆形。通过形态观察、生理生化试验及16SrDNA鉴定,初步确定X14-1-1属食油假单胞菌,命名为Pseudomonas oleovorans X14-1-1。该菌株在海水养殖环境水质调节及养殖废水处理方面具有潜在的应用价值。     

Accumulation of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in bivalves and an ascidian fed on Alexandrium tamarense cells

SUMMARY: Cultured cells of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense were fed to four species of bivalves and an ascidian to examine the interspecific differences in the ability to accumulate paralytic shellfish toxins. The specimens of each species were reared in the same tank. All the species ingested almost all the cells fed and became toxic. Marked individual differences in toxin accumulation was observed in all the species. However, the average amounts of accumulated toxins increased during feeding. When the animals were fed on the same amount of cells, they accumulated almost the same amounts of toxins, indicating that interspecific differences in toxin accumulation observed in nature is due to the difference in ingestion behavior of the animals under natural conditions.