某有色冶炼场地浅层土壤重金属空间变异规律与分布特征

以某历史遗留有色金属冶炼堆渣场地为研究对象,按照网格法分别在0~20 cm、20~50 cm深度处采集土样,综合经典统计学与地统计学方法,研究场地周边浅层土壤特征污染物Zn、Cd的空间变异规律与分布特征。经典统计学分析结果表明,浅层土壤Zn、Cd含量普遍远超于当地背景值,均属中等空间变异性,服从对数正态分布,Zn与Cd之间存在极显著的正相关性,推测其迁移影响因素具有相似性;采用地统计学方法并借助Arc GIS与Surfer软件分别预测浅层土壤不同深度Zn、Cd空间分布特征,结果表明,0~20 cm处Zn空间相关性较弱且分布不均匀,其空间变异性主要是由降水淋溶渣堆或携带松散废渣沿西北侧较高地势向东南侧地势较低处流动引起;0~20 cm处Cd空间相关性中等,其空间变异特征是由于Zn与Cd的竞争吸附增强了Cd的迁移性所导致的;20~50 cm处Zn、Cd空间相关性均较强且分布均匀,表明浅层低渗透性粘土的阻滞作用显著降低了Zn、Cd含量,而地层岩性、成土母质等自然环境因素对污染物分布影响更大。上述结论可为场地地下水重金属的污染风险评估与污染控制等提供理论依据。     

Beryllium Chemistry in the Lysina Catchment,Czech Republic

The environmental chemistry of beryllium (Be) was investigated at the Lysina catchment in western Bohemia, Czech Republic, a forest ecosystem with high loadings of acidic atmospheric deposition. The catchment supports Norway spruce plantations; it is underlain by leucogranite and the soils are Spodosols. Average concentrations of Be were high in groundwater (3.3 µg L-1) and in stream water (1.5 µg L-1), in comparison to the drinking water standard of the Czech Republic (0.2 µg L-1). Chemical equilibrium calculations suggest that aquoberyllium Be2+ was the prevailing inorganic species in drainage waters at the site. Atmospheric deposition of Be (45 µg m-2 yr-1) was small in comparison to drainage outflow (586 µg m-2 yr-1) at Lysina. Elevated Be concentrations in drainage water appear to be the result of the mobilization of Be from soils and weathered bedrock due to acidic atmospheric deposition. Increased mobility of Be due to acidification may have serious ecological consequences in acid-sensitive areas with terrestrial pools of available Be.     

Sorption and desorption studies of Cs and Sr in contaminated soil samples around Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Huge amounts of radiocesium, radiostrontium, and fission products were released into the atmosphere during the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP)...     

Three-component model of runoff generation,Lysina catchment,Czech Republic

The forested Lysina catchment is situated in an area very susceptible to acid deposition. The stream water is characterized by extremely high concentrations of total dissolved Al (volume weighted mean 66 Μmol L^?1) and H⁺ (average pH=3.87). In a simple two-component model, the surface runoff component contributes only 6% of runoff in winter and 4% of runoff in summer. During flood episodes, the direct runoff contributes up to 20% of streamflow. There is a strong positive correlation between stream acidity and stream discharge. The observed exponential increase in streamwater acidity with discharge during high flow periods cannot be explained by the simple two-component model. A three-component model used for hydrograph separation is based on chemical and¹⁸O analysis of precipitation, soil water and runoff. It incorporates a soil water component along with groundwater and rainfall components in streamwater generation. Dissociated organic acids leached during the flow of water through the uppermost soil horizon help to balance an apparent anion deficit. The apparent anion deficit was found to increase exponentially with flow rate. Low variability in streamwaterδ ¹⁸O corresponds to a high contribution of indirect components (i.e., soil and ground water) in the runoff. The soil water contribution to indirect runoff calculated from the apparent anion deficit of streamwater, varied from 0 at base flow up to 80% during floods. On average, 40% of the streamwater is derived from soil water (from 31 to 39% in winter and from 47 to 54% in summer).     

