White rust and downy mildew on new hosts in Turkey

Albugo convolvulacearum (Otth.) Kuntze on Convolvulus pentapetaloides L. and C. siculus L. subsp. siculus, and Peronospora trigonellae Gäum. on Trigonella cariensis Boiss., were collected for the first time in Turkey. The fungi species, including their macro- and microscopic features and distributions, are described.     

A Survey (1992–1996) of natural enemies of diaspididae species in Antalya, Turkey

Natural enemies associated with armoured scale insects were surveyed in Antalya province during the years 1992-1996. The surveys yielded 16 species of predators and 11 species of parasitoids associated with 11 species of scale insects. One predator species—Lestodiplosisaonidiellae Harris, one hyperparasite species—Ablerusperspeciosus Girault, and one parasitoid species—Coccophagoidesmoeris (Walker), are recorded for the first time in Turkey. Three coleopterans, namely,Chilocorus bipustulatus (Linnaeus),Cybocephalus fodori- minor Endrödy-Younga andRhyzobius lophanthae (Blaisdell), were found to be the most common predators and to be associated with the diverse species of diaspidids in Antalya and are known so also in other parts of Turkey. Among the parasitoids found,Aphytis chrysomphali (Mercet) andAphytis melinus DeBach are known to be relatively important onAonidiella aurantii (Maskell),Aphytis maculicornis (Masi) onParlatoria oleae (Colvée),Aphytis mytilaspidis (LeBaron) onLepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus), andEncarsia berlesei (Howard) onPseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni Tozzetti), in Antalya and/or other parts of Turkey.     

Induced resistance to Peronospora parasitica in red cabbage

A culture filtrate ofCalcarisporium arbuscula, ether extract prepared from it, yeast extract and 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA) were tested for their disease-reducing effects onPeronospora parasitica on red cabbage. Yeast extract and culture filtrate or ether extract fromC. arbuscula were only moderately effective. INA gave good results, the EC₅₀ was about 1 mg 1^?1.     

Occurrence of powdery mildews on new hosts in Turkey

Erysiphe convolvuli onConvolvulus lanatus, C. pentapetaloides, C. siculus subsp.siculus andIpomoea sagittata; Erysiphe ranunculi onRanunculus marginatus var.trachycarpus; Erysiphe clandestina onUlmus minor subsp.canescens; Podosphaera fusca onConyza canadensis; andPodosphaera ferruginea onSanguisorba minor subsp.magnolii were identified and the associated host plants were found to be new for the Turkish mycoflora. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 17, 2006.     

Sugar accumulation in tobacco plants systemically protected against blue mold (Peronospora tabacina)

A two- to threefold increase in total soluble sugar content was detected in the leaves of tobacco plants(Nicotiana tabacum L.) 24 days after stem inoculation with conidia ofPeronospora tabacina (=Peronospora hyoscyami f. sp.tabacina), relative to leaves of non-inoculated control plants. Glucose and fructose accounted for most of this increase. The leaves of the inoculated plants were also protected against blue mold incited byP. tabacina. The increased sugar content may be due to the three- to fourfold increase in activity of (β-1,3 glucanase in the leaves and/or to the threefold increase in activities of β-1,3 glucanase, invertase and amylase in the inoculated sems. Tobacco leaf discs floated on glucose or other mono- and disaccharides at 55.5 mM, but not on polyethyleneglycol at a similar osmotic potential, reacted hypersensitively upon challenge withP. tabacina.     

Phyllonorycter apparella, a new record and a new pest of trembling aspen (Populus tremula) in Turkey

Phyllonorycter apparella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1855) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) is a new record for the Turkish fauna and a new trembling aspen(Populus tremula L.) pest for Turkey. Its biology, damage and infestation ratio were studied in Sankami?. (Kars), Turkey, during 1996 and 1997.P. apparella has one generation a year. The developmental stages of the pest are described briefly. P.apparella hibernates in the adult stage. At the beginning of June, the adults appear. Females deposit their eggs on both leaf surfaces, generally one by one, 7–10 days after emerging. The early instars (sap-feeding larvae) start to mine mostly from the underside of leaves. Each mine has one larva, and each leaf may have up to 26 mines. The last instar (tissue-feeding larva) begins to pupate in the mine after mid August. The adults emerge from mid September to the beginning of October, and move to the trunks of old pine trees, where they hibernate in bark crevices. The infestation level may be as high as 90% of the leaves on some trees.     

