鸡肫黄豆软罐头工艺与技术研究

以鸡肫和黄豆为主要原料,以复合蒸煮袋作包装材料,经过预煮、脱气、腌制、封口、杀菌等工序,制得了番茄汁鸡肫黄豆软罐头,确定了最佳生产工艺,并研究了其生产技术条件与营养保健作用。     

木糖醇白桃罐头的研发

以白桃为原料,研究木糖醇和柠檬酸的添加量,热杀菌温度及杀菌时间对罐头感官品质的影响,确定各因素水平范围,再使用正交试验确定木糖醇白桃罐头的最佳组合。结果表明,在木糖醇添加量12.5%,柠檬酸添加量0.12%,杀菌温度95℃,杀菌时间为15 min条件下制作的木糖醇白桃罐头感官评分最高。该产品酸甜适口、香味浓郁,果肉软硬适度,并且理化指标和微生物指标均达到桃罐头的国家标准。     

不同采收期黄桃的品质特性和微观结构变化

为研究不同采收期对黄桃果实品质特性和微观结构的影响,以4种不同采收期的锦绣黄桃为试验原料,对果实感官品质、质地、色差、微观结构、营养品质进行分析。结果表明:不同采收期的黄桃品质特性和微观结构不同。I期(7月25日采摘)到III期(8月8日采摘),随采收时间的推迟,黄桃果肉可溶性固形物、水溶性果胶、可溶性蛋白、VC含量逐步积累上升,但可滴定酸、原果胶含量逐步下降。I期和Ⅱ期(8月1日采摘)采收的果实硬度较高,微观组织结构紧密,营养品质低于III期。IV期(8月15日采摘)采收果实已过熟,果实软化,组织结构疏松,口感甜软,营养品质低于III期。III期(8月8日采摘)采收果实营养、感官品质最佳,为黄桃鲜食的最佳采收期。本研究为湖南炎陵锦绣黄桃的鲜食适期采收提供了理论依据。     

不同采收成熟度对'八月脆'桃果实低温贮运及货架期品质的影响

对3个不同采收成熟度的'八月脆'桃在0～1℃低温条件下进行贮藏15d和随后回温3d处理,通过测定果实颜色、硬度、可溶性固形物、失重率和腐烂率等品质指标,以探求桃果实满足冷链贮运和货价期要求的最佳采收成熟度.结果表明,在冷藏15d后,3种成熟度均能保持较高的硬度,SSC变化不明显,成熟度Ⅲ出现轻微褐变和腐烂.在回温3d后,成熟度Ⅰ能够保持较高的硬度,腐烂率最低,但表面着色程度不够,且出现轻微褐变;成熟度Ⅱ的硬度(13.13N)与第Ⅰ组差异不显著(P＞0.05),SSC(9.64%)显著高于第1组(P＜0.05),同时着色充分,腐烂率和褐变率较低,不易失水;成熟度Ⅲ果实软化迅速,色泽发暗,褐变严重,腐烂率高达43.75%,显著高于其他两组.综合评定成熟度Ⅱ(外观绿色稍微减退,阳面少量着色,SSC9.72%,硬度＜18.05 0.3＞N)的贮运性和货架期的商品率较高,为最适宜的采收成熟度.     

云南野生水蕨菜软罐头加工工艺研究

使用不同种类及用量的护绿剂,采用烫漂、常温浸泡及真空渗透等护绿措施,对水蕨菜护绿效果进行比较。将水蕨菜装袋后,分别于85,95,105℃及不同时间下进行杀菌试验,结果表明,用质量浓度为250mg/kg的硫酸铜作为护绿液,在95℃温度下烫漂1.5min,护绿效果最好;而最佳杀菌式为:10'-15'-10'/105℃。所得水蕨菜软罐头在室温下可贮藏12个月,绿色保持不变,感官品质得到改善。     