城市周边破坏山体的立地条件类型划分及其植被恢复措施——以山东淄博市为例

以淄博市城市周围破坏山体为研究对象,根据野外调查结合植被恢复的影响程度分析,选定破坏山体外貌形态、坡度、边坡高度、土层厚度和砾石含量5个立地因子,并对之进行分级量化;利用聚类分析法将破坏山体划分为7个立地条件类型和16个亚型;不同立地条件类型植被恢复难易程度不同,在分析各立地条件类型特征的基础上,因地制宜地提出不同的植被恢复措施。研究成果可为破坏山体的植被恢复提供科学依据。     

广东大宝山矿区土壤重金属污染

Soil contamination in the vicinity of the Dabaoshan Mine, Guangdong Province, China, was studied through determi- nation of total concentrations and chemical speciation of the toxic metals, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb, using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The results showed that over the past decades, the environmental pollution was caused by a combination of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb, with tailings and acid mine drainage being the main pollution sources affecting soils. Significantly higher levels （P ≤ 0.05） of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb were found in the tailings as compared with paddy, garden, and control soils, with averages of 1486, 2516, 6.42, and 429 mg kg^-1, respectively. These metals were continuously dispersed downstream from the tallings and waste waters, and therefore their concentrations in the paddy soils were as high as 567, 1 140, 2.48, and 191 mg kg^-1, respectively, being significantly higher （P ≤ 0.05） as compared with those in the garden soils. The results of sequential extraction of the above metals from all the soil types showed that the residual fraction was the dominant form. However, the amounts of metals that were bound to Fe-Mn oxides and organic matter were relatively higher than those bound to carbonates or those that existed in exchangeable forms. As metals could be transformed from an inert state to an active state, the potential environmental risk due to these metals would increase with time.     

Behavior of Iodine in a Forest Plot,an Upland Field and a Paddy Field in the Upland Area of Tsukuba,Japan. Iodine Concentration in Precipitation,Irrigation Water,Ponding Water and Soil Water to a Depth of 2.5 m

In the course of a series of studies conducted to investigate the long-term behavior of ¹²⁹I (which has a half-life of 16 million years) in the environment, the concentration of stable iodine (¹²⁷I) in precipitation, irrigation water and soil water to a depth of 2.5 m in a forest plot, an upland field and a paddy field in the upland area of Tsukuba, Japan, was determined. In the forest plot, the mean iodine concentrations in soil water at all the depths ranged from 0.13 to 0.21 μg L^?1, about one-tenth of the values recorded in precipitation (weighted mean 2.1 μg L^?1). This finding suggests that the major part of iodine in precipitation was sorbed onto the surface soil horizon under oxidative conditions. In the upland field, the mean iodine concentration in soil water was 2.2 μg L^?1 at a depth of 0.2 m and it decreased to 0.34–0.44 μg L^?1 at a depth of 0.5 m or more; these concentrations were about one-fifth of that in precipitation. This suggested that the major part of the iodine derived from precipitation was sorbed onto the subsurface soil horizon (at depths between 0.2 and 0.5 m). In the paddy field, during the non-irrigation period, the mean iodine concentrations in soil water at all the depths ranged from 1.8 to 4.8 μg L^?1, almost the same values as those recorded in precipitation. During the irrigation period, the mean iodine concentrations at depths of 0.2 and 0.5 m were 18.8 and 16.7 μg L^?1, values higher than the 10.9 μg L^?1 value recorded in irrigation water and the 11.8 μg L^?1 value recorded in ponding water. However, at a depth of 1.0 m or more, the mean iodine concentrations in soil water rapidly decreased from 7.3 to 1.8 μg L^?1. These data suggested that a significant amount of iodine flowed out from the paddy field by surface runoff and a considerable amount of iodine that leached to a depth of 0.5 m was retained onto the mildly oxidative soil horizon (2Bw) that lay at depths between 0.5 and 1.0 m. At a depth of 2.5 m in the paddy field, the mean iodine concentration in soil water decreased to 1.8 μg L^?1, but this level was much higher than those in the forest plot and upland field at the same depth, which suggested that a significant amount of iodine had leached into the groundwater-bearing layer. There was a negative correlation (r=-0.889) between the E_h of soil and the iodine concentration in soil water (0.2 m depth) of the paddy field. Particularly, when the E_h of soil fell below approximately 150 mV, the iodine concentration rapidly increased to above 10μg L^?1. As for the chemical forms of iodine in precipitation, irrigation water, ponding water and soil water during the winter irrigation period in the paddy field with oxidative conditions, 58–82% of iodine consisted of IO^? ₃ and 17–42% of iodine consisted of I^?. In the soil water during the summer irrigation period in the paddy field under reductive conditions, 52–58% of iodine consisted of I^?, and 42–47% consisted of IO^? ₃.     

