牙鲆身体纵轴生长相关性状QTL定位

以经紫外线灭活的真鲷(Pagrosomus major)精子作为异源精子,诱导牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)卵子进行有丝分裂雌核发育,通过静水压方法获得165个双单倍体作为实验材料.测量牙鲆身体纵轴6个生长相关性状(体长、头长、背鳍基长、腹鳍基长、尾柄长和尾长),并用SPSS 19.0对其进行正态分布及相关性分析.运用MapQTL4.0中多座位QTL 模型(MQM)对控制6个性状的QTL进行定位及遗传效应分析.结果表明,所检测6个性状均符合正态分布,并且相互之间呈极显著相关(P<0.01).在全部24个连锁群上检测到22个控制相关性状的QTL,分布在10个连锁群上.其中与体长相关的QTL有4个,头长相关的QTL为3个,控制背鳍基长的QTL为4个,与腹鳍基长相关的QTL为3个,与尾柄长相关QTL 7个,控制尾长的QTL仅有1个.各QTLs的LOD 值在2.01~3.68之间,可解释3.7%~12.6%的表型变异.控制体长和尾长的 QTL存在共定位,控制体长的 QTL 还与控制背鳍基长及腹鳍基长的QTL存在共定位.本研究结果可为今后进一步辅助育种和改良性状提供参考.     

奶牛经济性状的QTL定位研究进展

数量性状基因定位是遗传标记辅助选择的关键步骤。定位的方式有两种,候选基因鉴定法和基因组扫描法。日前奶牛的重要经济性状(包括泌乳量、脂肪产量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、产奶寿命、乳房炎发病率、Weaver综合征和双生率)已分别定位于不同的染色体上,这些性状多由多基因控制的数量性状,采用常规育种方法一般难以奏效。     

牙鲆遗传作图及生长性状QTL定位

采用牙鲆日本群体和韩国群体杂交的92个F₁个体作为分离群体, 利用微卫星标记和Joinmap 4.0作图软件构建了牙鲆遗传连锁图谱。共有221个SSR标记用于连锁图谱构建, 雌性图谱中, 共178个微卫星标记定位到22个连锁群上, 观测总长度为(G _oa )599.0 cM, 覆盖率(C _oa )达76.27%。雄性图谱中, 共194个微卫星标记定位到23个连锁群上, G _oa 为693.4 cM, C _oa 为78.82%。对全长、体质量、体高3组数据进行主成分分析处理, 得到可解释3个性状的89.6%特征的一组数据, 命名为牙鲆生长性状GT。用WinQTLCart 2.5软件的复合区间作图,在已构建的遗传连锁图谱上对牙鲆生长性状GT进行QTL定位, 取LOD经验值2.5为QTL存在的阈值; 对微卫星标记进行性状—标记之间的回归分析。本研究共定位3个与牙鲆生长性状GT相关的QTLs, qGT-f4 qGT-m20 qGT-f20,可解释表型变异率分别为27.60%, 13.74%, 10.27%。在性状—标记之间的回归分析中, 得到22个与生长性状GT相关(P<0.05)的微卫星标记, 单个标记可解释表型变异率介于3.70%~10.42%, 其中6个微卫星标记scaffold558_51720、scaffold558_26183、scaffold903_69232、scaffold485_47120 、scaffold1262_77386、scaffold809_65154与生长性状GT之间呈极显著相关(P><0.01), 可解释表型变异率分别为10.42%、7.31%、10.07%、10.07%、8.39%和11.26%。     

畜禽数量性状位点(QTL)定位概述

在畜禽育种中,许多重要的经济性状,如肉质性状、繁殖性状、产奶性能、产蛋性能等多属数量性状,主要假说认为数量性状是由多效微基因共同影响、受遗传背景和环境协同作用。其中将数量性状所处的染色体区段中一个或多个基因座位,称为数量性状基因座位(QTL)。讨论QTL定位在畜禽育种中的使用。     

罗非鱼耐盐数量性状位点(QTL)定位研究

采用190个微卫星分子标记对罗非鱼282个全同胞个体进行数量性状位点(QTL)定位,获得15个罗非鱼耐盐QTL,其中st-c、mst-a可分别解释19.2%的两性耐盐差异和19.1%的雄性耐盐差异,XY性别决定位点、钠钾氯协同转运蛋白2(NKCC2)基因分别定位于st-c、mst-a的峰值处。研究结果表明,罗非鱼海水养殖中采用全雄群体可能具有一定的耐盐优势,NKCC2基因可作为重要的候选基因用于耐盐罗非鱼选育。     

