中国与中东欧国家果蔬贸易竞争性与互补性研究

近年来,中国与中东欧的果蔬产品贸易额稳定增长,对发展双边农产品贸易具有重要意义.选取2001-2012年作为研究区间,运用相对贸易优势指数和双边贸易综合互补系数分析中国与中东欧各国果蔬产品的竞争性与互补性.结果表明:中国的果蔬制品及蔬菜具有相对比较优势;中东欧仅在果蔬制品方面具有弱比较优势;中国与中东欧国家总体上呈互竟性,与各国的互补性与竞争性各异.并提出注重市场细分、发掘贸易潜力和利用政策优势、把握战略机遇的对策建议.     

基于GEM模型的果蔬加工产业集群竞争力评价与分析——以安徽砀山县为例

果蔬加工产业集群是农户、果蔬加工企业和辅助机构等在一定区域空间内聚集形成的有机整体,是区域农业加工产业发展现代化的重要标志。在国家实施区域特色产业创新发展战略背景下,果蔬加工产业将迎来新的发展契机。随着消费市场多元化的发展,果蔬加工产业集群面临诸多挑战,创新成为其竞争力的关键。提升果蔬加工产业集群综合竞争力需要政府提供产业政策与资金扶持、集群企业加大产品研发投入力度,提高加工产品附加值和延长产业链条,以促进果蔬加工产业集群长效发展。     

Bringing Southeast Asia to the Southeast United States: New forms of alternative agriculture in Homestead,Florida

Immigrant farmers from Southeast Asia have brought knowledge of tropical fruit and vegetable production from their home countries to Homestead, Florida. They have developed a new style of farming, one that most closely resembles agricultural systems described as “homegardens.” Although biodiverse agricultural systems are generally thought to be commercially unviable, homegarden farmers successfully manage crop diversity as an economic strategy. By focusing on growing a mixture of specialty Southeast Asian herbs, fruits, and vegetables, the farmers have created their own economic niche and have shielded themselves from the competition of high-volume, single commodity producers. This paper shows that the Homestead homegardens constitute an alternative form of agriculture that is defined by their agroecological and socioeconomic attributes. It also shows that although the homegarden farms are a form of “alternative agriculture,” they do not operate outside of conventional, global systems of agricultural trade; rather the homegarden farms are embedded in global agriculture. The Homestead case problematizes the tendency to delineate between the global and local scales, and alternative and conventional sectors in agriculture today. This paper concludes that the emergence of the Homestead homegardens can only be understood by taking a place-based approach to studying the environment in which the homegardens are situated as well as identifying the large-scale influences on Miami-Dade County. Valerie Imbruce holds a PhD in plant sciences from a joint program between the Graduate Center of the City University of New York and the New York Botanical Garden. She has conducted research on global agricultural systems in New York City, south Florida, and Central Honduras.     

栽培季节对不同品系番茄生长和产量构成的影响

[目的]调查不同栽培季节对不同品系番茄生长及产量构成的影响,总结分析造成的原因,提出避免发生的措施,以期降低农户的经济损失,提升宁夏地区蔬菜市场的竞争力,使该区蔬菜产业可持续健康发展。[方法]通过对6个粉果和3个红果番茄品系在冬春茬和秋冬茬2个时段栽培,比较各参试番茄在2个时段的植株性状、果实性状、果实品质、产量、抗病毒性。[结果]3穗果之前冬春茬与秋冬茬的生长势差异不明显,秋冬茬的第1穗果坐果数较冬春茬减少。秋冬茬的单果重明显比冬春茬的降低,各品系的果形指数在两茬没有差异,均接近圆形。秋冬茬较冬春茬的果实品质均降低。从产量看,在秋冬茬除齐达利减产不明显外,其余品系均大幅减产。从抗病毒性比较,冬春茬发生率很低,而在秋冬茬栽培时除齐达利发生病毒病几率较低外其余参试品系发生病毒病的几率高达60%以上。[结论]相同品系的番茄在秋冬茬较冬春茬种植品质下降,产量减少,病毒病发生率提高。建议在宁夏地区秋冬茬栽培番茄应严控烟粉虱并选择抗病毒品种。     