Soils of the Manas River Area in Northern Xinjiang,Peoples Republic of China

The Manas River Valley is situated in the centre of the continental landmass of Asia. The natural conditions in this region on the northern slope of the Tian Shan Mountains are characterized by an arid climate in an temperate geographical position (N 43°–46°, E 85°–87°), with extreme cold winters and high temperatures in summertime. The rivers, which are fed by glaciers, were formerly bordered by gallery forests (Tugais) along their main parts. There occurs an altitudinal sequence of soils but also a high variability within the same altitude due to changes of rocktype, relief, landuse and age of land surface. All the northern mountain slopes are mainly covered by loess deposits. The former forest-steppe Kastanozems and semidesert Xerosols are affected by severe erosion, which destroyed the former zonality there. In the transition zone to the desert, a quick change in the inclination, in the parent material (from loessial deposits to fine-textured alluvial quarternary deposits) and in the water supply (the groundwater rises up to the soil surface) take place. For this reason the Xerosol-Yermosol soil landscapes include soils like Gleysols, Solonchaks, Solonetz, Fluvisols and also Regosols. The great contrasts between winter and summer temperatures, the occurence of high temperatures when water supply is good and fine textured soils with high evaporation lead to the development of very fertile sites. They have a humusrich good structured topsoil, a favourable root penetrability and a high water capacity. On the other hand these soils are under natural and cultivated conditions affected by serious salinization in some parts of the area.     

土壤中有机碘的转化、挥发及其影响因素研究进展

土壤中有机碘的形成、转化及挥发对自然界中碘的迁移转化、生态安全、人体健康具有重要意义。本文基于前人对土壤中碘的相关研究,介绍了土壤中碘的形态和含量,重点对碘与有机质结合生成有机碘的反应机理、土壤中碘有机化的影响因素和土壤中有机碘的挥发进行了阐述。土壤中IO₃^–、I^–发生氧化还原反应,形成中间体物质HIO、I₂,中间体通过化学转化和生物转化两种途径生成有机碘。土壤pH、氧化还原电位、有机质含量、酶活性、Fe/Mn氧化物及其氢氧化物浓度影响有机碘的形成和转化。有机碘的挥发在微生物和高等植物中主要通过在体内生成挥发性甲基碘的过程实现。     

Recovery of acidified catchments in the extremely polluted Krusne hory Mountains,Czech Republic

Runoff and atmospheric chemistry in the Krusne hory Mts. have changed significantly from 1978 to 1994. Forest die-back related deforestation resulted in decreased dry deposition of SO₂ and changes in streamwater chemical composition. Atmospheric sulphur (S) deposition decreased from extremely high values of 66.6 kg S ha^?1 year^?1, in the early 1980s to 35.5 kg S ha^?1 year^?1 in 1994. Decreasing S input is reflected in decrease of streamwater sulphate (SO₄ ^2?) concentrations, which decreased from 1560 μeq l^?1 to 1164 μeq l^?1. Runoff export of S was 53 kg S ha^?1 year^?1 in 1993, S is not retained in the catchments. Nitrogen (N) budget indicates accumulation in the catchment, which is attributed to forest regrowth.     

Influx and concentration of triazine pesticides in the Amaterska cave system,Moravian Karst,Czech Republic

Purpose

The aim of this study was to detect three triazine pesticides and their metabolites in the drip water and the sediment of the Amaterska cave system. Diversity of the bacterial community in the sediment was also assessed, and the potential role of bacteria in degradation of these pesticides was evaluated.

Materials and methods

Triazines and their metabolites were analyzed in the soil, drip water, and sediment of the Amaterska cave system area in seven sampling sites (S1–S7) based on the above ground cover that included forest, permanent grassland, and agriculture cropland. The bacterial community in the cave sediments (S1–S6) was also analyzed using the Illumina sequencing of the V3 and V4 regions of 16S rDNA.

Results and discussion

Triazines were present in the soil and drip water in all sites below grassland and agricultural land but not under the forest area. Only atrazine metabolites were detected in the surface soil. In contrast, atrazine was detected in all cave sediments regardless of above ground cover, and this is likely due to the occasional alluvial influx. The overall prevalence of bacteria potentially capable of atrazine degradation in the cave sediment ranged from 13.4 to 64.0% of the entire bacterial community. The concentrations of atrazine in the cave sediment were 16 to 70 times higher than in those in drip water.

