mtDNA 和微卫星标记在放流牙鲆和非放流牙鲆鉴定中的应用

用mtDNA控制区特异性引物对牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)亲鱼、放流牙鲆和回捕牙鲆的DNA进行扩增,获得了3个群体的mtDNA控制区第一高变区部分序列。分析结果表明:母本55尾具有26种单倍型,作为其子代的预备放流牙鲆129尾具有5种单倍型,与亲本的单倍型全部一致,验证了mtDNA方法鉴定子代的准确性。回捕牙鲆435尾具有70种单倍型,其中330尾具有17种单倍型,与母本的单倍型相一致,为疑似放流牙鲆;另外105尾具有53种单倍型,与母本的单倍型不一致,为野生牙鲆或非北戴河站母本后代放流牙鲆。利用4个高多态性微卫星标记对330尾疑似放流牙鲆做进一步鉴定。结果表明,330尾检测个体中有310尾等位基因与候选亲本等位基因全部对应,可确认其为放流牙鲆;另外20尾等位基因与候选亲本不对应,可确认其为非放流牙鲆。结合mtDNA和微卫星标记鉴定的结果,可以确认2013年的435尾回捕牙鲆中有310尾放流牙鲆,占71.26%;另外125尾为非放流牙鲆,占28.74%。本研究结果表明,利用mt DNA标记可快速排除回捕鱼中的非放流牙鲆,利用微卫星标记作进一步鉴定,可以排除疑似放流牙鲆中的非放流牙鲆,是区分放流牙鲆与非放流牙鲆,准确评价放流效果的好方法。     

牙鲆养殖群体遗传变异的微卫星标记研究

应用10对微卫星引物对中国牙鲆一个养殖群体的30个个体进行了群体遗传结构分析。结果显示，微卫星标记比其他标记具有更高的多态性，10个微卫星座位的等位基因数在4～10之间，有效等位基因数在2．23～5．82之间，平均等位基因数为7．6，群体平均杂合度为0．6960，Hardy-weinberg遗传偏离指数的平均值为0．1774。     

Development of microparticle diets for Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus larvae

ABSTRACT:   Two newly designed microparticle diets (MD), with two kinds of peptide (C700 and C800) as a protein source were developed. Microparticle diet Q (MD-Q) contained C700 (molecular weight ∼30 000 Da) and C800 (molecular weight 1000–2000 Da); in contrast, microparticle diet T (MD-T) contained C700 only. Two separate trials, representing larvae from different hatches, were conducted. Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus larvae were fed newly designed MD or a combination of them with live food (LF) between 3 and 10 days after hatching (d.a.h.) in experiment I, or between 11 and 20 d.a.h. in experiment II, and compared them to LF and a commercial diet (CD) feeding groups. The growth and survival rates in both experiments were the highest in the LF treatment. But in the microparticle treatment larvae fed MD-Q had a higher survival rate and better growth than those fed MD-T, either alone or in combination with LF. First-feeding larvae fed on MD-Q had a 20.5% survival rate and 1.12 mm gain by 10 d.a.h. Unfed larvae died within 6 d.a.h. These results indicate that using a mixture of different molecular weight peptides is good protein sources and also this type of microparticle diet can be applied to flounder from larval to juvenile stages.     

Dietary vitamin A requirements of juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

A 70‐day feeding experiment was conducted to assess the dietary vitamin A (VA) requirements of juvenile Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Six semi‐purified diets with VA supplementations of 0, 5000, 10 000, 15 000, 20 000 and 25 000 IU kg^?1 were fed twice a day to triplicate groups of 20 juveniles per tank with an initial weight of 1.59 ± 0.01 g (mean ± SE). Weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) increased as dietary VA increased up to 10 000 IU kg^?1. Significantly lower WG and SGR were observed for the 0 IU kg^?1 treatment than for treatments of 5000, 10 000 and 15 000 IU kg^?1. Highest WG and SGR were observed in fish fed 10 000 IU kg^?1; slightly lower values were recorded in fish fed 15 000, 20 000 or 25 000 IU kg¹. No significant difference was observed in survival rate among treatments. Whole body total lipid was significantly higher in fish fed 0 and 5000 IU kg^?1 than for other levels. Reduced growth and small livers were observed as signs of VA deficiency in fish fed 0 IU kg^?1. Slightly reduced growth and pale fragile livers were observed as effects of VA excess in fish fed 25 000 IU kg^?1. Total retinol contents in liver and eyes increased with increasing levels of dietary VA. No retinol was detected in livers, and significantly lower total retinol content was observed in eyes, of fish fed 0 IU kg^?1. WG analysed by the broken line method indicated that an optimum dietary VA requirement of 9000 IU kg^?1.     