Land tenure and agricultural management: Soil conservation on rented and owned fields in southwest British Columbia

According to literature,insecure land tenure biases against soilconservation on farmland. However, there islittle evidence to test whether farmers need toown their land to conserve it, or if long-termleases are adequate. One way to infer whetheror not different land tenure arrangementspromote long-term management is throughanalyzing the types of crops planted on fieldswith different land tenure arrangements.Perennials, forage legumes, grasslands, andgrain are all important parts of sustainablecrop rotation in southwest British Columbia butprovide little cash return in the year they areplanted. Annual crops provide a high cashreturn but create soil conservation problems ifthey are planted too often. A comparison offields with different land tenures showed thatfarmers who own their land plant moreperennials, grain, and forage legumes thanfarmers who rent fields. Few differences wereobserved on fields with different leaselengths. This study leads to three overallconclusions. First, although results confirmthe literature, and insecure land tenure is areal obstacle to long-term soil conservation,it is not possible to assume that long-termleases will substitute for land ownership.Second, it is possible to use relativelyeasy-to-gather data on crop history to assessthe impact of tenure on farming. Third,intervening variables, in this case a programthat pays farmers to plant grasslands,over-rides the effect of insecure land tenureand creates incentives for owner-operators andtenant farmers alike to use crop managementthat protects soil fertility in the longterm.     

A case study of cash cropping in Nepal: Poverty alleviation or inequity?

Agricultural commercialization as a mechanism to alleviate rural poverty raises concerns about small land-holders, non-adopters, and inequity in the distribution of benefits within transforming economies. Farm gross margins were calculated to assess the economic status and impact of cash cropping on the economic well-being of agrarian households in the Mid-hills of Nepal. On an individual crop basis, tomatoes and potatoes were the most profitable. On a per farm basis, 50 of the households with positive farm gross margins grew at least one vegetable crop, while only 25 of households with negative farm gross margins included vegetable crops in their rotation. Farmers have been hesitant to produce primarily for the market given the rudimentary infrastructure and high variability in prices. Farmers reported selling more crops, but when corrected for inflation, gross revenues declined over time. The costs and benefits of developing markets have been unevenly distributed with small holders unable to capitalize on market opportunities, and wealthier farmers engaging in input intensive cash cropping. Farms growing vegetables had an average gross margin of US$137 per year compared to US$12 per year for farms growing only staple crops. However, the area under production is small, and while vegetable production is likely to continue increasing, sensitivity analysis and scenarios suggest high variability and limited short-term impact on poverty alleviation.Sandra Brown is a Senior Research Associate jointly appointed to the Institute for Resources and Environment, University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada and the Communities and Watersheds Program at the International Centre for Tropical Agriculture in Cali, Colombia. Her research interests are in gender and equity issues in natural resource management, and linking biophysical and socio-economic research approaches. Sandra works extensively in watershed management both within Canada and internationally. She has worked extensively in the Himalayan and Andean Mountains including current projects in Nepal, China, Bhutan, Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia. Sandra is co-author of numerous multimedia CD-ROMs including: Gender and Resources in the Middle Mountains of Nepal, Integrated Watershed Management, and Water in International Development. She has developed and delivered numerous educational programs including courses on gender and natural resources, watershed management, and innovative technologies in teaching and research. George Kennedy is an Associate Professor in Food and Resource Economics and the Director of International Programs in the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver Canada. His research interests are in agricultural development and internationalizing higher education. Within this capacity, George is the UBC coordinator for the Southeast Asian University Consortium for Graduate Education in Agriculture. In 2002, he won the Association of Universities and Colleges in Canada Award for Excellence in Internationalization for the Global Resource Systems Program in the category Broadening the Student Experience.     