一种杂交鲤四种经济性状的QTL定位分析

以柏氏鲤和荷包红鲤抗寒品系杂交F21个家系的92尾个体为材料,用300个微卫星(SSR)标记构建了遗传连锁图谱,其长度为2 471.7 cM,标记间平均间隔为10.75 cM,在此基础上对体长(SL)、体厚(BT)、体高(H)和体质量(W)进行QTL定位分析.共检测到17个QTL区间分布于6个连锁群.4个体长的QTL中,位于LG5、LG7和LG19的QTL为显著水平(P＜0.05),位于LG32的QTL为极显著水平(P＜0.01),可解释表型变异率为5.14％～10.2％;4个体厚的QTL中,位于LG11(两个QTL)和LG32上的QTL为显著水平(P＜0.05),位于LG5的QTL达极显著水平(P＜0.01),可解释表型变异率为6.42％～ 8.43％;6个体高的QTL中,LG5,LG10,LG11,LG19,LG32上的QTL为显著水平(P＜0.05),LG7上达极显著水平(P＜0.01),可解释表型变异率为5.92％ ～ 8.95％;3个体质量的QTL中,位于LG5和LG7上的为显著水平(P＜0.05),可解释表型变异率为5.55％和8.36％,LG32上达极显著水平(P＜0.01),可解释表型变异率为6.44％.本研究采用了两个不同品系的杂交子代为作图群体,丰富了QTL研究群体的多样化,为今后不同鲤品系或品种间的QTL在全基因组水平上的比较和共性QTL的发掘等奠定基础,进而指导鲤分子育种.     

鲤头长、体厚、体高性状的QTL定位及遗传效应分析

用174个SSR、41个EST、345个SNP标记对以镜鲤良种后代为祖父母本所培育的杂交F2群体的68个个体进行基因型检测,运用JoinMap4.0软件包构建遗传连锁图。利用MapQTL5.0区间作图法(interval mapping,IM)和多QTL区间定位法(MQM mapping,MQM)进行QTL检测,通过置换实验(1000次重复)确定连锁群显著性水平阈值。在对体高、头长、体厚的区间定位中,共检测到6个与体高性状相关的QTLs区间,分布在LG1(SNP1339-SNP1490)、LG10(HLJE469-SNP1491)、LG12(SNP0922-HLJ1316)、LG13(SNP0937-HLJ328)、LG25(SNP1041-HLJ594)、LG35(SNP1425-SNP0389)等6个连锁群上,解释表型变异范围为20.0%～43.3%。其中,SNP1339-SNP1490区间LOD值最大为3.64,解释表型变异35.4%。6个与头长相关的QTLs,分布在LG1(SNP1339-SNP1490)、LG12(HLJ071-HLJ336)、LG13(SNP0937-HLJ328)、LG24(SN...     

QTL检测方法及其在畜禽育种中的研究进展

随着现代分子遗传学技术的进展,DAN分子遗传标记将各种家畜的遗传图谱与家畜育种结合,把复杂的数量性状分解为多个QTL进行检测定位分析。本文在介绍了QTL检测方法后,对各种家畜的QTL研究结果作了一个综述。     

QTL检测方法及其在畜禽育种中的研究进展

随着现代分子遗传学技术的进展．DAN分子遗传标记将各种家畜的遗传图谱与家畜育种结合，把复杂的数量性状分解为多个QTL进行检测定位分析。本文在介绍了QTL检测方法后．对各种家畜的QTL，研究结果作了一个综述。     

猪数量性状位点的研究现状

猪的数量性状位点研究一直是改良猪的各项数量性状的重要研究手段,目前在猪的许多性状改良研究方面已经取得了较大的成果。文章主要论述了数量性状位点的研究原理和技术方法,以及在生长、繁殖、肉质、抗病力等性状方面取得的最新研究进展,为猪的品种改良和数量性状主效基因的检测及应用研究提供了重要的参考依据。     

Quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with resistance of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss against the parasitic ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

The parasitic ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis has a low host specificity eliciting white spot disease (WSD) in a wide range of freshwater fishes worldwide. The parasite multiplies rapidly whereby the infection may reach problematic levels in a host population within a few days. The parasite targets both wild and cultured fish but the huge economic impact of the protozoan is associated with mortality, morbidity and treatment in aquacultural enterprises. We have investigated the potential for genetic selection of WSD-resistant strains of rainbow trout. Applying the DNA typing system Affymetrix^® and characterizing the genome of the individual fish by use of 57,501 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and their location on the rainbow trout chromosomes, we have genetically characterized rainbow trout with different levels of natural resistance towards WSD. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) used for the selection of breeders with specific markers for resistance are reported. We found a significant association between resistance towards I. multifiliis infection and SNP markers located on the two specific rainbow trout chromosomes Omy 16 and Omy 17. Comparing the expression of immune-related genes in fish—with and without clinical signs—we recorded no significant difference. However, trout surviving the infection showed high expression levels of genes encoding IgT, T-cell receptor TCRβ, C3, cathelicidins 1 and 2 and SAA, suggesting these genes to be associated with protection.     

