Genetic control of crossability of triticale with rye

Limited genetic knowledge is available regarding crossability between hexaploid triticale (2n= 6x= 42, 21″, AABBRR, amphiploid Triticum turgidum L.‐Secale cereale L.) and rye (2n= 14, 7″, RR). Our objectives were to determine (1) the crossability between triticales and rye and (2) the inheritance of crossability between F₂ progeny from intertriticale crosses and rye. First, ‘8F/Corgo’, a hexaploid triticale, was crossed as a female with two landrace ryes, ‘Gimonde’ and, ‘Vila Pouca’ and two derived north European cultivars, ‘Pluto’ and ‘Breno’. These crosses produced 21.7, 20.9, 5.9, and 5.6%, seed‐set or crossability, respectively, showing that the landrace ryes produced higher seed‐set than the cultivars. Second, ‘Gimonde’ rye was crossed as a male with four triticales for 3 years. The control cross, ‘Chinese Spring’ wheat × rye, produced 80‐90% seed‐set. Of the four triticales, ‘Beagle’ produced 35.7‐56.8% seed‐set. The other three triticales produced less than 20% seed‐set, showing that the triticales differ in crossability with ‘Gimonde’ rye. Third, six FiS from intertriticale crosses (‘8F/Corgo’בBeagle’, ‘Beagle’בCachirulo’, ‘Lasko’בBeagle’, ‘8F/Corgo’בCachirulo’, ‘Lasko’בCachirulo’, ‘Lasko’ב8F/Corgo’) were crossed to ‘Gimonde’ rye. Results indicated that lower crossability trait was partially dominant in the two F₁S from crosses involving ‘Beagle’(high crossability) with‘8F/Corgo’ and ‘Cachirulo’(low crossability) and completely dominant in the ‘Beagle’בLasko’ cross, as it happens in wheat. Fourth, segregants in four F₂ populations (‘Lasko’בBeagle’, ‘8F/Corgo’בBeagle’, ‘Lasko’ב8F/Corgo’, and‘8F/Corgo’בCachirulo’) were crossed with rye. Segregation for crossability was observed, although distinct segregation classes were blurred by environmental and perhaps other factors, such as self‐incompatibility alleles in rye. Segregation patterns showed that ‘Beagle’, with high crossability to rye, carries either Kr1 or Kr2. The three triticales with low crossability with rye were most likely homozygous for Kr1 and Kr2. Therefore, it is likely that the Kr loci from A and B genomes acting in wheat also play a role in triticale × rye crosses.     

Inheritance of berry volatile compounds in two half-sib grape (Vitis vinifera) populations

Inheritance of grape berry volatile compounds was studied in the half-sib populations of ‘Jingxiu’ × ‘Muscat of Alexandria’ and ‘Jingxiu’ × ‘Xiangfei’ during two successive years. Twenty-two volatile compounds were identified via GC–MS. Monoterpenes were detected in the paternal parents ‘Muscat of Alexandria’ and ‘Xiangfei’, which were Muscat grapes, but not in the non-Muscat maternal parent ‘Jingxiu’. Four C6 compounds, five carbonyls and one ester (ethyl acetate) were found in all the parents, 2-ethylhexanol (alcohol) in ‘Jingxiu’ and ‘Muscat of Alexandria’, and hexyl acetate (ester) in ‘Jingxiu’. The paternal effect varied with year, while the inheritance patterns of volatile compounds, except for (Z)-linalool oxide, were stable between years and between populations. Four C6 compounds, five carbonyls, two esters and one alcohol were typical quantitative traits in both half-sib populations in 2 years. Most monoterpenes, including geraniol, α-terpineol and linalool, exhibited continuous variation in the half-sib progenies, but some other monoterpenes, such as (Z)-rose oxide, nerol oxide, nerol, neral, geranial and geranic acid, appeared to segregate into presence or absence in the progenies (1:1). However, (Z)-linalool oxide, behaved as a quantitative trait in the ‘Jingxiu’ × ‘Muscat of Alexandria’ population, but segregated into presence or absence (1:1) in the ‘Jingxiu’ × ‘Xiangfei’ population for both years.     