Deskilling, agrodiversity, and the seed trade: a view from contemporary British allotments

Over the last half-century, quality control standards have had the perverse effect of restricting the circulation of non-commercially bred vegetable cultivars in Britain. Recent European and British legislation attempts to compensate for this loss of agrodiversity by relaxing genetic purity standards and the cost of seed marketing for designated “Amateur” and “Conservation” varieties. Drawing on fieldwork conducted at a British allotment site, this article cautions against bringing genetically heterogeneous cultivars into the commercial sphere. Such a move may intensify the horticultural “deskilling” of British allotment gardeners, who have come to rely on commercial seed catalogs as sources of germplasm and knowledge. Horticultural deskilling also entails the delegation of seed selection activities to professional breeders and the potential loss of agrodiversity. The activities of dedicated seed savers who save and circulate the seed of genetically heterogeneous “heritage” varieties, in a manner similar to the management of landraces in the global South, may provide a better model for attempts to safeguard vegetable diversity in the global North.     

云南布朗族地区作物遗传资源调查

[目的]了解云南布朗族地区作物遗传资源基本现状,促进该地区作物遗传资源可持续利用与生态保护.[方法]采用人物访谈、入户调查和标本采集等调查方法,对云南布朗族地区22个布朗族村的作物遗传资源进行调查研究.[结果]收集了粮食作物、蔬菜、果树、油料作物、经济作物和药用植物等种质资源样本共290份,分属于55科97属113种.其中粮食作物资源115份,分属于7科17属19种;蔬菜(野菜)资源95份,分属于21科33属40种;果树资源35份,分属于23科28属31种;其他植物资源共45份,分属于19科22属24种.[建议]布朗族地区作物遗传资源丰富,应进一步广泛收集种质,提高资源保存数量和质量;加强作物遗传资源的开发利用,对经济性状优良的品种应加以推广.     

Root crops diversity and agricultural resilience: a case study of traditional agrosystems in Vanuatu (Oceania)

In Vanuatu (Oceania), small-scale farmers’ subsistence still largely relies on the sustainable use and maintenance of a wide-ranging biodiversity out of which root and tuber crops provide the bulk of daily subsistence. In neighboring countries, foreign influence since the first European contacts, further associated changes and the introduction of new crop species have induced a loss of cultivated diversity. This paper presents a baseline study of the diversity of root and tuber crops in ten communities throughout Vanuatu. In a context where the smallholders’ agrosystems are increasingly considered as key components for the global conservation of crop genetic resources, this study provides clues to better understand the effective roles of biodiversity in traditional agrosystems. It also provides insights on the rationale behind the constitution of agricultural portfolios and discusses how the cultivated diversity allows communities to cope with changes and pressures. The paper also shows that recently introduced crops neither seem to have compromised agricultural diversity nor drastically changed the agrosystems in Vanuatu. On the contrary, such crops are used by farmers to strengthen the resilience of their agrosystems. A discussion then presents the idea of continuity through change and novelty as a critical factor for resilience. The paper concludes by discussing the role of indigenous agriculture and culture in ensuring food security and in development strategies in a larger context.     

西藏农业生产结构分析及调整措施初探

通过对西藏1995—2002年之间农业生产总值、种植业、畜牧业统计数据进行分析,发现西藏现有的农业生产结构存在如下问题:(1)种植业和畜牧业是西藏农业产值的主要组成部分,种植业和畜牧业发展不协调。(2)种植结构单一,以粮食作物为主,粮:经:饲=87:11:2,比例不合理。在粮食作物内部麦类作物占绝对比重,经济作物以油菜为主,均表现出明显的单一性。(3)畜群结构单一,为牛、羊为主的反刍类动物占绝对比重的草食型畜群结构,加大了西藏的草畜矛盾,不利于西藏畜牧业的健康快速发展。针对这些问题,笔者提出以下调整措施:(1)降低粮食作物尤其是青稞和小麦的播种面积,增加蔬菜、水果的种植面积。(2)推广粮草轮作制度,加强农牧结合。(3)增加猪、鸡的数量,逐渐以耗粮型与草食型相结合的畜群结构代替单一的草食型畜群结构。     

