基于双土槽试验研究的黄土坡面侵蚀产沙过程

 定量分析梁峁坡面各侵蚀带之间侵蚀过程中的相互作用及其影响机理,将为坡面侵蚀预报模型的建立提供重要的理论基础。利用供沙土槽和试验土槽双土槽径流小区,研究不同上方汇流含沙量、不同降雨强度和不同地表面条件下的黏黄土陡坡面(15°)上方汇流汇沙,对坡下方侵蚀产沙过程的影响。研究结果表明:上方汇流汇沙对坡面侵蚀产沙过程有重要影响,上方来沙不但被径流全部搬运,而且上方来水在试验土槽引起了净侵蚀产沙量,坡面侵蚀现象为侵蚀-搬运过程占主导地位。对于疏松土和紧实土处理,上方汇流引起坡下方的净侵蚀产沙量,分别占试验土槽全部产沙量的31.1％-97.3％和45.1％-89.7％。上方汇流引起坡下方净侵蚀产沙量随降雨强度的增加而增加,同时受土壤容重和下垫面细沟侵蚀发展过程的综合影响。土壤容重影响坡面侵蚀的发生和发展,而坡面侵蚀产沙过程与细沟发育过程相对应。     

上方来水来沙对细沟侵蚀产沙过程的影响

利用双土槽系统径流小区 (供沙土槽和试验土槽 ) ,定量研究了不同上方来水含沙量和不同降雨强度下 15°坡面上方来水来沙对坡下方细沟侵蚀产沙过程的影响。结果表明 ,坡上方来沙量不但被径流全部搬运 ,且坡上方来水在坡下方细沟侵蚀槽引起另外的侵蚀产沙量 S。坡面细沟侵蚀过程以侵蚀—搬运过程为主。上方来水对细沟侵蚀产沙的贡献受上方来水含沙量和降雨强度的影响。降雨强度的增加或上方来水含沙量的减少 ,使 S值的增加更为显著     

上方来水来沙对细沟侵蚀产沙过程的影响

利用双土槽系统径流小区 (供沙土槽和试验土槽 ),定量研究了不同上方来水含沙量和不同降雨强度下 15^°坡面上方来水来沙对坡下方细沟侵蚀产沙过程的影响。结果表明,坡上方来沙量不但被径流全部搬运,且坡上方来水在坡下方细沟侵蚀槽引起另外的侵蚀产沙量 S。坡面细沟侵蚀过程以侵蚀—搬运过程为主。上方来水对细沟侵蚀产沙的贡献受上方来水含沙量和降雨强度的影响。降雨强度的增加或上方来水含沙量的减少,使 S值的增加更为显著.     

黄土坡面汇流汇沙对浅沟侵蚀影响的试验研究

采用供沙土槽与试验土槽双土槽径流小区的人工模拟降雨试验，研究了不同含沙水流、不同降雨条件下坡面汇水汇沙对浅沟侵蚀过程的影响。结果表明，坡面浅沟侵蚀过程以侵蚀一搬运过程为主，当雨强为64mm／h和116mm／h时，坡面汇水使坡下方浅沟侵蚀产沙量分别增大26．2％～82．5％和23．5％～58．7％，坡面汇水引起坡下方的净侵蚀产沙量随坡面汇水含沙量的减小和降雨强度的增加而增大。     

细沟侵蚀过程与细沟水流水力学参数的关系研究

利用供沙土槽和试验土槽的双土槽径流小区 ,定量研究了在不同降雨强度下上方来水来沙对陡坡地细沟侵蚀产沙过程和细沟水流水力学参数的影响及其细沟水流水力学特征参数与细沟侵蚀产沙量的关系。结果表明 :坡面细沟侵蚀过程以侵蚀—搬运过程为主 ,坡上方来沙不仅被径流全部搬运 ,且上方来水在坡下方引起了另外的侵蚀产沙量 ,其值随上方来水含沙量的减少和降雨强度的增加而增大。上方来水的汇入或降雨强度的增大可使细沟水流流态由层流转化为紊流。上方来水对细沟水流水力学参数 (流速、水力半径、雷诺数、弗劳德数和阻力系数 )有重要影响。定量分析了细沟水流水力学特征参数 (流速、雷诺数和阻力系数 )与上坡来水引起坡下方净侵蚀产沙量的关系 ,建立了净侵蚀产沙量与细沟水流流速、雷诺数和阻力系数统计模型。     

