棉蚜乙酰胆碱酯酶对杀虫剂不敏感的分子机制

棉蚜是第一个用RT-PCR方法发现具有2个不同乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)基因的昆虫,2个基因编码的氨基酸序列的相似性仅48%.进化分析表明,两者相距甚远,分化于昆虫纲出现以前.从棉蚜2个AChE中发现多个抗药性相关突变位点,但功能表达证实AChE-1可能是两类杀虫剂的主要作用靶标,AChE-1的S431F和A302S突变导致对多种有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂的敏感性降低,但对某些杀虫剂品种的敏感性反而升高.并讨论了需进一步研究的问题.     

雷公藤总生物碱对粘虫幼虫的毒力及对乙酰胆碱酯酶和乙酰胆碱的影响

雷公藤生物碱是雷公藤Tripterygium wilfordii Hook中的主要杀虫活性物质.为进一步阐明雷公藤总生物碱的杀虫活性及杀虫作用机理提供线索和依据,研究采用载毒叶片法测定了雷公藤总生物碱对粘虫(Mythimna separata (Walker))三龄幼虫的胃毒毒力,观察了粘虫五龄幼虫的中毒症状,并测定了...     

甲酸对谷蠹乙酰胆碱酯酶及酯酶活性的影响

研究离体条件下甲酸对谷蠹酯酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶的抑制作用,结果表明较高浓度的甲酸对谷蠹酯酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶有抑制作用,但其抑制中浓度远远高于甲酸乙酯对谷蠹的致死中浓度,这说明甲酸对害虫酯酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶的抑制作用不是甲酸乙酯杀虫的主要机理。     

遗传转化的黑曲霉植酸酶基因(phyA2)对玉米利用土壤有机磷能力的影响

以转黑曲霉植酸酶基因(phyA2)玉米T9代纯合系及与之对应世代的阴性对照为材料,通过低磷土壤培养试验研究植酸酶基因(phyA2)对玉米利用土壤有机磷能力的影响。结果显示,在施用植酸钠和不施磷的条件下,与阴性对照相比,转基因玉米根际土壤的磷酸酶活性分别提高5.17%和5.48%,根际中等活性有机磷分别降低16.2%和28.2%;植株磷积累量分别增加140%和100%,各生长指标都明显好于阴性对照。说明遗传转化的黑曲霉植酸酶基因能提高玉米利用土壤有机磷的能力,增加玉米体内磷的积累,改善玉米的生长状况。     

c9,t11-CLA对人结肠癌细胞(Caco-2)的抑制作用

采用体外细胞培养方法,通过MTT实验,研究了c9,t11-CLA(Conjugated Linoleic acid,CLA)在不同浓度,(0,25,50,100,200μmol/L)、不同作用时间(1,2,3,4 d)下,对人结肠癌细胞Caco-2增殖的影响。结果表明,c9,t11-CLA抑制了Caco-2细胞的增殖,且对Caco-2细胞增殖的抑制作用与浓度和作用时间密切相关。     

18种杀虫剂对华北大黑鳃金龟和铜绿丽金龟的毒力比较

采用浸渍法,测定了18种杀虫剂对华北大黑鳃金龟和铜绿丽金龟2龄幼虫的室内毒力,并比较了供试杀虫剂对两种试虫的毒力差异。结果表明,氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂和大多数有机磷杀虫剂对两种金龟子幼虫的毒力差异较小,其它各类杀虫剂对铜绿丽金龟的毒力显著高于对华北大黑鳃金龟的毒力。其中新烟碱类药剂对两种试虫毒力差异最大,如啶虫脒对铜绿丽金龟的毒力高于华北大黑鳃金龟159.61倍,另外,苯基吡唑类杀虫剂氟虫腈对两种试虫毒力也相差了85.73倍。     

几种药剂对棉苗蚜、伏蚜的毒力测定和药效试验

测定了13种杀虫剂防治棉蚜的效果.经室内系列生物测定结果表明:啶虫脒、吡虫啉、阿维菌素、丁硫克百威、辛硫磷和毒死蜱6种药剂防治棉苗蚜、伏蚜的效果都很好;并选择这6种药剂进行了田间小区试验,试验结果基本与室内生测的结果相符,经总体评价认为:啶虫脒、吡虫啉、阿维菌素和丁硫克百威可以作为理想的防治棉蚜的杀虫剂.     

用于检测蔬菜上有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类农药残留的酶抑制分光光度法研究进展

对利用酶抑制分光光度法检测蔬菜上有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类农药残毒的原理、最主要影响因子和存在的问题进行了探讨,重点分析了酶抑制分光光度法出现假阳性、负抑制率以及该方法不适用于检测韭菜等蔬菜中的有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类农药残留的原因     

0.3%苦豆子总碱防治枸杞蚜虫田间药效试验

以0.3%苦豆子总碱水剂为试药,在三个地区的枸杞蚜虫上进行田间防效试验。结果表明：稀释800倍药液防效好于1000倍,药后7d三地防效均达90%以上,持效期长达15d。与对照相比,不产生药害,且有一定的增产作用,是理想的防治枸杞蚜的无公害药剂。     

Genetics of resistance to Aphis craccivora in cowpea

Summary Inheritance of aphid resistance and allelic relationships among sources of resistance was studied in the parents, F₁, F₂, F₃, and backcross populations of cowpea crosses. Each 4-day old seedling was infested with five fourthinstar aphids. Seedling reaction was recorded 14–16 days after infestation when the susceptible check was killed. The segregation data from eight crosses between resistant and susceptible cowpea cultivars indicated that aphid resistance was inherited as a monogenic dominant trait. Segregation data from crosses among eight resistant cultivars indicated that one or two loci and modifier(s) were involved in the expression of resistance to aphids. It was suggested that further studies on allelism among sources of resistance needed to be conducted in order to resolve this.     