双列杂交分析比较两个养殖群体杂交牙鲆抗病力

采用双列杂交设计对牙鲆Paralichthys olivaceus两个养殖群体：日本群体（J）和中国抗病选育群体（C）进行群体间杂交和群体内自繁,获得C（♀）×C（♂）、J（♀）×J（♂）、J（♀）×C（♂）和C（♀）×J（♂）4个交配组合的子一代。针对受精率、孵化率、白化率和存活率4个性状进行了组合间的比较,计算了各项性状的杂种优势率,对组间各性状进行了方差分析,并进行了相关分析。结果表明,杂交组在受精率、孵化率及存活率上存在着不同程度的杂种优势,其中C（♀）×J（♂）后代在孵化率和存活率两个性状上的杂种优势率分别为33.99%和31.37%。对4个性状的表型相关分析表明,受精率和孵化率的相关系数为0.657,受精率和存活率相关系数为0.432,分别达到了极显著水平（P〈0.01）。分析结果认为,两个不同群体间的种内杂交是牙鲆优良品种培育的有效途径。     

Quantitative genetic parameters for growth-related and morphometric traits of hatchery-produced Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus in the wild

To understand quantitative genetic characteristics of hatchery‐produced Japanese flounder in the wild, heritability and genetic correlation of growth‐related and morphometric traits were examined in yearling released individuals at a coastal region in northeast Japan. Quantitative genetic parameters were estimated with restricted maximum likelihood following reconstruction of pedigree by a likelihood method using seven microsatellite loci. Estimates of heritability were 0.65 and 0.51 for growth‐related traits (body length and the proportion of body length to body depth) and 0.45–0.62 for morphometric traits (vertebral count and dorsal and anal fin ray counts). Genetic correlation was significantly positive (0.61) between dorsal and anal fin ray counts, indicating the possibility of pleiotropic genes or gametic phase disequilibrium for these traits. All the estimates of heritability and genetic correlation in the released individuals were close to those of hatchery‐reared juveniles, suggesting that yearling released individuals had similar quantitative genetic characteristics of growth and morphometric traits in the wild to hatchery‐reared juveniles.     

牙鲆骨骼生长性状与微卫星标记的相关性分析

利用106对牙鲆微卫星标记,对62尾双单倍体牙鲆的基因组DNA进行检测;用X射线检测仪对其骨骼进行成像,以骨骼图片测量体高和体长;用SPSS 13.0软件对双单倍体牙鲆的体质量、体长、体高进行相关分析和回归分析;用最小二乘法对微卫星标记与体质量、体长、体高作相关性分析。结果获得17个与体质量、体长、体高显著相关的标记,其中,Poli162TUF与体质量、体长、体高显著相关(P0.05);Poli72HFSM、Poli106TUF与体质量、体高显著相关(P0.05);Poli2023TUF、Poli1013TUF与体长、体高显著相关(P0.05);Po-li2042TUF、Poli1980TUF、Poli2045TUF、Poli2039TUF、Poli34TUF、PoGT17、HLJYP45、HLJYP81与体长显著相关(P0.05);Poli102TUF、Poli136TUF、Poli62MHFS、6-G3与体高显著相关(P0.05)。这些标记反映了牙鲆的生长优势性状,可作为辅助育种的参考标记。     

Cytological studies on induced meiogynogenesis in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck et Schlegel)

