性诱剂和植物源引诱剂及色彩对茶蚜雄蚜诱效差异

茶蚜刺吸茶树嫩梢,致茶叶减产和品质下降,已成为许多茶区的主要害虫.秋季短日照诱导茶蚜雄蚜、雌蚜的产生,二者交尾产受精卵越冬.本研究使用分别携带3种茶蚜性诱剂、3种植物源引诱剂的素馨黄粘板,以及油菜花黄、芽绿和素馨黄粘板诱捕深秋时节的茶蚜雄蚜,以减少雌-雄交尾机会而压低越冬基数.结果表明:①性诱剂色板的诱效显著优于植物源引诱剂色板的诱效,后者诱效又优于色板的诱效;②3种性诱剂诱效之间差异显著,其中以荆芥内酯与荆芥醇1∶9比例的性诱剂的引诱力最强;③植物源引诱剂诱效之间有明显差异,以反-2-己烯醛、正戊醇、2-戊烯-1醇、正己醇、顺-3-己烯-1-醇和顺-3-己烯乙酸酯1∶1∶1∶1∶5∶25比例的引诱剂诱效最佳;④3种诱虫色板诱效之间有差异,以油菜花黄诱效最好.深秋使用携带茶蚜性诱剂(荆芥内酯:荆芥醇=1∶9)的油菜花黄粘板可有效诱捕雄蚜而压低越冬基数,有效地控制春茶至夏茶前期这段时间茶蚜的发生.     

茶蚜趋色性及信息物质增进色板诱蚜效应研究

茶蚜广泛分布于我国茶区，刺吸危害茶树嫩梢。拟使用粘性色板诱捕之，减免施药。使用素馨黄、芽绿、土黄、桔黄、果绿、大红、纯白、紫色、湖蓝、天蓝、桃红和墨绿等12种粘性色板，经多年多点诱捕茶蚜，并在芽绿色板上附着不同种类和相互比例的茶梢信息物质引诱茶蚜。发现素馨黄和芽绿色彩对茶蚜的引诱力显著强于其它色彩，茶蚜具有显著的趋黄、绿习性；信息物质皆可增强色板对茶蚜的诱捕力，其中以C5、C6醇类、醛类和酯类等绿叶气味成分组成的混合物对色板增效作用最强，顺-3-己烯-1-醇次之、反-2-己烯醛和2-戊烯-1-醇又次之。认为：生长季节成蚜大量迁飞时使用携带绿叶气味诱芯的色板诱捕之，可有效压低其虫口密度。     

防虫板防治北方无性良种茶园茶小绿叶蝉效果研究

研究了不同颜色防虫板对北方茶园茶小绿叶蝉的防治效果。结果表明:各种颜色防虫板对茶小绿叶蝉均具有一定的防治效果,其田间防效大小依次为:黄板、绿板、蓝板;其累积诱虫效果大小依次为:黄板、绿板。黄板田间防治效果和粘虫效果最好,田间防效最高达92.1%,粘虫效果为148.4头/m~2·天,最适宜北方茶园茶小绿叶蝉的防治。     

几种性诱剂和色板对茶毛虫雄蛾诱效的比较

首次联用昆虫性信息素与色板诱捕茶毛虫雄成虫。用茶毛虫性信息素主要组分10，14-二甲基十五碳异丁酸酯为基本组分，加入适宜的茶梢挥发物如乙酸-Z-3-己烯酯等，以增加诱效，制成性诱剂。将性诱剂与粘胶色板组合成茶毛虫性诱器，大小40cm×20cm，下底边与茶梢平齐，诱捕器间距8m×8m。诱捕效率高。     

几种低毒农药防治甜菜夜蛾药效试验

田间试验结果表明，10％赛虫特可湿性粉剂450g／hm^2和15％及杀乳油450g／hm^2对甜菜夜蛾防治效果较好，防效分别为74．6％-98．1％和51．0％-91．2％，显著高于4．5％高效氯氰菊酯可湿性粉剂450g／hm^2，防效37．0％，49．6％，4％吡高乳油225g／hm^2，防效19．8％24．4％，16000IU／μL苏云金杆茵悬浮剂750g／hm^2，防效0．16%-66．6％．     

病虫兼治新药“蚜粉克星”在大麦上的应用研究

１９９８－１９９９年田间试验表明，蚜粉克星对大麦纹枯病、白粉病、麦圆蛛及穗蚜具有良好的防治效果，一般用１１％蚜粉克星ＥＣ１２００￣１５００ｍｌ／ｈｍ＾２对纹枯病的防效比５％井冈霉素水剂３７５０ｍｌ／ｈｍ＾２略低；对白粉病的防铲与粉锈宁相当；对麦圆蜘蛛和穗蚜的防铲与４０％氧化乐果１１２５ｍｌ／ｈｍ＾２相当，蚜粉克星具有持持效期长及一药多治的特点。３月５日前后用药，防治大麦纹枯病兼治麦圆蜘蛛；４月１８     

色板和茶蚜性信息素对茶园天敌草蛉的引诱效应

在秋季草蛉盛发时节,开展了芽绿、土黄、墨绿、素馨黄、果绿、橘黄、大红、桃红、湖蓝、紫色、天蓝和纯白等12种色板和7种茶蚜性信息素制剂对茶园天敌草蛉的引诱试验.结果表明,供试12种色板对草蛉的引诱力以芽绿、土黄、墨绿和素馨黄最强,纯白最差,但差异未达显著水平.在蚜虫性信息素荆芥内酯和荆芥醇按一定比例配制成7种茶蚜性信息素制剂对草蛉的诱集过程中,以荆芥内酯和荆芥醇之比为1:9时,对于中华草蛉和大草蛉的诱效最强,荆芥醇引诱效应显著.     

四种粘板对茶园昆虫的引诱考查

为评估粘胶色板对茶园昆虫诱捕作用及用于防治主要害虫的可能性,制作了芽绿、橄榄黄绿、素馨黄和雪白色板,于各类昆虫盛发的7月在重庆市郊、浙江松阳县和安徽省麻姑山茶场各0.5βhm²的茶园做了48βh诱捕试验。诱捕的绝大多数昆虫为同翅目害虫;害虫很多而天敌极少,害虫与天敌的个体数量差异极显著。芽绿、橄榄黄绿和素馨黄色板对假眼小绿叶蝉成、若虫和黑刺粉虱成虫的诱效显著大于雪白色板的诱效;从芽绿、橄榄黄绿至素馨黄,绿色色素成分减少、黄色色素成分增多,诱捕的叶蝉数减小而粉虱数增大。可将芽绿、素馨黄色板分别用于叶蝉成、若虫和粉虱成虫的诱捕。     

20％好年冬乳油防治甘蔗绵蚜田间药效试验

20％好年冬乳油对甘蔗绵蚜具有良好的防治效果，公顷用20％好年冬乳油300、450、600m的1－14天田间防效均在99．1％以上，可作为甘蔗绵蚜防治中的轮换用药。田间使用以300－450ml/hm^2为宜。     

三种新农药防治人参疫病试验初探

应用参百克、百抗和菌克毒克三种新农药防治人参疫病，防治效果显著，防效达到80．2％～87．2％。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.