Assessment of yocoboue wild oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) from Côte d'Ivoire

Following a survey involving wild oil palm groves in Côte d’Ivoire as a whole in 1968, 17 parents were chosen at Yocoboué (southernCôte d’Ivoire). Agronomic performance of the 17 parents was assessed through Deli × Yocoboué hybrids in 3 trials grown at La Mé (Côte d’Ivoire), Mondoni and La Dibamba (Cameroon).When compared to the Deli × La Mé progenies used as controls, the Deli × Yocoboué hybrids produced 91% for total bunch weight and86% for oil yields. However, the genetic variability within the Deli × Yocoboué progenies allows to select individual progenies as productive as the Deli × La Mé controls, for breeding purposes. A study of major agronomic traits led to the choice of parent YO 11 T , which combines the largest number of favourable traits. On average, Deli × Yocobouéprogenies have slower vertical growth and are susceptible to Fusarium wilt, except 2 parents (YO 3 T and YO 9 T), which seem to be resistant.     

AFLP–SSR maps of maize × teosinte and maize × maize: comparison of map length and segregation distortion

Two genetic linkage maps of Zea mays were constructed: one population comprised 94 F₂ individuals of a dent ‘B64’ × teosinte (Z. mays ssp. huehuetenangensis) cross while the second consisted of 94 F₂ individuals of a ‘B64’ × Caribbean flint ‘Na4’ cross. The level of polymorphism was higher in the ‘B64’ × teosinte combination than the ‘B64’ × ‘Na4’ combination. In the ‘B64’ × teosinte cross, a total of 338 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and 75 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were mapped to 10 chromosomes, which covered 1402.4 cM. In the ‘B64’ × ‘Na4’ cross, a total of 340 AFLP and 97 SSR markers were mapped to 10 chromosomes, covering 1662.8 cM. Segregation distortion regions were found on chromosomes 4, 5 and 8 in the ‘B64’ × teosinte cross and on chromosome 9 in the ‘B64’ × ‘Na4’ cross. Comparison of the two maps revealed that the maize × teosinte map was 11.5% shorter than the maize × maize map. The maps generated in this study may be useful to identify genes controlling flooding tolerance.     

Crosses Involving W. Rimpau's Triticale

One hundred years after the creation of the first true triticale crosses of Rimpau , several recent cultivars of triticale and rye have been crossed with two of them. Recombinants of the awned type of Rimpau 's triticale (10) with ‘Grado’, ‘Lasko’ and ‘Otello’ exhibited a prolonged vegetative period, a shorter straw, an improved lodging resistance, good yielding capacity and higher disease resistance as compared to ‘Lasko’.     

Identification and Inheritance of Fertility Restorer Genes for 'tour' CMS in Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

Eighteen genotypes of Brassica napus were crossed to a cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) line of B. napus BO 15 carrying B. tournefortii cytoplasm (‘tour’ cytoplasm). Fourteen genotypes were found to be stable maintainers of the ‘tour’ CMS. Of the remaining four genotypes, GSL-1 and ‘Asahi-natane’ were found to be heterozygous and ‘Mangun’ and ‘Yudal’ were homozygous for the restorer gene. Analysis of the F₁ and F₂ progenies of (CMS) BO 15 בMangun’ and (CMS) BO 15 בYudal’ showed that fertility restoration is controlled by a single dominant gene. The availability of a number of stable maintainer lines and the simple inheritance pattern of fertility restorer gene makes ‘tour’ CMS a useful system for hybrid seed production in rapeseed.     

Inheritance of partial rust resistance in pearl millet

Quantitative disease resistance should be exploited to complement the use of genes for qualitative or hypersensitive resistance. The expression and inheritance of partial rust resistance of pearl millet inbreds 700481-21-8 and ‘ICMP 501’ crossed to moderately susceptible Tift 383’ were evaluated in seedling assays in the greenhouse and in generation mean and single-seed descent populations in the field. Uredinium sizes on seedling leaves of hybrids were generally intermediate to those of the parental inbreds and consistent differences could be discerned in uredinium lengths. Area under the disease progress curves (AUDPCs) of individual plants of the parents, F₁, F₂, and backcross F₁S to each parent were determined from field trials. Broad-sense heritability estimates for both crosses were 43%. In generation mean analyses, additive genetic effects were significant in the cross of 700481–21–8 × Tift 383′, whereas additive, dominance, and dominance × dominance epistatic effects were significant for ‘ICMP 501’בTift 383’. The number of genes conferring partial resistance was estimated to be two for 700481–21–8 and 2.5 for ‘ICMP 501’. A hierarchical single-seed descent analysis revealed significant differences in AUDPC among F₃-derived F₄ progenies in the F₆ generation. Selection for progenies with greater resistance should be possible among F₄ families. Higher levels of resistance were observed in progeny derived from ‘ICMP 501’. Because segregation of resistance differed among progeny derived from 700481–21–8 and ‘ICMP 501’, the genetic basis for resistance probably differs between the two inbreds.     