The cytological process of induced gynogenetic development and subsequent chromosome duplication by a cold shock treatment was observed in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck et Schlegel). Mature eggs were at the metaphase of the second meiosis when inseminated with ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated sperm of red sea bream Pagrus major . After the beginning of cold shock treatment, the previously visible spindle became invisible, probably due to the side effect caused by cold shock treatment. The chromosomes at the centre of the metaphase plate were condensed. This condition continued during the duration of the cold shock treatment and several minutes after it. The release of the second polar body was blocked and it developed into a female-like pronucleus. Then, it fused with the female pronucleus to generate a diploid zygotic nucleus, and the egg exhibited the first mitosis. Consequently, the haploid female chromosome set of the egg was doubled by the inhibition of the second polar body release. There was a significant delay in developmental time in the gynogenetic eggs when compared with that in the normal eggs. From the time of insemination to early cleavage, the UV-irradiated heterospecific sperm nucleus remained condensed.     

牙鲆亲本对子代贡献率的实验研究

利用18对高度多态性微卫星标记, 对13尾牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)亲鱼的188尾后代进行亲子鉴定, 计算其非亲排除率、鉴定准确率以及亲本对子代的贡献率。使用4个微卫星标记进行亲子鉴定, 排除率≥0.999 9, 准确率为92.02%; 用6个标记的排除率≥0.999 999, 准确率为96.81%; 用8个标记的排除率≥0.999 999 999, 准确率为97.87%; 用10个标记的准确率为99.47%; 用12～18个标记的准确率为100%。亲子鉴定准确率随非亲排除率和微卫星标记数目的增多而升高。检验所有子代全部是实验亲本的后代, 即13个亲本对子代均有贡献, 但不同亲本的贡献率不同, 最高为47.34%, 最低为0.53%。实验表明, 基于多标记的非亲排除率检测方法可以用于牙鲆亲子鉴定, 其鉴定准确率可以达到100%; 不同亲本对子代贡献率不同, 差异很大, 产生差异的原因有待进一步研究。

     

牙鲆头肾巨噬细胞的分离培养与鉴定

本研究使用密度梯度离心法从牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)头肾中分离得到了巨噬细胞,通过差速贴壁法对获得的细胞进行纯化,后续经过优化培养条件和培养过程,采用L-15培养基(Gibco)、5％胎牛血清、1％青–链霉素、1％非必需氨基酸、30％L929细胞培养基在24℃、无CO2的条件下进行培养.显微镜...     

牙鲆体质量与形态性状的异速生长分析

为分析牙鲆（Paralichthys olivaceus）体质量与形态性状之间异速生长的遗传规律,通过人工受精的方法建立牙鲆19个全同胞家系,测量了牙鲆不同日龄的体质量和形态性状。采用逐步回归方法建立最优联合异速生长模型,将此模型镶嵌到体质量动物模型的每个遗传和环境效应中,进一步分析对多个形态性状异速生长遗传规律。静态异速生长分析表明：体质量与全长之间存在最大异速生长指数（1.415 5）,表现为正异速生长,剩余形态性状与体质量之间的异速生长指数为0.061 5~0.718 0,皆表现为负异速生长。全长与尾柄高之间异速生长指数的正遗传相关最大（0.907 8）;全长与尾柄长之间的负遗传相关最大（0.946 8）。不同模型通过统计标准比较,确定模型Ⅰ为进行牙鲆动态异速生长分析的最优随机回归模型。     

Pharmacokinetics of Eugenol in Japanese Flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus

Eugenol, which has been used as an anesthetic for fish, was administered to Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (127 ± 50.8 g), by bath treatment at concentrations of 0.025, 0.125, and 0.25 mL/L seawater for 10 min and intramuscular injection at 40 μL/fish to investigate the pharmacokinetic characteristics of eugenol in the plasma of Japanese flounder. In the bath treatment test, plasma eugenol concentration increased with increasing eugenol concentration up to 0.125 mL/L and reached steady state within 5 min. After a 10‐min bath treatment in 0.25 mL/L eugenol, plasma eugenol concentration was about 58.4 µg/mL. After transfer into running seawater, plasma eugenol concentration decreased biphasically with half‐lives of 0.0296 h (α‐phase) and 0.289 h (β‐phase). The AUC_0000→0800 was about 16.5 µg h/mL. In administration by intramuscular injection, plasma eugenol concentration increased rapidly after administration and decreased biphasically with half‐lives of 0.0329 h (α‐phase) and 8.08 h (β‐phase). The AUC_0000→0800 was about 52.5 µg h/mL. In both methods of administration, Japanese flounder with average weight of 127 g were effectively anesthetized when plasma eugenol concentrations were between 2.19 and 4.88 µg/mL.     

