二元杂交母猪体内外寄生虫的防治

本文介绍二元杂交母猪感染体内外寄生虫，使用阿维菌素防治的经验。群饲母猪用药治疗内寄生虫（如蛔虫）时，粉剂、片剂阿维菌素按０．３ｍｇ／ｋｇ体重拌料饲喂，针剂用量同粉剂。作浇泼剂治疗，猪疥螨按０．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ体重，效果１００％。     

伊维菌素透皮剂驱除牦牛体内寄生虫效果观察

以驱虫药物浇泼畜体背部驱除体内外寄生虫，国内杂志曾有报道［１～３］，效果较好。本试验用从日本引进的ｉｖｏｍｅｃ　ｔｏｐｉｃａｌ（附有投药器），对牦牛进行背部浇泼投药，后经两次粪便检查，效果良好。１ 材料和方法１．１ 试验药品：伊维菌素透皮剂内含透皮剂（ＴＴＳ）及驱虫药伊维菌素（Ｉｖｅｒｍｅｃｔｉｎ）。对试验牛按０．０５ｍｇ／ｋｇ剂量计算，泼背透皮内吸，达到驱虫作用。１．２ 实验动物及分组：利用湟源县畜牧场一牧工自然放牧的１岁牦牛２０头，按其膘情、体重搭配，佩带耳号随机分为试验组１０头，对照组１０头…     

克伦特罗在猪体内的生物利用度及药物动力学研究

６头体重４７．００±４．５７ｋｇ（Ｘ±Ｓ）的健康长白和大白杂交猪，拉丁方设计试验，按４ｍｇ／ｋｇ静注、肌注和内服克伦特罗，高效液相色谱法检测血浆中药物浓度，ＭＣＰＫＰ药代动力学程序处理药时数据。静注给药的药代动力学参数是：ｔ１／２α０．６２±０．１２ｈ，ｔ１／２β４．８７±１．５６ｈ，Ｖｄ（ａｒｅａ）４．４８±０．５６ｌ／ｋｇ，ＣｌＢ０．６３±０．１１ｌ／ｋｇ／ｈ，ＡＵＣ６．３９±１．２７μｇ／ｍｌ．ｈ。肌注给药的药动学参数是：ｔ１／２Ｋａ０．２２±０．１０ｈ，ｔ１／２α０．５６±０．２１ｈ，ｔ１／２β４．２５±１．１０ｈ，ｔｍａｘ０．６０±０．１３ｈ，Ｃｍａｘ１．２７±０．３５μｇ／ｍｌ，ＡＵＣ５．４８±１．２９μｇ／ｍｌ．ｈ，Ｆ８５．４０±４．６９％。内服给药的药动学参数是：ｔ１／２Ｋａ０．２８±０．１５ｈ，ｔ１／２Ｋｅ３．１５±０．３６ｈ，ｔｍａｘ１．４６±０．１９ｈ，Ｃｍａｘ０．６５±０．１３μｇ／ｍｌ，ＡＵＣ３．９３±０．９９ｍｇ／ｌ．ｈ，Ｆ６１．０２±１０．９０％。肌注给药的生物利用度与内服比较，差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

鸡静注,肌注及内服氟哌酸的药物动力学研究

选用４２只健康ＡＡ鸡，分３组（每组１４只）进行药物动力学研究：静注、肌注及内服的剂量均为１０ｍｇ／ｋｇ。用二氯甲烷提取血浆中的药物，反相高效液相色谱法测定血浆氟哌酸的浓度，测定时以吡哌酸为内标。所得药物一时间数据用ＭＣＰＫＰ计算机程序处理，静注给药拟合二室开放模型，主要动力学参数是：ｔ１／２α０．１４±０．０８ｈ，ｔ１／２β３．６５±１．０３ｈ，Ｋｅ０．８８±０．４０ｈ－１，Ｖｄ３．８１±０．９８Ｌ／ｋｇ，ＡＵＣ１４．１４±３．２９μｇ／ｍｌ．ｈ。内服和肌注给药均适合具有一级吸收二室开放模型，肌注的主要动力学参数是：ｔ１／２ｋａ０．２２±０．１０ｈ，ｔ１／２α１．０３±０．６５ｈ，ｔ１／２β６．８７±２．８６ｈ，Ｋｅ０．２８±０．１０ｈ－１，ＡＵＣ９．８６±２．８８μｇ／ｍｌ．ｈ，Ｆ６９．７８％。内服的主要动力学参数是：ｔ１／２ｋａ０．６９±０．２３ｈ，ｔ１／２α１．７６±０．８９ｈ，ｔ１／２β１０．４３±３．２２ｈ，Ｋｅ０．２１±０．０５ｈ－１，ＡＵＣ８．５６±１．３６μｇ／ｍｌ．ｈ，Ｆ６０．５２％。鸡静注、肌注、内服氟哌酸的药动学特征是吸收较快，在体内分布广泛、半衰期较长。     