坡面降雨侵蚀和径流侵蚀研究

降雨侵蚀过程包括径流侵蚀作用和雨滴打击作用两个方面,传统的单径流小区降雨试验难以区分二者对坡面侵蚀的贡献。通过双土槽人工降雨试验,研究了降雨侵蚀和径流侵蚀的关系及二者对坡面侵蚀产沙的贡献。结果表明;在坡度和降雨强度一定时,坡上方来水量引起坡下方侵蚀产沙量随着上方来水量的增大而增大;在坡度一致和坡面径流量基本相同时,降雨侵蚀产沙量大于供水径流的侵蚀产沙量,降雨强度增大１倍时,坡面侵蚀产沙量增大约５０     

上方汇流对黄土坡面侵蚀—搬运过程的影响

研究坡面上方汇流对坡面下方侵蚀-搬运过程的影响将深化对坡面土壤侵蚀过程机制的认识。通过设计由供水装置和试验土槽组成的试验系统,采用不同降雨强度的模拟降雨试验,研究坡度为15。时上方汇流对黄土坡面侵蚀-搬运过程的影响。结果表明：在降雨强度为50、75和100mm／h时,坡面接受上方汇流后,坡面侵蚀产沙量皆大于没有上方汇流时的坡面侵蚀产沙量,即上方汇流在坡面下方引起了净侵蚀产沙量;坡面侵蚀产沙量并不是简单地与汇水流量成正相关,在小汇水流量下,由上方汇流增加的侵蚀产沙量较小,当汇冰流量增加到1．6L／min后,坡面侵蚀产沙量随汇水流量的增加明显增大,且增加幅度随汇水流量的增加而增大,但当汇水流量增加到3．2L／min后,坡面侵蚀产沙量随汇水流量增加的幅度明显减小;接受上方汇流后,坡面侵蚀现象以侵蚀-搬运过程占主导地位。     

黄土坡面侵蚀方式演变与侵蚀产沙过程试验研究

利用自行设计的双土槽径流小区系统和人工模拟降雨试验研究方法,研究了坡面侵蚀方式演变对坡面侵蚀产沙量的影响,分析了沟蚀发育不同阶段对坡面侵蚀产沙的贡献。结果表明,坡面侵蚀发育初期,沟头溯源侵蚀占主导地位,侵蚀产沙量呈增加趋势;坡面侵蚀发育中期,沟蚀的宽度和深度变化已属于切沟形态发育的范围,导致了侵蚀产沙量的急剧增加;坡面侵蚀发育后期,沟蚀发育过程处于后期稳定阶段,侵蚀产沙量变化伏动较小。在坡面侵蚀发育初期、中期和后期,沟蚀分别占坡面总侵蚀产沙量的28.7%,70.4%和37.1%。     

坡面侵蚀泥沙来源立体分布研究

采用REE-INAA方法,采取沿坡面分层分段的新型试验布设方法,研究次降雨条件下坡面侵蚀泥沙来源立体分布规律。结果表明:坡面侵蚀形态演变过程可划分为面蚀、细沟发育和细沟稳定3个阶段。细沟侵蚀是坡面侵蚀产沙的主要原因,试验中的细沟侵蚀产沙量约为面蚀产沙量的9.9倍。可以利用侵蚀产沙贡献率来表征不同试验区域产沙量对总产沙量贡献作用的大小。处于坡面底部的Eu区和Yb区是面蚀量最大区域,其侵蚀产沙贡献率分别为3.1%和3.3%。处于坡面底部的Nd区和Ce区是细沟侵蚀量最大区域,其侵蚀产沙贡献率分别为42.8%和37.5%。坡面中下部是坡面侵蚀泥沙来源的主要区域。     

次降雨下砒砂岩坡面细沟形态发育及其对侵蚀产沙的影响

[目的]以水蚀剧烈的砒砂岩区裸露坡面为研究对象,分析次降雨下坡面细沟形态演变及侵蚀产沙特征,以期为坡面沟蚀发育演变及坡面水土流失治理提供理论依据。[方法]基于野外径流小区原位监测试验,采用三维激光扫描仪监测径流小区两个雨季13次自然降雨下细沟发育过程及产流产沙规律。[结果](1)小区内细沟发育过程分为4个阶段：跌坎发育—断续细沟—连续细沟—沟网形成;(2)细沟长度、宽度、深度及细沟体积、细沟密度、细沟复杂度均随着降雨的继续呈上升趋势,而细沟宽深比呈下降趋势;(3)研究区内中雨对细沟发育贡献最大,其发生频率为53.69%,对细沟形态的影响占比71.25%。[结论]细沟形态变化对产沙的影响较大,细沟出现后产沙量明显上升,产沙量与细沟发育过程对应关系较好,而对产流过程的影响有限,尤其细沟体积与产沙量及含沙量的相关性最强。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.