采收成熟度对酥梨常温贮藏品质及保鲜效果的影响

研究晋南和晋中地区4个梨园不同采收成熟度酥梨果实的常温(20℃)贮藏品质、采后生理以及保鲜效果,以探讨山西地区不同产地酥梨果实的最佳采收成熟度和适宜采收期。结果表明:随着采收成熟度的增加(即采收期的推迟),酥梨果实可溶性固形物含量(SSC)先升高后降低,硬度下降明显,酸度较低,果皮颜色L*和a*较高,h°较低,种子颜色指数和单果重较高,贮藏期间腐烂率和果心褐变指数较高,而且发生时间较早,果实呼吸强度和乙烯释放高峰提前。硬度、SSC、种子颜色指数及果实发育时间可作为判断酥梨采收成熟度的标准。酥梨适宜采收成熟度为盛花期达150~162 d,硬度5.5~6.0 kg/cm2,种子颜色指数为60~75,建议晋中地区酥梨适宜采收期为9月15—27日,SSC12.5%,晋南地区为9月7—19日,SSC11.5%。     

采收成熟度对不同品种的玉米贮藏过程中碳水化合物含量的影响

以津鲜1号普通玉米、津甜玉米、津白糯糯玉米为试材,研究了不同采收成熟度(乳熟期和成熟期)的鲜玉米在0~1℃贮藏过程中碳水化合物(可溶性糖、蔗糖、淀粉)含量的变化。结果表明,采收成熟度对玉米的贮藏品质影响较大,乳熟期采收的嫩玉米比成熟期采收的玉米可溶性糖和蔗糖含量高,淀粉含量低,在贮藏过程中的变化小,贮藏品质好,并可延长贮藏时间。因此,鲜食玉米应选择乳熟期采收的嫩玉米进行贮藏。     

套袋对桃果皮生理生化指标的影响

摘 要：【研究目的】晚熟桃套袋是生产上常用技术,本研究通过对套袋后桃果实果皮生理生化指标的测定,为桃桃袋研究提供参考。【方法】以晚熟桃品种‘晚西菲’为试验材料,在幼果期对桃果实进行套袋处理,成熟期采收时测定桃果实果皮的可溶性糖、电导率、SOD、POD等生理生化指标。【结果】套袋处理后果皮的电导率、脯氨酸及可溶性糖含量有所降低;可溶性蛋白、丙二醛含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶(POD)活性均有所增高。【结论】套袋环境对于晚西非桃果实发育是有利环境。     

不同成熟度对‘新美人指’葡萄贮藏保鲜效果的研究

为解决设施葡萄集中上市造成的销售困难等问题,通过控制采收期的方式,以4 个不同成熟度的新美人指葡萄为试材,采用PE薄膜袋进行自发气调冷藏,研究不同成熟度对采后葡萄贮藏保鲜失重率、好果率、可溶性糖含量、可滴定酸含量、维C含量等指标的影响。结果表明：在贮藏50 天时,8 成熟度失重率不超过5%,好果率达74%,显著优于其他3 个成熟度;可溶性糖含量在贮藏40 天时,8 成熟度达最大值16.25%,可滴定酸含量在贮藏50 天,8 成熟度达最大值0.30%,与其他3 个成熟度达极显著差异;维C含量在整个贮藏期内,8 成熟度变化波动最小。说明‘新美人指’葡萄在8 成熟度采收,有利于延长贮藏寿命,在维持葡萄品质风味方面,效果最佳。     

番茄丁罐头生产工艺的研究

对加工番茄丁罐头的关键工艺进行了研究,结果表明,制作番茄丁罐头的最佳工艺为：番茄于90℃条件下烫漂1min;番茄丁采用1．0％氯化钙硬化4h;汤液中添加10％白砂糖、0．1％柠檬酸及0．2％CMC;成品罐头经过100℃杀菌20min,制得的番茄丁罐头产品色泽均匀,酸甜适口,组织形态稳定,感官品质最佳。     

Segregation of peach and nectarine (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) cultivars according to their organoleptic characteristics

