超临界CO2萃取万寿菊花中叶黄素的研究

采用超临界CO₂萃取技术,研究了从万寿菊花中萃取叶黄素的工艺条件。对影响超临界CO₂萃取叶黄素的各种因素,包括分离参数、原料含水率、粉碎粒径，超临界萃取温度、压力、流速、时间等因素进行了考察,得到较佳的萃取工艺条件为:原料含水率10.92％，粒径40目，萃取温度60℃，压力30 MPa，CO₂流速15 L/h，分离釜Ⅰ温度40℃，压力6 MPa，分离釜Ⅱ温度20℃，时间为6 h。     

超临界CO2流体萃取技术提取核桃油的研究

以新鲜的核桃仁为原料，研究了在超临界状态下物料的粉碎度、萃取压力、萃取温度、萃取时间对核桃油萃取效果的影响。结果表明，超临界CO₂流体萃取核桃油的最佳工艺条件为粉碎度30目、萃取压强30 MPa、萃取温度45℃、萃取时间5 h，此条件下核桃油的萃取率可达93.98%。     

超临界CO2萃取大蒜精油及油树脂的研究

研究了大蒜精油及油树脂的超临界CO₂提取工艺，探讨了粒度，萃取及分离的温度、压力和时间对各萃取率的影响，建立了萃取温度、压力与各萃取率的数学模型。确定了超临界CO₂同时提取大蒜精油及油树脂的优化工艺条件。     

超临界CO2萃取生姜中抗氧化活性物质的工艺研究

随着天然抗氧化剂需求的增加，生姜中抗氧化活性物质提取的研究日益深入。本研究采用超临界二氧化碳(SC-CO₂)萃取这一新型的分离技术对生姜中的抗氧化成分进行富集。通过生姜的含水率、粒度作为单因素，而对于影响萃取工艺的萃取温度、压力、时间三个因素进行正交试验分别进行了研究，同时以萃取量和添加到油脂中的过氧化值(POV)变化为指标，确定各工艺参数对萃取效果的影响。结果表明：应用10%以下含水率的片状生姜原料，采用60℃、24 MPa、140 min的操作工艺，可以获得较大量的具有较高抗氧化     

裸大麦中生育三烯酚的超临界CO2流体萃取工艺

采用四元二次通用旋转设计研究了裸大麦中生育三烯酚的超临界CO₂流体萃取工艺。结果表明：萃取温度对生育三烯酚提取率有显著影响，乙醇添加量和萃取时间对生育三烯酚提取率有极显著影响，而萃取压力对生育三烯酚提取率无显著影响，但萃取压力和乙醇添加量的交互项对生育三烯酚提取率有显著影响；在本实验条件下，生育三烯酚最佳超临界CO₂萃取条件为：萃取温度51.8 ℃、萃取压力34.7 MPa、乙醇添加量9%、萃取时间 120 min。     

柚子花芳香油超临界CO2萃取研究

介绍了新鲜柚子花中芳香性成分超临界CO₂萃取分离工艺和分析检测方法，重点探讨了压力、温度、时间对萃取率的影响。应用正交试验优化得出：影响萃取的主次因素依次为为萃取压力、萃取温度、萃取时间；较佳工艺参数为：压力18 MPa，温度50℃，时间90 min，流量25 L/min，得到超临界柚子花芳香油的萃取率高达2.7‰。应用气相色谱-质谱联用仪共鉴定出39个组分，占总芳香油的91.281%。通过对柚子花的深度加工研究，为开发高附加值的柚子花香精提供科学依据。     

压力、温度对穿心莲内酯超临界CO2萃取-结晶的影响

以穿心莲浸膏为原料，进行了穿心莲内酯的超临界CO₂萃取结晶分离纯化。考察了单因素参数压力、温度对穿心莲内酯纯度、结晶量等的影响。结果表明：超临界CO₂萃取结晶穿心莲内酯的纯度在结晶板上呈梯度分布；在25 MPa以下，压力升高，结晶板上部晶体纯度升高，而结晶量先增后减；在结晶板下部穿心莲内酯的纯度和结晶量都是先升高后降低；温度在一定范围内能提高晶体纯度，且有利于缩短萃取结晶时间。     

超临界CO2流体萃取槟榔中的槟榔碱

为了优化超临界CO₂萃取槟榔碱的工艺参数,通过三元二次通用旋转组合设计实施试验,考察了萃取温度、萃取压力和萃取时间因素对槟榔碱萃取量的影响。试验结果表明：超临界萃取的温度对槟榔碱萃取量有极显著的影响,萃取时间和压力的影响较小。同时确定了槟榔碱萃取的最佳工艺参数为萃取温度72℃,压力57 MPa,时间26 min。在此条件下,槟榔碱的萃取量为6143.71 μg/g,达到理论最大萃取量的95.3%,所得萃取物中槟榔碱的百分含量为（25.85± 0.41）% 。     