Conclusions

High concentrations of atrazine in the cave sediment indicate a slow degradation rate of triazines in the cave likely due to low temperatures and absence of photolysis. The main source of atrazine in the Amaterska cave system is likely not drip water but the alluvial influx. Bacteria potentially capable of triazine degradation in the cave sediment were detected; however, their role in this process remains to be investigated.

     

Organization of the Delivery of Scientific,Technical, and Economic Information to the Sector of Agriculture in the Slovak Republic

The hub of agricultural production and education, and the center of scientific and technological information dissemination relevant to Slovak agriculture is Nitra, located in the southwestern part of Slovakia. Preeminent among the libraries of the agricultural sector is the Slovak Agricultural Library in Nitra, which serves as the branch library of Ùvtiz in Prague and as the library for the University of Agriculture. In addition to providing traditional library and information services, library staff also provide analystical reports used for forecasting and policy development by the Ministry of Agriculture and Nutrition.     

Nuclear magnetic resonance, a simple introduction to the principles and applications

A short overview is given about the principles of NMR spectroscopy and of spatially resolved NMR of liquid and solid samples, with some examples.     

Re-introduction of the golden eagle into the Republic of Ireland

The golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) became extinct in the Republic of Ireland in about 1912. Historical evidence suggests that, in the early nineteenth century, the population exceeded 50 pairs. It is thought that the extinction was a consequence of persecution and habitat change. Because there seems little chance of natural recolonisation a re-introduction programme has been developed. It is intended to release up to 15 birds per year for 5 years, starting in 2001. Single chicks will be obtained from Scottish nests with twins. The ways in which this project adheres to the six main IUCN re-introduction criteria are addressed. Two simulation models are described. The first, GEPM, demonstrates that the removal of chicks from Scottish nests should not have a detrimental effect on the Scottish population. The second model predicts the probable home range occupancy if only 12 birds are released each year. It is expected that between 3 and 13 ranges will be occupied by 2007. The imprecision in this estimate is a consequence of uncertainty about juvenile survival rates. The rationale behind our reintroduction scheme is outlined to stimulate debate about the development of good practice.     

Status of the protected areas of the Central African Republic

The Central African Republic (CAR) has made an impressive commitment to biodiversity conservation, with a total of 15 protected areas covering about 10.9% of the country. This study critically examines the status of these protected areas in light of their potential for long-term protection of biodiversity. First of all, the protected area system does not protect a representative sample of the ecoregions of the CAR. Even more important is the fact that only 32% of the protected areas are adequately managed. Law-enforcement is inadequate, and poaching poses the largest threat to biodiversity conservation. Given the dim economic prospects, the CAR will need continued financial as well as technical assistance to deal with protected area management. Experiences have shown that such intervention can make a difference. However more attention needs to be given to capacity building, long-term funding mechanisms, regional collaboration and political commitment to make such interventions sustainable in the long-term.     

Genetic diversity, conservation, and utilization of Theobroma cacao L.: genetic resources in the Dominican Republic

Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is a significant agricultural commodity in the Dominican Republic, which ranks 11th in the world for cacao exports. To estimate genetic diversity, determine genetic identity, and identify any labeling errors, 14 SSR markers were employed to fingerprint 955 trees among cacao germplasm accessions and local farmer selections (LFS). Comparisons of homonymous plants across plots revealed a significant misidentification rate estimated to be 40.9 % for germplasm accessions and 17.4 % for LFS. The 14 SSRs amplified a total of 117 alleles with a mean allelic richness of 8.36 alleles per locus and average polymorphism information content (PIC) value of 0.67 for the germplasm collection. Similar levels of variation were detected among the LFS where a total of 113 alleles were amplified with a mean of 8.07 alleles per locus and PIC of 0.57. The observed heterozygosity (H_obs) was 0.67 for the germplasm collection and 0.60 for LFS. Based on population structure analysis 43.9 % of the germplasm accessions and 72.1 % of the LFS are predominantly of the Amelonado ancestry. Among these Amelonado, 51.7 % for the germplasm collection and 50.6 % for LFS corresponded to Trinitario hybrid lineage. Criollo ancestry was found in 7.6 and 9.5 % of the germplasm accessions and LFS, respectively. The Contamana, Nacional, and Iquitos backgrounds were also observed in both populations, but the Curaray background was only detected in the germplasm accessions. No Purús or Guiana ancestry was found in either of the populations. Overall, significant genetic diversity, which could be exploited in the Dominican Republic breeding and selection programs, was identified among the germplasm accessions and LFS.