Thaumetopoea solitaria Freyer (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae) in Israel

Thaumetopoea solitaria Freyer, the main insect pest ofPistacia spp. in Israel, occurs throughout most of the area of distribution of the genusPistacia in the country, except for the Negev. The larvae feed mainly onP. palaestina Boiss. andP. atlantica Desf., to a lesser degree onP. vera L., and rarely onP. lentiscus L. andSchinus terebinthifolius Raddi. The main flight period is in the first 3 weeks of October; the average duration of the incubation, larval development and hypogaeous stages is 143, 52 and 170 days, respectively. A prolonged diapause of 1–2 years is common. Of five species of Tachinidae,Drino imberbis (Wiedemann) was most common, parasitizing up to 10.1% of the pupae. Over the last 24 years one single outbreak occurred, in 1977–1981. Phonological differences amongTh. solitaria in Macedonia, Iran and Israel are discussed.     

Note: New records of flea beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from Turkey

Five species of flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) were recorded for the first time in Turkey:Dibolia numidica Doguet,Longitarsus corynthius corynthius (Reiche et Saulcy),L. onosomae (Peyerimhoff),L. pulmonariae Weise andPhyllotreta ganglbaueri Heikertinger. The zoogeographical distribution of the species was reviewed. Among the species,L. onosmae andD. numidica have a limited distribution area in North Africa, and therefore their presence in Turkey is interesting. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 14, 2004.     

A new record of Turkey Aleyrodidae fauna,ficus whitefly <Emphasis Type="Italic">Singhiella simplex</Emphasis> (Singh) (Hemiptera:Aleyrodidae)

The ficus whitefly Singhiella simplex is an urban area pest which originated from Asia.Singhiella simplex (Singh) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is for the first time recorded for the whitefly fauna in Turkey. The pest was found on Ficus microcarpa in Antalya province, Turkey. Its identification, host plants, and distribution across the world are briefly described.     

The significance of pronounced divergences in the distribution ofpseudoperonospora cubensis on its crop hosts

Pseudoperonospora cubensis is common throughout the world onCucumis crops (cucumber, melon); less common onCucurbita crops (squash, pumpkin, marrow), from which it is absent in Europe and parts of Asia; and more restricted onCitrullus, Luffu andLagenaria spp. This divergence in distribution is due chiefly to different physiological races in various countries. This must be taken into account in quarantine and breeding work. Resistance of some local cultivars, and the differential effects of environment on infection, add to the uneven distribution.     

De invloed van kaligebrek op de vatbaarheid van bloemkool voor peronospora parasitica

Summary Peronospora parasitica was found to attack cauliflower plants which suffered from potash deficiency, very heavily, while plants with a sufficient quantity of potash were only slizhtly attacked. Aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) occurred more abundantly on potash deficient plants.     

Employing pheromone traps to establish the distribution and seasonal activity of Theresimima ampellophaga in Turkey

The vine bud moth, Theresimima ampellophaga (Bayle-Barelle 1808) (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae; Procridinae), is a pest on grape vine, Vitis vinifera (L.), and on the ornamental vine Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) and other Parthenocissus species. Its recent distribution in Europe is relatively well known, but there is a paucity of locality data for Turkey. As a consequence, we began a large-scale investigation into its distribution and seasonal activity in this country in 2008. The main tools for these investigations were pheromone traps that were baited with the synthetic pheromone of the species, viz. (2R)-butyl (Z7)-tetradecenoate. As a result of field work carried out in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey in 2008 and 2009, Th. ampellophaga was recorded in five provinces, viz. Adana, Mersin, Hatay, Kahramanmara? and Kilis. The only province where the pest was not found was Gaziantep. Theresimima ampellophaga produces one or two generations per year, depending on the local conditions and other unknown factors. The moths of the first generation fly in June, while those of the second generation occur in August. To the best of our knowledge the present paper provides the first well-documented evidence of the occurrence of a second generation of the vine bud moth in Turkey.     