Ploidy manipulation and introgression breeding in Darwin hybrid tulips

Meiotic polyploidisation via crossing with 2n gamete producing genotypes and interploidy crosses are two of the main methods currently used to obtain polyploid tulips. In our study diploid 2n gamete producing F₁ hybrids of Darwin hybrids (Tulipa gesneriana × Tulipa fosteriana) and triploid hybrid resulting from ‘Rhodos’ × ‘Princeps’ cross were used as pollen donor and crossed with cultivars of T. gesneriana in the following combination: 2x × 2x, 3x × 2x, 2x × 3x, and 3x × 3x. The progenies resulting from crosses at diploid level were mostly diploid, whereas a few seedlings were triploid. In 3x × 2x crosses aneuploids with chromosome constitution in between triploid and tetraploid (43–45 chromosomes) were predominant, but also one tetraploid (2n = 4x = 48) and four pentaploids (2n = 5x = 60) were obtained. In 2x × 3x crosses most progenies were triploid with the exception of a few aneuploids (3x + 1 and 3x ? 1), whereas in 3x × 3x cross diploid and aneuploid genotypes were recorded with chromosome number varied from 27 to 34. These results indicate that triploid parents produced aneuploid as well as euploid (x, 2x, 3x) gametes and that success in ploidy manipulation in tulip depends to a large degree on the ploidy level of the parental genotypes used for hybridization. Genome constitution of selected population of F1 and BC1 hybrids was analyzed through genomic in situ hybridization (GISH). GISH analysis of the BC1 showed a considerable amount of intergenomic recombination which is desirable for introgression breeding.     

Introgression of productivity and other desirable traits from ricebean (Vigna umbellata) into black gram (Vigna mungo)

Crosses were performed to introgress genes for productivity and other desirable traits from ricebean (Vigna umbellata) into black gram (Vigna mungo). Crossability was very poor in black gram × ricebean crosses, and only two to nine true hybrid plants were obtained. Plant fertility was very poor in initial generations, but was improved gradually from F₂ onwards. Twenty‐four uniform progenies, bulked in F₇, were evaluated for yield potential. The percentage increase/decrease in yield ranged from ?35.48 to 50.31 over the check cultivar (‘Mash338’, female parent). All the progenies were found resistant to Mungbean yellow mosaic virus, Cercospora leaf spot and Bacterial leaf spot diseases. Overall, it was found that desirable traits such as high pod number, seed weight, productivity and resistance to diseases have been introgressed successfully into black gram from ricebean. A derivative line, KUG114, recorded yield superiority of 39.45% over the check cultivar ‘Mash338’ on the average of 14 multilocation research trials. It was released under the name ‘Mash114’ for cultivation in the Punjab state.     

Resistance to Coffee Berry Disease in Arabica Coffee Variety 'Ruiru 11'

General and specific combining ability effects for resistance to coffee berry disease (Colletotrichum coffeanum Noack sensu Hindorf) in Coffea arabica variety ‘Ruiru 11’ and its parents were estimated according to the North Carolina Design II. A set of nine male parents and eleven females were crossed in all possible combinations to generate ninety-nine single cross hybrids constituting the ‘Ruiru 11’ variety. The parents and their hybrid progenies were screened and the mean score data analyzed for possible genetic variation. The contributions of the parents to the total genetic variance were low hence the low narrow sense heritability (h²= 0.04). The male and female parents accounted for 9.36 % and 0.96 %, respectively, while their interaction effect accounted for 89.68 %. In the analysis of combining ability for resistance, ExB3.96 and Cat.90 exhibited significant negative general combining ability (GCA). Specific combining abilities (SCA) were negative and significant for Cat.86 × ExB3.99, Cat.127 × ExB3.116 and Cat.119 × ExB3.879 crosses. The implications of these results in selection for highly resistant ‘Ruiru 11’ progenies are discussed.     