农户粪肥施用的关键驱动和障碍因素——以曲周为例

畜禽粪肥替代部分化肥还田施用可有效降低作物生产成本和环境成本,促进农业绿色发展.然而,在实际农业生产中存在很多社会经济因素阻碍农户施用粪肥.因此,理解粪肥施用的关键驱动和障碍因素,对化肥减量和提高粪肥还田利用率具有十分重要的意义.本研究以计划行为理论为框架进行问卷设计,以河北省曲周县为研究区域,通过农户调研探究农户粪肥施用的认知和意愿.结果 表明,粮食种植体系粪肥用户占比仅为25％,蔬菜和果树种植体系粪肥用户则分别高达95％和87％.粪肥施用的关键障碍因素包括高昂的粪肥施用成本和负面的农学及环境效应.与经济作物(蔬菜和水果)种植户相比,粮食种植户认知到的粪肥施用障碍因素更多.粪肥施用的主要驱动因素包括提高作物产量、提高土壤肥力、增加农业收入.社会参与方对农户粪肥施用具有积极作用.研究表明,为促进农户粪肥施用,需要利益相关者共同参与,政府应提供政策激励措施,并加强指导,以提高农户对粪肥施用的认知水平.     

Effect of the management of seed flows and mode of propagation on the genetic diversity in an Andean farming system: the case of oca (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oxalis tuberosa</Emphasis> Mol.)

The seed system is a major component of traditional management of crop genetic diversity in developing countries. Seed flows are an important part of this system. They have been poorly studied for minor Andean crops, especially those that are propagated vegetatively. We examine the seed exchanges of Oxalis tuberosa Mol. (oca), a vegetatively propagated crop capable of sexual reproduction. We studied the seed exchanges of four rural communities in Candelaria district (Cochabamba department, Bolivia) at the international and local levels, emphasizing the spread of new sexually-produced genotypes through these exchanges. Interviews with 44 farmers generated socioeconomic, agronomic, crop diversity and seed exchange information, and data on the potential incorporation of new sexually-produced genotypes in the crop germplasm. We interviewed merchants to evaluate the input and output of genetic diversity in the communities studied. Results showed a positive effect of the farmers’ wealth on the diversity cultivated and on seed exchanges. Most seed exchanges occurred at market, creating a distinction between cash and self-consumption landraces. Cash landraces were intensively exchanged; self-consumption landraces were isolated at the farmer level and prone to genetic drift and complete loss. Merchants exported seeds of cash landraces across Bolivia and into Peru and Argentina. New sexually produced genotypes are less incorporated into cash landraces than in self-consumed landraces. However, new genotypes incorporated into cash landraces are diffused faster and better, being more intensively exchanged. We propose conservation strategies that can be applied to other vegetatively propagated and minor Andean crops.     

特色作物产业发展战略研究

发展特色作物产业在我国现代农业建设中具有重要的作用,是国家粮食安全的新增长极、有机绿色食物的重要来源、增加农民收入的重要途径、区域特色经济的支柱产业、保护生物多样性的重要途径。特色作物在我国农业生产中没有受到应有的重视,存在着项目投资少、产业边缘化、科技含量低、技术创新差、加工水平低、精深加工差、知识产权少、保护意识弱等诸多问题。必须大力实施特色作物产业科技价值链系统创新战略,将其作为我国发展特色作物科技产业的指导思想,重视科学制定特色作物产业发展规划、确定特色作物科技产业投资主体、构建高效的产业技术创新平台等对策措施。     

优质、抗病冬瓜多样化育种研究进展

冬瓜是我国重要的蔬菜作物之一,是现代农产品加工的理想原料和调节市场均衡供应的重要蔬菜作物。随着育种者对品种的人为选择以及商用品种的推广普及 , 冬瓜遗传背景的多样性已逐渐减少。因此 , 加强现有冬瓜种质资源的保护 , 结合现今高速发展的基因组学、高通量基因分型、基因编辑等技术,培育优质抗病冬瓜成为发展趋势。围绕冬瓜产业中存在的关键问题和研究现状,主要从鉴评创新冬瓜种质资源方面、构建冬瓜全基因组信息开展遗传定位辅助育种方面、利用分子生物学阐明冬瓜优质抗病分子机理方面,以及开展配套高效栽培措施等方面进行综述,旨在为培育营养成分丰富、风味浓郁的抗病冬瓜新品种提供参考。     