Cultivar segregation according to the sensory perception of their organoleptic characteristics was attempted by using trained panel data evaluated by principal component analysis of four sources per cultivar of 23 peach and 26 nectarine cultivars as a part of our program to develop minimum quality indexes. Fruit source significantly affected cultivar ripe soluble solids concentration (RSSC) and ripe titratable acidity (RTA), but it did not significantly affect sensory perception of peach or nectarine flavor intensity, sourness or aroma by the trained panel. For five out of the 49 cultivars tested, source played a role in perception of sweetness. In all of these cases when a source of a specific cultivar was not classified in the proposed organoleptic group it could be explained by the fruit having been harvested outside of the commercial physiological maturity (immature or over-mature) for that cultivar. The perception of the four sensory attributes (sweetness, sourness, peach or nectarine flavor intensity, peach or nectarine aroma intensity) was analyzed by using the three principal components, which accounted for 92 and 94% of the variation in the sensory attributes of the tested cultivars for peach and nectarine, respectively. Season did not significantly affect the classification of one cultivar that was evaluated during these two seasons. By plotting organoleptic characteristics in PC1 and PC2 (∼76%) for peach and nectarine, cultivars were segregated into groups (balanced, tart, sweet, peach or nectarine aroma and/or peach or nectarine flavor intensity) with similar sensory attributes; nectarines were classified into five groups and peaches into four groups. Based on this information, we recommend that cultivars should be classified in organoleptic groups and development of a minimum quality index should be attempted within each organoleptic group rather than proposing a generic minimum quality index based on the ripe soluble solids concentration (RSSC). This organoleptic cultivar classification will help to match ethnic preferences and enhance current promotion and marketing programs.     

桃芽变品种的RAPD分析

为了从遗传学基础上对9个桃品种进行分类及亲缘关系研究。利用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)技术对其基因组DNA进行标记,并应用SPSS11.0软件进行聚类分析。聚类分析结果表明：不同桃品种在欧氏距离平方系数阈值为2.0~6.0时,聚为两大类,第一大类由‘满园红’、‘中油4号’、‘中油9号’和07-9-6组成,均为油桃;第二大类由97-6-83、NJC83、‘皖83’、NJC19和07-9-19组成,均为黄桃。在欧氏距离平方系数阈值为1.0~2.0时,所有品种聚为4类,‘NJC83’和其营养系变异97-6-83、‘皖83’聚为一类,NJC19和其变异07-9-19聚为一类,‘中油4号’和其营养系变异‘满园红’聚为一类,‘中油9号’和其变异09-6-9聚为一类。RAPD分析认为：母本与营养系变异间的遗传距离短,具有很近的亲缘关系,其在DNA水平上产生了一定量的变异性条带,出现了较大范围的变异。     

Analysis of genotypic variation of sugar and acid contents in peaches and nectarines through the Principle Component Analysis

Genotypic variations and correlations were estimated for sugar and acid contents on afresh flesh weight basis in peach and nectarine genotypes derived from a clone of a wild peach (Prunus davidiana) by three generations of crosses with commercial nectarine varieties. 107genotypes were studied in Avignon (France), 40 in Gotheron (France), and 18 of them were common to both locations. Considerable variations in sugar and acid contents were found among genotypes in both locations. Though location significantly affected sucrose, sorbitol and acid contents of the18 common genotypes, principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that genotypic correlations among sugar and acid contents were stable in both locations. Almost all sugars and acids analysed exhibited positive loadings for the first principal component (PC). Variations of dry matter content among genotypes only partially explained this general trend as shown by the PCA on a dry flesh weight basis. Glucose and fructose contents were closely correlated and were similar in amount inmost genotypes, while fructose content was lower than glucose content in about 12% of the genotypes. A positive but loose relationship was found between malic and citric acid contents in both locations. Likewise, sucrose, sorbitol and quinic acid contents were positively associated. The first PC could be used as a general flavour component. In addition, three groups of closely associated variables (fructose and glucose; malic and citric acids; sucrose, sorbitol and quinic acid) were detected through PCA. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

奉贤黄桃产量的气象影响因子分析及预测模型的建立

利用奉贤1981—2019年逐旬气温、降水、湿度、日照等气象观测资料及1982—2019年黄桃产量数据,分析了黄桃产量的变化趋势及对气象因子的响应,并通过采用单要素指标及相关分析法着重分析2003—2019年黄桃全生育期各气象因子对产量的影响,构建了奉贤黄桃产量的气象预测模型。结果表明：黄桃产量以2003年为界,由波动上升转为上下波动,2003—2019年产量变异系数为22.9%。黄桃果实膨大—成熟期气象因子与产量的相关性较大,其次为花芽分化期、萌动—开花坐果期,落叶—休眠期较小。膨大成熟期气温（日照）在4—6月与产量呈正相关,而在7—8月为负相关,降水（湿度）影响与气温基本相反,其中7月下旬的最低气温、降水量、降水日数、日照均与产量呈显著相关;花芽分化期气温除7月下旬—8月上旬、9月上旬外均与产量呈正相关,且上年10℃终日及10、20℃有效积温与产量均呈显著正相关。花芽分化期各旬降水量（降水日数）与产量的相关性波动大;落叶—休眠期的干旱及暖冬带来的蓄冷量不足可能对产量有一定影响。建立的基于气象因子的黄桃产量最小二乘偏回归方程拟合效果较好,可为黄桃生产及管理部门提供决策服务。     