Genetic control of alfalfa seed yield and its components

Seed yield is of little agronomic importance in alfalfa (lucerne) but is critical in the marketing of varieties. In order to develop breeding criteria, the quantitative genetics of seed yield components must be studied. The objective of this study was (1) to evaluate combining ability for seed yield and its components and (2) to estimate the genetic control of these same characters. A 7 × 7 diallel mating design, including reciprocals, among parents from different varieties, and a 7 × 7 factorial design within the ‘Flamande’ population were evaluated. In the diallel design, where the progenies were evaluated over two growing seasons, a high genotype effect was found for seed yield and its components while genotype × year interaction was only significant for seed yield per plant. General combining ability (GCA) effects explained most of the variation due to genotype effect. Specific combining ability (SCA) and reciprocal effects were only significant for seed yield per plant. ‘Europe‐1’, ‘Rival‐5’ and ‘Medalfa‐7’ were the most promising parents, conferring the highest GCA for most of the characters evaluated, especially for seed weight per inflorescence. In the factorial design, seed weight per pod was the only character for which the year effect was not significant. Male and female effects were significant for all characters and these effects were larger than the male × female interaction variance for all the characters. These results were stable over the 2 years for most characters. Additive variance was larger than dominance variance, for all traits. This resulted in high narrow‐sense heritabilities, especially for seed yield per plant, seed weight per inflorescence and number of seeds per pod. Seed weight per inflorescence and number of seeds per inflorescence were highly correlated with seed yield per plant among the full‐sib (FS) families, in both experiments. Increase in seed yield potential in alfalfa could be achieved by the use of seed weight per inflorescence as a selection criterion.     

Cytogenetics of the 'glandless-seed and glanded-plant' trait from Gossypium sturtianum Willis introgressed into upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

In order to introgress the ‘glandless-seed and glanded-plant’ trait from Gossypium sturtianum Willis (2n= 2x= 26, C₁ genome) into the cultivated upland cotton Gossypium hirsutum L. (2n= Ax= 52 (AD), genome), two trispecific hybrids have been created using either Gossypium thurberi Torado (2n= 2x= 26, D₁ genome) or Gossypium raimondii Ulbrich (2n= 2x= 26, D₅ genome) as bridge species. The cross of both trispecific hybrids by G. hirsutum produced the first backcross progenies (BCl). Cytogenetic analysis showed that the trispecific hybrids had 52 chromosomes, their chromosome configurations at metaphase I (Ml) being 15.071 + 15.3411 + 0.93III + 0.69IV + 0.26VI in G. thurberi×G. sturtianum×G. hirsutum (TSH) and 14.421 + 17.0311 + 0.82III + 0.15IV + 0.07VI in G. hirsutum × G. raimondii ×. G. sturtianum (HRS), respectively. Among six BCl plants analysed, the only plant expressing the ‘glandless-seed and glanded-plant’ trait had 52 chromosomes and a meiotic configuration of 5.261 + 20.61II + 0.69III + 0.77IV at MI. Pollen fertility was 2.90% in TSH, 8.97% in HRS, and ranged from 0% to 40.28% in the BCl progenies. The introgressed BCl plant is perennial in growth habit. It can be used in breeding programmes aiming at the introgression of the ‘glandless-seed and glanded-plant’ trait into a cultivar of upland cotton.     

Usefulness of Andigena (Solanum Tuberosum SSP. Andigena) Genotypes as Parents in Breeding Early Bulking Potato Cultivars

Summary Seven Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum and three Solanum tuberosum ssp. andigena accessions were crossed to produce 12 Tuberosum × Tuberosum (T × T) and 9 Tuberosum × Andigena (T × A) progenies. These families were evaluated for five important traits for two successive clonal generations under short day sub-tropical plains. The differences in yield, average tuber weight and tuber number between {T × T }and T × A families in an early (75 days) crop were not significant. Compared to conventional intra-Tuberosum families, T × A families had significantly higher % tuber dry matter and specific gravity. In contrast to intra-Tuberosum crosses, T × A crosses exhibited a positive heterosis for tuber yield. Compared to T × T families, T × A families showed significantly higher heterosis for yield and tuber number. Comparison of T × T and T × A families and parents using canonical analysis led to the identification of superior hybrid families and superior parents. Some T × A progenies were close to breeding goal and thus can be used for selecting high-yielding cultivars. This revealed the usefulness of Andigena genotypes as parents in developing early bulking potato cultivars with broad genetic base for short day sub-tropical plains.     