半滑舌鳎抗哈维氏弧菌病相关微卫星标记筛选及QTL定位

为了筛选出与抗哈维氏弧菌病相关的微卫星标记并进行QTL定位,以2014年感染实验中存活率为52.22%的半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)家系F1412(Family+年份+家系号)为材料,采用混合分离子分析法(bulked segregant analysis,BSA)对169个微卫星标记(SSR)进行筛选,得到1个可能与哈维氏弧菌病相关的微卫星标记scaffold479_23523。用scaffold479_23523所在的连锁群LG18上的37个SSR对94尾抗病、感病个体进行基因分型,得到3个图谱:整合图谱(LG18)、雌性图谱(LG18F)和雄性图谱(LG18M),并用两种不同的模式进行单标记分析和QTL定位。模式一得到3个显著性相关标记(P0.05)和1个极显著性相关标记(P0.01),图谱LG18F定位出一个区间qE-F1;模式二得到4个显著相关标记(P0.05)和1个极显著相关标记(P0.01),图谱LG18M定位出两个区间qE-M1、qE-M2。在全基因组序列的分布范围上,区间qE-F1包含了qE-M1及qE-M2,因此qE-F1更可能与抗病性状相关。本研究开发出了抗哈维氏弧菌病性状相关微卫星标记及QTL区间,为抗病新品种的培育奠定了基础。     

水产动物分子标记辅助育种研究进展

本文介绍了水产动物分子标记辅助育种技术的发展。获得与经济性状连锁的标记是开展分子标记辅助育种的基础,因此,本文重点介绍了获得基因/标记技术的进步,探讨了基因/标记与性状间相互关系的复杂性,论述了准确鉴定性状紧密连锁的基因/标记的难度,指出难点主要源于基因组对性状的形成具有非常复杂的影响。近十年来,已有多个利用分子标记辅助育种技术培育的品种在产业上应用,表明这项新技术具有推动产业技术进步的作用;同时指出了分子标记辅助育种包括全基因组选择育种的不足之处,其根本原因在于鱼类性状的形成机制极其复杂、多变,从而决定了分子标记辅助育种技术具有发展阶段论的特征。     

Mapping quantitative trait loci for infectious salmon anaemia resistance in a North American strain of Atlantic salmon

Infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) is a highly virulent viral disease of Atlantic salmon that causes massive economic losses to infected aquaculture operations. Our goal was to detect and map quantitative trait loci (QTL) that confer resistance to ISA in an admixed commercial strain of Atlantic salmon that was largely founded from the Saint John River (SJR) in North America. Full‐sibling families were challenged with a virulent strain of ISA virus. Mortality was tracked during two annual trials with individual fish that survived to the end of the trial being classified as ‘resistant’, and those that died were classified as ‘susceptible’. Ten families with intermediate levels of mortality and an average size of 54.2 individuals were chosen for genotyping with a 50K SNP array designed for the SJR strain. Single nucleotide polymorphisms that were segregating within families were first used to make a composite 11K female linkage map that was then used to find the positions of QTL for ISA resistance using a half‐sib model. The dam‐based HS model detected a total of three QTL for ISA resistance including an experiment‐wide significant QTL on Ssa25 that accounted for 8.3% of the phenotypic variance and chromosome‐wide significant QTL on Ssa03 and on Ssa04 that accounted for 6.0% and 6.6% respectively. We conclude that classic linkage mapping within families continues to be an important method of detecting QTL for oligogenic traits in strains founded from multiple populations. Single nucleotide polymorphisms with moderate trait effects are being used to select within families for more ISA‐resistant strains of Atlantic salmon.     

Hemoglobin genotypes of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus): consequences for growth and variations in optimal temperature for growth

We studied the growth properties of three different hemoglobin genotypes of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) reared at 10, 14, 18 and 22 °C. The genotype Hb-I(2/2) displayed the overall highest growth rate in the temperature range 14–22 °C, whereas no differences were found at sub-optimal temperature (10 °C). The differences in growth were largest at optimal temperatures where the Hb-I(2/2) genotype displayed 13% higher growth than the two other genotypes. Optimal temperature for growth (T _opt.G) varied between the genotypes with the genotype Hb-I(2/2) displaying the highest T _opt.G (23.0 °C) and Hb-I(1/1) the lowest (19.0 °C). The biological significance of this link between biochemical genetic variation and physiological properties might be influences on growth pattern, ultimate size and age at first maturity. This is the first reported quantitative trait locus (QTL) for this species.     

刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)重要经济性状相关SNP标记的验证分析

本研究在前期构建的刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)高密度遗传连锁图谱和QTL分析的基础上,筛选出26个与体长、体重、体宽、棘刺总数、抗病力相关的SNP位点,设计出可用于HRM检测的SNP扩增引物13对。在扩大群体中利用HRM小片段法对这13个刺参重要经济性状相关的候选SNP位点进行分型和多态性检测,并结合扩大群体的相关性状数据进行了QTL位点验证。多态性结果显示,13个位点中有3个单态性位点,其余10个多态性位点中有3个位点为低等位多态性,7个位点为中等位多态性。10个多态性位点的最小等位基因频率(MAF)介于0.016(SNP113)～0.332(SNP160)之间,平均值为0.173;各位点的观测杂合度(Ho)介于0.031(SNP113)～0.818(SNP9)之间,平均值为0.433;期望杂合度(H_o)介于0.031(SNP113)～0.834(SNP9)之间,平均值为0.402;多态信息含量(PIC)介于0.030(SNP113)～0.393(SNP160)之间,平均为0.248,有6个位点偏离HardyWeinberg平衡。QTL验证结果表明,SNP40和SNP160位点为与生长(体长、体重、体宽)相关的位点,各位点的优势基因型分别为SNP40(CC)和SNP160(AA);SNP88、SNP112和SNP126这3个位点为与抗病力相关的位点,各位点的优势基因型为SNP88(CC)、SNP112(AA)和SNP126(TT)。基于这5个位点构建生长和抗病二倍型,发现二倍型K_1(CC AA TT)抗病力最强,S_1(CC AA)、S_3(CC AC)在生长方面优势显著,相关研究结果可为分子标记辅助育种在生产中应用提供基础数据。     

刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)重要经济性状相关SNP标记的验证分析

本研究在前期构建的刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)高密度遗传连锁图谱和QTL分析的基础上,筛选出26个与体长、体重、体宽、棘刺总数、抗病力相关的SNP位点,设计出可用于HRM检测的SNP扩增引物13对。在扩大群体中利用HRM小片段法对这13个刺参重要经济性状相关的候选SNP位点进行分型和多态性检测,并结合扩大群体的相关性状数据进行了QTL位点验证。多态性结果显示,13个位点中有3个单态性位点,其余10个多态性位点中有3个位点为低等位多态性,7个位点为中等位多态性。10个多态性位点的最小等位基因频率(MAF)介于0.016(SNP113)~ 0.332(SNP160)之间,平均值为0.173;各位点的观测杂合度(Ho)介于0.031(SNP113)~0.818(SNP9)之间,平均值为0.433;期望杂合度(He)介于0.031(SNP113)~0.834(SNP9)之间,平均值为0.402;多态信息含量(PIC)介于0.030(SNP113)~0.393(SNP160)之间,平均为0.248,有6个位点偏离Hardy- Weinberg平衡。QTL验证结果表明,SNP40和SNP160位点为与生长(体长、体重、体宽)相关的位点,各位点的优势基因型分别为SNP40(CC)和SNP160(AA);SNP88、SNP112和SNP126这3个位点为与抗病力相关的位点,各位点的优势基因型为SNP88(CC)、SNP112(AA)和SNP126(TT)。基于这5个位点构建生长和抗病二倍型,发现二倍型K1(CC AA TT)抗病力最强,S1(CC AA)、S3(CC AC)在生长方面优势显著,相关研究结果可为分子标记辅助育种在生产中应用提供基础数据。     

Variations in growth in haemoglobin genotypes of Atlantic cod

In the present paper are described the growth properties of three different haemoglobin genotypes of juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) reared at 7, 10, 13 and 16 °C. In addition one group was reared under temperature steps i.e. moved successively from 16 to 13 and 10 °C. The genotype Hb-I(2/2)displayed the overall highest growth rate in the temperature range 13–16 °C, whereas the Hb- I(1/1)genotype showed the highest overall growth at the lowest temperature (7 °C). Accordingly, we found a significant interaction between genotype and temperature. The differences in growth were largest when cod were reared under the temperature step regime where the Hb-I(2/2)genotype displayed 17 and 24% higher growth than Hb-I(1/1)and Hb-I(1/2),respectively. Optimal temperature for growth (T_opt.G) varied between the genotypes with the genotype Hb-I(1/2)displaying the highest (mean ± SE) T_opt.G (14.5 ± 1:0.8 °C) and Hb-I(1/1)the lowest (12.5 ± 0.2 °C). The biological significance of this link between biochemical genetic variation and physiological properties might be the influences on growth pattern, ultimate size and age at first maturity.