牙鲆血清免疫球蛋白的分离纯化及部分特性分析

运用Sephacryl S-200凝胶层析和HiTrap rProtein ASepharose亲和层析2种方法对牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)血清免疫球蛋白进行分离纯化,结果表明,牙鲆免疫球蛋白分布于33%~50%的硫酸铵饱和溶液中,其中45%的分离效果最好。凝胶层析和亲和层析样品均出现2个蛋白峰,用还原SDS-PAGE检测确定牙鲆免疫球蛋白存在于第2个蛋白峰中。牙鲆免疫球蛋白重链分子量约为75.4 kD,轻链分子量约为29.9 kD和28.2 kD,推测牙鲆血清免疫球蛋白的分子量为836 kD。制备了兔抗牙鲆免疫球蛋白多克隆抗体,免疫双扩散法检测多克隆抗体效价为1∶32,免疫斑点法检测多克隆抗体效价至少为1∶1 600。运用免疫印迹法(Western-bloting)检测了兔抗牙鲆免疫球蛋白多克隆抗体的特异性,实验证明该抗体与牙鲆全血清中免疫球蛋白重链、轻链反应均成阳性。     

牙鲆微卫星标记的筛选及群体多态性分析

以牙鲆（Paralichthys olivaceus Temminck et Schlegel）为材料，基因组DNA经Sau3A Ⅰ进行部分酶切后，选取400～1200bp大小的片段连接到经BamH Ⅰ酶切的pUC19质粒中，连接产物转化大肠杆菌DH5a，构建牙鲆酶切片段基因组文库。采用菌落杂交的方法，以（AC）10、（AG）10为探针从文库中筛选阳性克隆16个，共得到20个微卫星序列，其中完全型13个，不完全型5个，复合型2个。对其中18个进行引物设计，有11对引物扩增出目的片段，其中8对引物在群体中具有扩增多态性。在威海野生牙鲆30个个体中，各座位上得到的等位基因数为4～19个，观测杂合度（Ho）为0．4138～0．9655。其中有3对引物扩增的等位基因数超过17个，表现出高度多态性。本研究旨为进一步的牙鲆遗传多样性分析、家系分析及遗传图谱的构建等提供基础依据。     

Fast development of genetically uniform strains by gynogenesis in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

The Japanese flounder is a major species in both aquaculture and research. Inbred strains of Japanese flounder were developed efficiently in our laboratory by meiotic and mitotic gynogenetic reproduction techniques. To determine the induction efficiency of gynogenesis and the rate at which full homozygosity is produced, six meiotic gynogenetic females (G1–G6) that had experienced meiotic gynogenesis once and three common females (C1–C3) were selected for production of mitotic gynogenesis in our experiments. Of the nine adult females, all six gynogenetic fish successfully produced viable offspring. However, only one of the three common fish did. Using microsatellite markers, we estimated the homozygosity of gynogenetic fish induced by mitotic gynogenesis. We found that the homozygosity of seven lines (C1, G1–G6) increased quickly, individually from 43%, 72%, 69%, 71%, 78%, 69% and 58% to 100%, 100%, 100%, 90%, 100%, 100% and 90% offspring complete homozygosity. Under mitotic gynogenesis, individuals with higher homozygosity had a higher induction rate. The G4 line showed the highest induction rate, achieving 44.59% convert hatching rate and 29.28% convert normality rate. We conclude that meiotic gynogenesis may be a feasible method to produce DH genetic material in Japanese flounder.     