Phenotypic diversity and relationships of fruit quality traits in peach and nectarine [<Emphasis Type="Italic">Prunus persica</Emphasis> (L.) Batsch] breeding progenies

Agronomic and fruit quality traits were evaluated and compared for three consecutive years on 1,111 seedlings coming from 15 peach and nectarine breeding crosses, grown under a Mediterranean climate. Significant differences among and within the different progenies were found for most of the traits analyzed. The breeding population segregated for several Mendelian characters such as peach or nectarine fruit, round or flat fruit, yellow or white flesh and freestone or clingstone. In addition, aborting fruit and flat fruit trees were found in our progeny, and our data seem to support multi-allelic control of both flat shape and aborting fruit. The variation within the progenies of some traits such as blooming and harvesting date, yield, fruit weight and SSC was continuous, suggesting a polygenic inheritance. Relationships between qualitative pomological traits and these agronomic and fruit quality parameters were also found. Valuable correlations among agronomic and fruit quality parameters were found, although coefficients of variation depending on the progeny should be considered. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) revealed several relationships among quality traits in the evaluated progenies. Based on this evaluation, 26 outstanding genotypes were pre-selected from the initial breeding population for further studies.     

Influence of year and genetic factors on chilling injury susceptibility in peach (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Prunus persica</Emphasis> (L.) Batsch)

Chilling injury (CI) is a major physiological problem limiting consumption and export of peach and nectarine (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch). To clarify the genetic basis for chilling injury, inheritance of the major CI symptoms mealiness, flesh browning, flesh bleeding, and flesh leatheriness were examined over three years in two related peach progenies. In addition, genetic relationships among traits and the year-to-year variation in trait performance in these progenies were tracked. Both populations also segregated for Freestone-Melting flesh (F-M) and yellow flesh. There were significant differences in CI symptoms among years. The major gene endoPG, which controls the F-M locus, provides resistance to mealiness in non-melting flesh fruit. Only fruit with melting flesh can develop mealiness if the tree possesses other genetic susceptibility factors and/or experiences inducing conditions. The F-M locus also greatly influences susceptibility to flesh bleeding, although the physiological mechanism for this disorder is unclear and may be controlled by a different gene closely linked to endoPG. Unlike mealiness, flesh bleeding occurred primarily in non-melting flesh fruit, particularly when the fruit is white-fleshed. Flesh browning incidence was greater in mealy fruit and was not associated with flesh bleeding. Breeding for CI resistance is thus a viable long-term strategy to reduce losses in the fresh and processed peach and nectarine industries. This study is an important first step to understanding genetic control of CI symptoms in peach.     

盐胁迫对油桃生理生化特性的影响

为分析不同油桃的耐盐特性,为后续的耐盐品种选育研究打下基础,以‘华光’油桃盆栽苗为试材,研究不同程度盐胁迫对植株茎生理指标的影响。试验发现0.4%盐胁迫下各指标与对照组无明显差异,0.8%盐胁迫中后期开始有一定影响,而1.2%盐胁迫初期时相关指标便有极明显差异,表明该盐环境为植株能够承受的极限。在此基础上,以‘中油桃4 号’、‘艳光’、‘华光’、‘千年红’、‘玫瑰红’5 个品种油桃盆栽苗为试验材料,分析了1.2%盐溶液胁迫下的生理指标变化,研究不同品种油桃的耐盐特性。结果表明：不同油桃品种在盐胁迫下的表现差异性很大,黄肉品种‘中油桃4 号’耐盐特性优于‘千年红’;白肉品种‘华光’耐盐性强于‘艳光’,‘玫瑰红’高于‘华光’;白肉品种耐盐特性整体上强于黄肉品种。