超声强化超临界CO2萃取人参皂苷的研究

为了探讨超声波对超临界CO₂萃取(SCE)的影响，考察了在不同萃取温度、萃取压力、萃取时间和流体流量下，有、无超声时超临界CO₂萃取人参皂苷的萃取率。试验结果发现，超声强化超临界CO₂萃取(USCE)的合适萃取温度比没加超声(SCE)时的低10℃；在各自合适的萃取压力下，USCE的皂苷萃取率是SCE的1.64倍；CO₂流体的流量大更有利于USCE。在SCE中，超声的加入能明显提高产物的萃取率和生产效率，降低生产能耗和节     

豆油脱臭馏出物中α-生育酚在超临界CO2中溶解度的研究

生育酚有很高的生理活性,油脂生产中得到的脱臭馏出物含有丰富的天然生育酚。作为萃取生育酚的基础,该文研究了油脂脱臭馏出物中α-生育酚（α-T）在超临界CO₂中的溶解度。研究结果表明：1）酯化处理能明显提高α-T的溶解度;2）α-T溶解度随系统压力的升高而升高;3）未酯化的原料中α-T的溶解度随温度的提高而提高;酯化过的原料中α-T的溶解度随温度的提高,先降低、随后上升。从α-T与脂肪酸之间氢键缔合关系、溶质之间的协同作用和操作参数等方面对上述结果的形成进行了分析。     

超临界CO_2萃取大蒜精油及油树脂的研究

研究了大蒜精油及油树脂的超临界 CO2 提取工艺 ,探讨了粒度 ,萃取及分离的温度、压力和时间对各萃取率的影响 ,建立了萃取温度、压力与各萃取率的数学模型。确定了超临界 CO2 同时提取大蒜精油及油树脂的优化工艺条件     

研磨珠辅助提取茶树菇水溶性核苷酸工艺优化

为了考察茶树菇中水溶性核苷酸的较优提取工艺,该文以食用真菌茶树菇子实体为原料,采用研磨珠细胞破壁提取法,对其所含的核苷酸类物质进行提取。以研磨时间、液料比及研磨珠装载量作为影响因素,采用响应面分析法进行条件优化,得到具显著性的拟合回归方程,并确定最佳提取工艺条件为：研磨时间12 min,液料比为51∶1 mL/g,研磨珠装载量为12.5%时,理论核苷酸得率为7.02%。并且,通过验证试验,实际得率为6.94%,结果与模型符合良好,进一步说明拟合方程的可靠。与传统方法相比,本文采用的研磨珠破壁提取方法,不仅所得核苷酸产品得率高,并且可大大缩短操作时间,为食用菌核苷酸的新型生产工艺的开发提供了理论参考。     

Comparison of Enzymatic (E‐Mill) and Conventional Dry‐Grind Corn Processes Using a Granular Starch Hydrolyzing Enzyme

A new low temperature liquefaction and saccharification enzyme STARGEN 001 (Genencor International, Palo Alto, CA) with high granular starch hydrolyzing activity was used in enzymatic dry‐grind corn process to improve recovery of germ and pericarp fiber before fermentation. Enzymatic dry‐grind corn process was compared with conventional dry‐grind corn process using STARGEN 001 with same process parameters of dry solid content, pH, temperature, enzyme and yeast usage, and time. Sugar, ethanol, glycerol and organic acid profiles, fermentation rate, ethanol and coproducts yields were investigated. Final ethanol concentration of enzymatic dry‐grind corn process was 15.5 ± 0.2% (v/v), which was 9.2% higher than conventional process. Fermentation rate was also higher for enzymatic dry‐grind corn process. Ethanol yields of enzymatic and conventional dry‐grind corn processes were 0.395 ± 0.006 and 0.417 ± 0.002 L/kg (2.65 ± 0.04 and 2.80 ± 0.01 gal/bu), respectively. Three additional coproducts, germ 8.0 ± 0.4% (db), pericarp fiber 7.7 ± 0.4% (db), and endosperm fiber 5.2 ± 0.6% (db) were produced in addition to DDGS with enzymatic dry‐grind corn process. DDGS generated from enzymatic dry‐grind corn process was 66% less than conventional process.     