Effects of high dose of vitamin A on reproduction and egg quality of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

ABSTRACT: The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary vitamin A on reproduction and egg quality in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus . Broodstock were fed experimental pellets containing two levels of vitamin A [11 × 10³ IU/100 g (control diet; CD), 337 × 10³ IU/100 g (experimental diet; ED)] for approximately 2 months before spawning and during the spawning period. Two groups of five females (average weight 1.4 kg) and 10 males (average weight 0.7 kg) were randomly allocated to two 30 m³ indoor tanks. Total egg production of the CD group was slightly higher than the ED group. Percentage of buoyant eggs and hatching rate of the ED group were significantly higher than the CD. In other egg quality parameters, such as percentage abnormal larvae and starvation tolerance of larvae, no notable difference was found between these two groups. At the end of the experiment, the skin color of broodstock in the ED group was darker than that of the CD group. Vitamin A content in eggs of the ED group was significantly higher than that of the CD group. However, the difference in vitamin A content in eggs between the ED and CD groups was much smaller than that in the liver of the females between the two groups. These results indicate that feeding broodstock a higher level of vitamin A increases the vitamin A content in eggs but does not affect egg quality in Japanese flounder because excess dietary vitamin A was stored mainly in the broodstocks' liver.     

牙鲆4个选择性繁育后代群体遗传结构的微卫星分析

为了检测由3个牙鲆基础群体组合交配建立的4个选择性繁育后代群体的遗传多样性水平,本研究利用10对微卫星引物分析了其遗传结构信息。计算结果表明,等位基因数3～10个,平均等位基因数5．7个,有效等位基因数1．3571～4．5979,平均有效等位基因数2．9832,各个位点的平均观测杂合度0．2083～1．0000,平均期望杂合度0．2081～0．7956,多态信息含量0．1671～0．7501,其中中度多态位点两个,高度多态位点7个,各群体的多态信息含量从大到小依次为日本亲鱼与抗病亲鱼杂交后代群体、抗病亲鱼自繁后代群体、抗病亲鱼与黄海野生亲鱼繁殖后代群体、日本亲鱼自繁后代群体。分析结果表明,4个群体的遗传多态水平均较高,对4个选择性繁育后代群体的平均观测杂合度值进行X。检验表明,群体间遗传多样性差异不显著。日本亲鱼自繁后代群体与中国海域亲鱼繁育后代群体（抗病亲鱼自繁后代群体和抗病亲鱼与黄海野生亲鱼繁殖后代群体）的遗传距离较远,分别为0．2724和0．3310。根据群体间的遗传距离利用NJ法构建系统树,抗病亲鱼自繁后代群体和抗病亲鱼与黄海野生亲鱼繁殖后代群体聚为一支,日本亲鱼自繁后代群体和日本亲鱼与抗病亲鱼杂交后代群体聚为一支,对遗传偏离指数的分析表明群体间的遗传平衡差异很大。     

牙鲆主要生长性状与体质量的灰色关联度分析

采用灰色关联分析方法对牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)10个选育家系的9个生长性状与体质量的关联度进行分析和评价。首先对体质量与生长性况进行数列无量纲化处理,计算出每个生长性状与体质量的关联系数和关联度,根据灰色关联度构建两两比较判断矩阵定量分析各生长性状对体质量的影响度。结果显示,每个生长性状与体质量的关联度由大到小依次为:全长(0.875 8)、体长(0.859 3)、尾柄高(0.830 7)、躯干长(0.827 7)、头长(0.803 5)、尾长(0.781 2)、体高(0.740 2)、吻长(0.665 7)和尾柄长(0.654 0)。体质量的主控因素为:全长、体长、尾柄高和躯干长4个性状,影响度分别为:28.51%、21.62%、16.41%和11.69%,四者的影响度总和达到78.23%。分析表明,与体质量关联度最大的分别是全长、体长、尾柄高和躯干长,且它们对体质量的影响度最高,可以将其作为培育高产牙鲆的重要评价指标,以提高选择效率。本研究旨在为制定理想的牙鲆选育目标、提高育种效率提供理论依据,同时拓展灰色关联度方法在水产动物育种研究中的应用。