Molecular cytogenetic analysis of a durum wheat ×Thinopyrum distichum hybrid used as a new source of resistance to Fusarium head blight in the greenhouse

Fusarium head blight (FHB, scab), caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, is a serious and damaging disease of wheat. Although some hexaploid wheat lines express a good level of resistance to FHB, the resistance available in hexaploid wheat has not yet been transferred to durum wheat. A germplasm collection of Triticum durum× alien hybrid lines was tested as a potential source of resistance to FHB under controlled conditions. Their FHB reaction was evaluated in three tests against conidial suspensions of three strains of F. graminearum at the flowering stage. Two T. durum×Thinopyrum distichum hybrid lines, ‘AFR4’ and ‘AFR5′, expressed a significantly higher level of resistance to the spread of FHB than other durum‐alien hybrid lines and a resistant common wheat line ‘Nyu‐Bay’. Genomic in situ hybridization using total genomic DNA from alien grass species demonstrated that ‘AFR5’ had 13 or 14 alien genome chromosomes plus 27 or 28 wheat chromosomes, while ‘AFR4’ had 22 alien genome and 28 wheat chromosomes. All of the alien chromosomes present in these two lines belonged to the J genome. ‘AFR5’ is likely to be more useful as a source of FHB resistance than ‘AFR4’ because of its relatively normal meiotic behaviour, high fertility and fewer number of alien chromosomes. ‘AFR5’ shows good potential as a source for transferring FHB resistance gene into wheat. The development of T. durum addition lines carrying resistance genes from ‘AFR5’ is underway.     

Resistance to barley yellow-dwarf-virus disease in derivatives of crosses between hexaploid wheat and species of Lophopyrum (Triticeae; Poaceae)

Among the wheatgrasses that are possible sources of genetic resistance for wheat to barley yellow-dwarf-virus disease (BYD) are those that have been commonly subsumed under the name Agropyron elongatum (Host) P. Beauv. Two of these wheatgrass species are the diploid Lophopymm elongatum (Host) Á. Löve (2n = 2x = 14) and the decaploid L. ponticum (Podp.) Á. Löve (2n = 10x = 70). These two species, the addition and substitution lines of L. elongatum chromosomes in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and derivatives of hybrids between hexaploid wheat and L. ponticum, were screened for resistance to BYD, as defined by visual symptoms in field-grown plants. The two species, an amphiploid derived from L. elongatumבChinese Spring’ wheat, and the derivatives involving L. ponticum chromosomes were all highly resistant. The substitution and addition lines of L. elongatum chromosomes in ‘Chinese Spring’ revealed that the genetic control of resistance in L. elongatum must be complex, with more than one critical locus involved. Chromosomes 2E and 5E are involved and there are lesser contributions to resistance from the remaining wheatgrass chromosomes. One highly resistant derivative was determined to have only three pairs of L. ponticum chromosomes. It has a wheat-like morphology and shows promise for further characterization.     

不同割手密杂交后的父性遗传分析

本研究主要选用云割82-114、云南1号、云割83-184、云割82-25、云割82-160、瑞割3号等优良甘蔗细茎野生种作为父本,利用百眉蔗、粤糖93-159等作为母本,通过有性杂交,并利用SSR鉴定杂交后代的遗传关系,从140个后代材料中鉴定出109个真实杂种,27个是假阳性材料,4个自交材料。并对12个组合真实性达到6个以上的子代进行了父性遗传的评估,结果父本共检测出24个位点,各子代群体的平均父性多态性比率在33.33 %-86.67%之间,平均基因杂合度较低,而父性遗传率相对较高。     

Identification and characterization of quantitative trait loci related to lodging resistance and associated traits in bread wheat