研磨珠辅助提取茶树菇水溶性核苷酸工艺研究

本文以食用真菌茶树菇子实体为原料,采用研磨珠细胞破壁提取法,对其所含的核苷酸类物质进行提取。通过单因素实验,采用响应面分析法优化研磨珠辅助提取工艺参数,并确定最佳提取工艺条件为：研磨时间12min ,液料比为51:1,研磨珠装载量为12.5%,理论核苷酸得率为7.02%。进行二次多元回归拟合,通过回归分析检验多元回归方程模型显著。另外,通过验证试验,实际得率为（6.94±0.07）%,结果与模型符合良好,进一步说明拟合方程的可靠。与传统方法相比,本文采用的研磨珠破壁提取方法,不仅所得核苷酸产品提取率高,并且可大大缩短操作时间,为食用菌及核苷酸的新型生产工艺的开发提供了理论参考。     

Supercritical CO2 extraction of beta-carotene from a marine strain of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus species

Dynamic extraction of carotenoids from a marine strain of Synechococcus sp. (Cyanophyceae) with supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) was investigated with regard to operation pressure and temperature effects on extraction efficiency. Extraction yield (milligrams of pigment per gram of dry weight) for SC-CO2) was compared with the extraction yield for dimethylformamide (DMF). Carotenoids extracted with SC-CO2 were beta-carotene (Ct), zeaxanthin (Z), beta-cryptoxanthin (Cr), and equinenone; chlorophyll a was poorly extracted, whereas myxoxanthophyll, another major carotenoid, was not extracted under any experimental condition. The highest relative yield, which is defined here as y(r) = [(mg of pigment(SC-CO2)/mg of pigment(DMF))] x 100, was 76.1 +/- 8.6% for Ct, but it rose to 87.0 +/- 3.4% when 15% ethanol was used as cosolvent. The pressure effect on y(r) was found to be significant (p < 0.05) for both Cr and Z, along with total carotenoids, whereas the effect of square T (TT) was significant for only Ct. From empirical correlations, pairwise pressure (bar) and temperature (degrees C), respectively, for optimal extraction were determined to be (358, 50) for Ct, (454, 59) for Cr, and (500, 60) for Z. Cell disruption by sonication or detergent treatment of the biomass did not improve the extraction efficiency. Matrix structure together with material state could explain the low carotenoid extraction yield obtained with SC-CO2 as compared to DMF in Synechococcus sp. However, the process can be applied to selective extraction of different carotenoids.     

超临界CO2流体技术精制栀子黄色素的研究

以市售栀子黄色素为原料,比较系统地探讨了超临界状态下萃取压力、温度、时间、ＣＯ₂流量、夹带剂对栀子黄色素ＯＤ值比率的影响。结果表明：高温、高压、添加夹带剂的条件下有利于降低栀子黄色素的ＯＤ值比率,达到精制的目的。     

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of oil and squalene from amaranthus grain

Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC CO(2)) was used for the extraction of oil and squalene from Amaranthus grain. Very small amounts of oil could be extracted by SC CO(2) from undisrupted grains, although SC CO(2) possesses higher diffusivity. Grinding increased the extraction rate and oil yield, and smaller particle size gave higher extraction rate. The oil yield and initial extraction rate increased linearly with the increasing SC CO(2) flow rate from 1 to 2 L/min. Increasing the flow rate of SC CO(2) above 2 L/min resulted in only a slight increase of oil yield and extraction rate. In the pressure range of 150-250 bar, extraction decreased with increasing temperature at a constant pressure, whereas at a pressure of 300 bar, the extraction yield increased with increasing temperature. Possible reasons for this are discussed. Effects of temperature and pressure on squalene yield were different from those on oil yield. A good oil yield (4.77 g of oil/100 g of grain) was obtained at 40 degrees C and 250 bar. The highest squalene yield (0.31 g of squalene/100 g of grain) and concentration (15.3% in extract) were obtained at 50 degrees C and 200 bar, although the oil yield under this condition was low (2.07 g of oil/100 g of grain). The moisture content within 0-10% had little influence on yields of oil and squalene at 40 degrees C and 250 bar. Finally, the oil yield and the squalene concentration in the extracts by SC CO(2) were compared to those by solvent extraction.     

Supercritical fluid extraction and high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of phloroglucinols in St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.)

A small-scale supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method was developed for the selective extraction of phloroglucinols from St. John's wort (SJW) leaf/flower mixtures using supercritical carbon dioxide (CO(2)). The extraction efficiency was investigated as influenced by pressure, temperature, time, and modifier. The optimized condition of SFE was carried out at 3.80 x 10(4) kpa (5500 psi) and 50 degrees C. Samples were held in static extraction for 10 min, followed by a dynamic extraction for 90 min at the flow rate of 1 mL/min. A simple and sensitive HPLC method was developed for the analysis of hyperforin and adhyperforin, the major phloroglucinols, in the SFE extract of SJW.