粘虫对杀虫剂敏感性的研究

本文研究了粘虫对有机氯、有机磷、氨基甲酸酯和拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂的敏感性.结果表明,在天津地区粘虫对10种杀虫剂没有发生抗药性,只是对少数杀虫剂的敏感性稍有降低.     

Characterization of resistance to Aphis glycines in soybean accessions

The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, is a pest of soybean [Glycine max L. (Merrill)] in Asia, and its recent establishment in North America has led to large, recurring outbreaks that have challenged pest management practitioners there to seek environmentally responsible means for its control. Growth-chamber experiments were conducted to determine and characterize host-plant resistance among several soybean accessions. Soybean plants were first screened for resistance by rating the population growth of A. glycines in two tests. All plants of PI 230977 and 25% of PI 71506 plants were resistant (≤100 aphids per plant) in the first screening test. All ‘Dowling’, PI 71506 and PI 230977 were resistant (≤150 aphids per plant), and 50% of plants of line ‘G93-9223’ were resistant in the second test. Follow-up experiments showed that antixenosis was a modality of resistance based on reduced nymphiposition by A. glycines on Dowling, PI 230977 and PI 71506 in no-choice tests and on fewer numbers of A. glycines on Dowling, PI 230977, PI 71506 and G93-5223 in distribution tests. Antixenosis in Dowling and PI 230977 was stronger in the unifoliolate leaves than in other shoot structures, whereas distribution of A. glycines within plants of PI 71506 and G93-5223 suggested comparable suitability between unifoliolate leaves and other shoot structures of these accessions. Antibiosis to A. glycines was evident as a lower proportion of aphids that reproduced on PI 230977 and from fewer progeny on PI 230977 and Dowling than on 91B91. The number of days from birth to reproduction by A. glycines did not differ among accessions. Results confirmed Dowling and PI 71506 as strong sources of resistance to A. glycines. The levels of antixenosis and antibiosis to A. glycines in PI 230977 and antixenosis to A. glycines in G93-9223 suggest that these accessions may also be valuable to soybean breeding programs as sources of resistance.     

朝鲜天南星凝集素的分离及抗棉蚜效应分析

凝集素是一类广泛分布在动物、植物和微生物体内的蛋白质或糖蛋白。植物凝集素在植物对病虫害防御机制中起着重要作用。曾仲奎等( 1 995)和刘士庄 ( 1 996)等分离纯化到棉花凝集素 ,并检测其对枯萎病和黄萎病的抗生效应。Van damme E等 ( 1 991 )分离到对褐稻飞虱有致死活性的雪花莲凝集素及其基因 GNA,转 GNA基因烟草及马铃薯表达高抗蚜特性。在研究作物抗蚜机理及蚜虫综合治理过程中 ,发现有些植物幼嫩组织的浸提液对蚜虫有抗生效应。经鉴定筛选出天南星属 ( Arisaema)植物作进一步试验。从朝鲜天南星 ( A.consarguieum Schott)幼叶…     

禾长蠕孢菌代谢产物抑制水稻细菌性条斑病菌

为了充分研究利用现有的生防菌菌种资源,进行了禾长蠕孢菌(Helmintho sporium gramineum Rabenhf. sp. echinochlone,HGE)发酵液及发酵液粗提物防治水稻细菌性条斑病的初步探讨。采用平板打孔灌药法和试管二倍稀释法比较了禾长蠕孢菌发酵原液、粗毒素及对照药剂20%噻菌铜SC、72%农用链霉素SP和20%叶枯唑SP对水稻细条病菌的抑制效果。试验结果表明,禾长蠕孢菌的代谢产物粗毒素对水稻细条病菌的抑制效果最好。     

新疆棉花主栽品种的抗蚜性及其机制研究

 对新疆棉区主栽的9个棉花品种进行了叶片形态特性、生化物质含量测定,结果表明,品种间抗蚜程度存在显著差异,新海21号抗蚜性最强,中棉所35和81-3感蚜。品种叶片的蜡质含量越高,对棉蚜的抗性越强,茸毛密度大,影响棉蚜的取食;游离棉酚和可溶性糖含量与抗蚜程度呈显著正相关;单宁含量与蚜害指数呈显著正相关;氨基酸中的谷氨酸含量越高,抗蚜性越强。逐步回归和相关分析发现,氮含量和氨基酸总量与抗蚜程度无明显相关性。品种的抗蚜性是多种特性综合作用的结果。