Lodging is a major constraint to increasing yield in many crops, but is of particular importance in the small‐grained cereals. This study investigated the genetic control of lodging and component traits in wheat through the detection of underlying quantitative trait loci (QTL), The analysis was based on the identification of genomic regions which affect various traits related to lodging resistance in a population of 96‐doubled haploid lines of the cross ‘Milan’בCatbird’, mapped using 126‐microsatellite markers. Although major genes related to plant height (Rht genes) were responsible for increasing lodging resistance in this cross, several other traits independent of plant height were shown to be important such as fool and shoot traits, and various components of plant yield. Yield components such as grain number and weight were shown to be an indicator of plant susceptibility to lodging. QTL for lodging and associated traits were found on chromosomes IB, ID. 2B. 2D. 4B, 4D. 6D and 7D. QTL for yield and associated traits were identified on chromosomes IB, ID. 2A. 2B. 2D. 4D and 6A,     

First genetic maps and QTL studies of yield traits of taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott)

The paper presents the first taro (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott) genetic maps. Taro is an important vegetatively propagated root crop species in most subtropical areas. It is an allogamous and protogynous species with a basic chromosome number of x = 14. Two F₁ progenies of 123 and 100 individuals obtained from crosses between local cultivars from Vanuatu (VU101 × VU104 and VU373 × VU314) were chosen for this study. Both genetic maps contained 169 markers, mainly AFLPs and 8 SSRs, and were characterised by a high density of markers and a short map length. The maps had 14 and 18 linkage groups (LG) respectively and were not completely saturated. Twenty-four markers were identified across the two progenies and a good co-linearity was observed for the majority of these markers. A QTL detection study was conducted on both progenies with 91 and 89 individuals respectively. Several putative QTLs were identified for corm yield and corm dimensions (which were highly correlated traits) whereas no QTL was detected for dry matter content. This result was relatively unexpected since dry matter content was a more highly heritable trait than corm yield or corm dimensions. A major dominant gene, responsible for the yellow colour of the corm flesh, was also identified. Further mapping studies on taro should include a larger number of SSR markers, larger progenies should be created and other important traits related to yield and eating quality should be included in the QTL analyses.     

An Evaluation of Hordeum vulgare L. ×Psathyrostachys fragilis (Boiss.) Nevski Crosses for Doubled Haploid Barley Production

Investigations were carried out to assess the suitability of the intergeneric cross Hordeum vulgare×Psathyrostachys fragilis for haploid barley production. H. vulgare cvs. ‘Emir’ and ‘Vada’ were each pollinated with P. fragilis P.I. 343192 and plants regenerated from embryos cultured on a modified B5 medium. Seed sets on ‘Vada’ were significantly lower than on ‘Emir’, and all the planes from ‘Vada’×P. fragile remained hybrid. Several of these flowered but there was little pairing between the parental chromosomes. Most of the plants from ‘Emir’×P. fragilis died, as seedlings but 3 plants developed into haploid barley. Because of the practical limitations of pollen availability from P. fragilis and the inconsistencies in haploid plant formation, it is unlikely that the cross will prove as valuable as that between H. vulgare×H. bulbosum for a doubled haploid barley programme.     

Changes in the meiotic pairing behaviour of a winter wheat-winter barley hybrid maintained for a long term in tissue culture, and tracing the barley chromatin in the progeny using GISH and SSR markers

The aim of the present study was to produce backcross progenies in a new winter wheat (‘Asakaze komugi’) × winter barley (‘Manas’) hybrid produced in Martonvasar. As no backcross seeds were obtained from the initial hybrids, young inflorescences of the hybrids were used for in vitro multiplication in three consecutive cycles until a backcross progeny was developed. The chromosome constitution of the regenerated hybrids was analysed using genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) after each in vitro multiplication cycle. The seven barley chromosomes were present even after the third in vitro multiplication cycle but abnormalities were observed. Sixteen BC; plants containing, according to GfSH analysis, one to three complete barley chromosomes, two deletion barley chromosomes and a dicentric wheat‐barley translocation were grown to maturity from the single backcross progeny. The barley chromatin was identified using 20 chromosome‐specific barley SSR markers. All seven barley chromosomes were represented in the BC: plants. A deletion breakpoint at FL ±0,3 on the 5HL chromosome arm facilitated the physical localization of microsatellite markers.