近代以来凉山彝族地区的农业生产及其动力

凉山彝族地区的农业生产,既是近代中国农村经济发展的一个缩影,又有自身特点。在生产条件上,基本继承了传统因素,既反映了传统农作经验的延续性,也是人多地少、劳动力水平低下的被动选择。与此同时,虽然面临社会变迁与外在力量的推动,但农具、种植、灌溉以及畜力等方面的现代因素少有出现。在农作物结构以及粮食产量方面,仍以传统粮食作物为主,粮食总产量有缓慢的增加。在畜牧业发展的过程中,畜牧产品作为贸易中的主要交换物,发挥着重要作用,畜牧业作为经济发展的一大动力,客观上促进了凉山彝族地区的商业往来。随着人口增加和劳动力的大量投入,农业生产得到一定程度的发展,农民的生存环境较之前有所改善,但农民一直处于贫困状态,直至新中国成立以后才有所好转。     

酵母菌防治果蔬采后病害研究进展

柑橘果品安全(无毒)防腐保鲜是国内外关注的问题,它关系到人体的健康及果品贸易、柑橘产业和农业经济的发展。阐述了国内外利用微生物拮抗菌对果蔬采后病害的防治的研究成果,分析了酵母菌在果蔬采后病害生物防治中存在的问题,并对其发展趋势进行了展望。     

新疆特色林果产业集聚现状测评及其成因分析——基于1979～2010年新疆面板数据的比较分析

纵观农业发展的进程,同一农作物在特定空间区域内时常出现集中的现象,这一集中现象对于农户、流通组织、农产品加工企业、消费者等利益相关群体都有重要影响。本文基于1979～2010年新疆特色林果业种植的面板数据利用区位熵和集中系数方法测算新疆林果业种植的集中程度和专业化优势,研究发现,相对于全国的林果种植产业,新疆的林果业种植发展非常迅速,集中程度和专业化优势在一个比较高的基础上长时期保持持续上升趋势,2001年至今一直处于非常显著的集中水平。对于这种集聚现状,本文分别从新疆少数民族生活传统、自然禀赋、市场需求、政府行为等方面深入分析新疆林果业种植集聚现状形成原因。     

陕西南部及关中宝鸡渭南地区农作物种质资源调查与分析

2018年陕西南部及关中宝鸡、渭南地区开展了第三次农作物种质资源征集行动,累计征集资源2 318份,其中粮食作物811份、经济作物229份、果树520份、蔬菜732份、牧草绿肥26份,共涉及43科、120属、157种的作物种类,征集到已在生产上推广应用的100多种地方特色优异资源。通过对这些地区农作物种质资源现状进行调查分析,发现陕西农作物种质资源以地方品种为主,在第三次普查中,粮食作物占比明显下降,从82.69%降至34.99%,其次蔬菜、果树占比分别较普查前提高了25.89%、21.08%。陕西通过稻米、花椒、核桃、茶叶、猕猴桃等地方品种及野生资源直接应用,取得了显著的经济效益,但陕西资源保护利用体系不完善,缺乏有效资源保护措施、发掘利用不充分等问题。建议加快推进全省资源保护体系建设,对局部地区及重点农作物优先开展资源保护试点工作,同时不断发掘利用新资源,服务于生产和育种研究,助力陕西农业追赶超越。     

填闲作物防治保护地土壤硝酸盐淋溶损失的研究进展

填闲作物在设施蔬菜生产轮作体系中的应用是近年防治土壤氮素损失和土壤硝酸盐淋溶的新兴措施.研究表明,这一措施的应用,能有效地控制氮素的淋溶,对设施蔬菜生产产生了显著的经济效益和生态效益,同时对设施蔬菜可持续生产具有重要的意义.根据国内外文献资料,概述了填闲作物在保护地蔬菜种植中的作用、土壤硝酸盐淋溶的阻控机制及影响填闲作物阻控硝酸盐淋溶的因素.     

中国能源作物产业特征及环境效应

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