Contributions to the leafminer fauna (Diptera: Agromyzidae) from Turkey, with four new records

In a study carried out during 2002 and 2004 in Diyarbakıir and Mardin provinces, southeast Turkey, specimens were collected twice a month from cultivated and non-cultivated plants. Sixteen leafminer (Diptera: Agromyzidae) species were identified. Among them,Agromyza abiens Zetterstedt, 1848;Napomyza elegans (Meigen, 1830);Phytoliriomyza dorsata (Siebke, 1864); andPhytomyza aquilonia Frey, 1964 are new records for the Turkish leafminer http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 24, 2005.     

Contribution to the knowledge of the family Eulophidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from Turkey,with some new records

Data are presented on the occurrence of 51 species of the family Eulophidae in Turkey based on material obtained mainly from grass and leaves with leaf miners. The paper combines the faunistic and distributional data obtained from recent studies with all other species of the family known from Turkey up to now. The recorded genera (with the number of recorded species) are:Aprostocetus Westwood (20),Baryscapus Förster (8),Cirrospilus Westwood (2),Diglyphus Walker (5),Hyssopus Girault (2),Euplectrus Westwood (1),Hemiptarsenus Westwood (3),Necremnus Thomson (3),Pnigalio Schrank (2),Pronotalia Gradwell (1) andSympiesis Förster (4). Twenty-eight species are reported for the first time in the Turkish fauna.     

A New Race of Spinach Downy Mildew in Japan

A new race of spinach downy mildew caused by Peronospora effusa occurred in Fukui, Japan. The fungus was capable of affecting spinach cultivars resistant to races 1, 2, 3 and 4, but not some other cultivars. Thus, the fungus had different pathogenicity from race 3 and race 4 of the pathogen and was considered to be a new race of spinach downy mildew in Japan. Received 26 April 2001/ Accepted in revised form 17 August 2001     

Note: Histology of the midgut and peritrophic membrane inLymantria dispar caterpillars fed on leaves ofQuercus cerris orRobinia pseudoacacia

The structure of the columnar cells, goblet cells and peritrophic membrane was studied in the midgut of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) caterpillars fed with a suitable (Quercus cerris L.) or an unsuitable (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) host. Columnar cells in the midgut of caterpillars fed onR. pseudoacacia leaves were elongated with small nuclei, partial loss of microvilli and vacuolated cytoplasm. The number and height of goblet cells and their nuclei were greater in caterpillars fed onQ. cerris leaves in comparison with larvae fed onR. pseudoacacia leaves. Peritrophic membranes were thin and delicate in the midgut of caterpillars fed onR. pseudoacacia leaves. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Nov. 8, 2005.     

Leaf and stem blight ofEuphorbia geniculata incited byBipolaris zeicola

Recently leaf and stem blight disease was observed onEuphorbia geniculata Orteg. The pathogen was isolated in pure culture and identified asCochliobolus carbonum Nelson (anamorph:Bipolaris zeicola (Stout) Shoem. =Helminthosporium carbonum Ullstrup). This is the first record of this fungus causing leaf and stem blight disease onE. geniculata. In a greenhouse study, none of 19 other plant species tested showed pathogenic reactions. The specific host range and highly virulent nature ofB. zeicola onE. geniculata indicated that this pathogen has potential for use as a biocontrol agent forE. geniculata.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Recent races of spinach downy mildew pathogen <Emphasis Type="Italic">Peronospora farinosa</Emphasis> f. sp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">spinaciae</Emphasis> in Japan

Isolates of spinach downy mildew fungus, Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae, collected at seven sites in Japan from December 2013 to March 2016, were identified as belonging to races 8, 10, 12 and 13, and one was unauthorized. Races 10, 12, 13 and the unauthorized were first found in Japan.     

Epidemiological studies of the tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) in the Jordan Valley,Israel

The spread of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is significantly correlated with the population size of its vector,Bemisia tabaci Genn. The perennial weedCynanchum acutum L. and the annual weedMalva parviflora L. were found to be natural hosts of TYLCV in the Jordan Valley.C. acutum is not a preferred host forB. tabaci, but the whitefly feeds on it sufficiently long to acquire the virus. Whiteflies marked with fluorescent dust while feeding naturally onC. acutum along the banks of the Jordan River, were subsequently trapped within the main tomato-production area 7 km away. An increase in theB. tabaci population and in TYLCV infectivity was found in plots surrounded by windbreaks. The epidemiological cycle of TYLCV is described and cultural control measures are suggested.