甘肃白龙江林区森林病虫害发生原因及防治对策

本文介绍了甘肃省白龙江林区森林病虫害发生的特点和原因,对云杉落针病、云杉叶锈病、落叶松落叶病;、狭冠网蝽、苗圃地下害虫、蛀干害虫、森林鼠害等主要病虫害的发生动态及原因进行了分析,并提出了综合防治对策。     

白龙江、洮河水源涵养林区云杉落针病危险性分析评估

云杉落针病是白龙江、洮河水源涵养林区最为严重的林木叶部病害。为加强对该病的管理,有效控制其危害和在白龙江、洮河水源涵养林区乃至整个西北地区进一步扩散蔓延,参照有害生物危险性分析(Pest Risk Analysis)方法,结合该区森林资源状况和病虫害发生发展情况,对云杉落针病在白龙江、洮河水源涵养林区的潜在风险性进行了分析和评价。结果表明:云杉落针病为中度危险且接近高度危险性病害。并提出了相应的风险管理策略。     

白龙江林区人工造林适宜树种选择研究

通过对比分析白龙江林区沙滩林场天保工程中所造人工林生长状况,对白龙江林区人工造林适宜树种选择进行研究,结果表明:白龙江林区海拔1 800~2 800m营造针叶树种时应选择细叶云杉和粗枝云杉,海拔1 800m以下宜选择油松;阔叶树种中应选择山杨与其他树种混交造林,以增强林内生物多样性;选用灌木造林时,应以柽柳、中国沙棘为主,同时配置其他树种。     

云杉落针病害调查

云杉落针病害调查＊孙国忠（四川省森林病虫防治检疫总站）杨庆和赵谦王祖成（凉山州林业局）杨学成王瑛（九寨沟自然保护管理处）云杉落针病（Ｌｏｐｈｏｄｅｒｍｉｕｍｐｉｃｅａｅ）是云杉人工幼林的主要病害。我省西部高山林区,１９９０年以前人工更新的２５万公顷云...     

云杉赤落叶病发生规律与危害的研究

云杉(Picea asperata Mast.)分布于四川的岷江、大小金川和白龙江流域,延伸到青海东部,甘肃南部和陕西西南部.处大江大河上游,对森林的水源涵养、水土保持、稳定流量等均具有重要作用.也是高山林区主要用材树种之一.近年来云杉受到30多种病虫害为害,其中主要病害为云杉赤落叶病(Hypoderma sp.).云杉赤落叶病分布范围广,危害严重,造成经济损失很大.在四川阿坝州、凉山州、甘孜州的马尔康、松潘、黑水、金川、木里、丹巴、壤塘均有分布.林木受害株率高达100%,感病指数高达81.8,平均每公顷损失木材幼龄林为5.9833—9.6069米~3.主要危害粗枝云杉     

控制云杉落针病的技术要点

控制云杉落针病的技术要点孙国忠（四川省森林病虫防治检疫总站云杉落针病（Ｌｏｐｈｏｄｅｒｍｉｕｍｐｉｃｅａｅ）是我省川西高山林区云杉人工更新幼林的严重病害。病害的流行区,属高山暗针叶林带。山高坡陡,人烟稀少,交通不便。防治工作必须根据病害的监测结果、林...     

天西林区雪岭云杉天然林病虫害种类

雪岭云杉是天山西部林区的主要树种,为了解雪岭云杉天然林内病虫害的发生情况,以制定相应的防治措施,我们在该林区作了有关调查,具体结果如下:1调查对象调查林分主要在新源林场、特克斯林场、尼勒克林场、察布查尔林场的雪岭云杉天然林及小部分成林的更新地,调查林木的病虫种类、危害程度及部位。2调查结果2.1病虫数量据调查,雪岭云杉林内,对林木造成危害的病虫共有17种,其中病害9种,虫害8种。2.2病害种类(1)雪枯病LophophacidiumhyperboreumLeg-erb.(2)云杉立枯病Rhizoctoniasolanikuhn(3)云杉叶锈病ChrysomyxaweiriiJackson(4)云杉锈病Chrysomyxadeformans(Diet)jacz(5)云杉落针病LophodermiumfiliformeDark(6)云杉稠李球果锈病Thekopsoraareolata(Fr.)Magn(7)云杉腐烂病CytosporaabietisSacc(8)云杉根腐病Armillarellamellea(Vahl.exFr)karst.(9)云杉芽枯病MegaolsemirabilisNaumov2.3虫害种...     

云杉落针病防治的研究

云杉落针病防治的研究孙国忠（四川省森林病虫防治检疫总站）王志平（夹金山林业局）杨庆和（凉山州林业局）杨学成王瑛（九寨沟自然保护管理处云杉落针病（Ｌｏｐｈｏｄｅｒｍｉｕｍｐｉｃｅａｅ）是我省西部高山林区云杉人工更新幼林的重要病害。据１９９０年不完全统计...     

云杉落针与主要因子的相关性分析

在白龙江林区沙滩、茶岗、腊子口、益哇等四个林场的人工云杉林内，设立了45块标准地，对云杉落叶针病的发病程度及有关因子进行了调查，并用数量化理论I和多元线性回归进行了相关分析研究。发现影响该病病毒指数的主要因子依次为林龄、郁闭度、密度、坡向、海拔、披度6个因子；同时建立了病情指数预测模型：（1）Yi=6.194X11 1.474X12 2.664X2 0.88X3 42.024X4 0.010X5 0.167X6-87.898；（2）Yi=3.180X1 2.744X2 0.008X3_41.875X4_0.010X5 0.186X6-78.941。可根据人工云杉林的林分、立地因子调查情况，由模式型（1）或（2）预测落针病的发生趋势。     

白龙江林区人工云杉群体对环境因子的反应

通过多对多数量化回归和双重筛选逐步回归分析，将白龙江林区各种条件下云杉人工群体的生长对环境因子的反应进行定量分析和研究，并对林分平均胸径，平均冠幅，树高，胸径近５年的生长量进行预估，为今后工程化培育云杉人工林提供科学依据。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.