亚硒酸钠在低硒雏鸡体内药代动力学的研究

采用低硒日粮（０．０２１μｇ／ｇ）饲喂１日龄蛋用雏鸡至１２～１４日龄（血硒降至０．０２３２±０．０１１０μｇ／ｍｌ），按单剂量０．５２６ｍｇ／ｋｇＢＷ口服亚硒酸钠后不同时间点采集血样，用荧光分光光度法测定血硒浓度。应用ＭＣＰＫＰ药动学程序自动拟合处理血硒浓度——时间数据并求出药动学参数。血硒浓度－时间曲线符合一室开放模型，最佳药时方程为：Ｃｉ＝０．０９５９０（ｅ－０．００６１９ｔ－ｅ－０．０９４１０ｔ）。主要药动学参数：ｔ１２Ｋａ为２．０３ｈ，ｔ１２Ｋ为１１２．０２ｈ，ｔｐ为１１．９８ｈ，Ｃｍａｘ为０．０８７３８μｇ／ｍｌ，ＡＵＣ为１５．２１１ｍｇ／ｌ·ｈ。根据单剂量药动学参数，计算出多剂量给药参数：τ为１２０ｈ，Ｃ为０．１２６７６μｇ／ｍｌ，Ｄ＊为０．７０８１ｍｇ／ｋｇＢＷ，Ｄ０为０．３７１２ｍｇ／ｋｇＢＷ，Ｒ为１．９０７６。     

阿维菌素制剂的临床应用及特点

在我国，由于伊维菌素类药物价格比较昂贵，其推广使用受到一定的限制，所以一般多用阿维菌素。目前，我们已开发研制出阿维菌素的片剂、粉剂、胶囊、注射液、口服液、浇泼剂和糊剂等多种剂型，这些剂型间效果相差不大，可根据需要选用，并已应用于各种动物寄生虫病的治疗和预防，疗效显著，治愈率高。１　临床应用１．１　阿维菌素在绵羊和山羊中的应用阿维菌素用于绵羊和山羊，可以治疗和预防常见线虫及外寄生虫感染。各种剂型以０．２ｍｇ／ｋｇ（浇泼剂量为０．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ）给药，对多数胃肠道线虫，如捻转血矛线虫等具有高效。对外寄…     

中药治仔犬咽喉炎

中药治仔犬咽喉炎取青黛１．５ｇ、硼砂１．５ｇ、雄黄０．２ｇ、冰片０．５ｇ、甘草０．３ｇ共末，加白糖１５ｇ、蛋清１０ｍｌ及水１５０ｍｌ调匀，灌服。每日１剂，连服３—５剂即愈。中药治仔犬咽喉炎...     

用皮蝇泼浇剂防治牛皮蝇病效果观察

牛皮蝇蛆病在我县大部分地区普遍存在。多年来对该病的防治大多采用肌肉注射倍硫磷，效果不错，但由于安全范围小，稍有不甚，就会引起中毒，甚至死亡。近年来不少地区采用阿维菌素进行防治，但由于剂量难以掌握，加上投喂不便，往往达不到预期效果，也不易在牦牛群中推广。１９９８年１０月笔者利用皮蝇泼浇剂对湟源县日月地区１００头牦牛进行了防治试验，现报告如下。１材料１．１药物：皮蝇泼浇剂（１２０ｇ／Ｌ，由肟硫磷，皮肤渗透剂和有机溶剂组成），青海省畜牧兽医科学院寄生虫病研究室制，中试产品。１．２供试动物：湟源日月地区…     

阿维菌素浇注剂对牛痒螨病的疗效试验

选择自然感染牛痒螨的杂交牛３０头，将其分成６组，每组５头，第１－４组分别用阿维菌素浇注剂（阿维必淋）按０．２，０．３，０．４和０．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ体重剂量在牛背部皮肤１次浇注给药；第５组用阿维菌素注射液（阿福丁）皮下１次注射；第６组为不治疗对照组。通过治疗后不同时间对每头试验牛皮肤固定部位的寄生虫检查和临床观察结果，评估阿维菌素浇注剂对牛痒螨病的疗效。治疗后第７ｄ显微镜检查时，仅从阿维菌素浇注剂０．２     

新生反刍动物血浆cAMP和cGMP水平变化初探

初步观察了６头黑白花犊牛和３只湖羊羔生后２４ｈ内血浆环腺苷酸（ｃＡＭＰ）和环鸟苷酸（ｃＧＭＰ）水平变化。结果表明：犊牛出生时ｃＡＭＰ和ｃＧＭＰ分别为１．１２±０．１０ｐＭ／ｍｌ和０．８７±０．０４ｐＭ／ｍｌ，羔羊生后１ｈ分别为１．２０±０．０１ｐＭ／ｍｌ和０．３９±０．０１ｐＭ／ｍｌ，在生后２～４ｈ内犊牛和羔羊ｃＡＭＰ和ｃＧＭＰ均呈上升趋势，以后在相对高水平波动直至２４ｈ，ｃＡＭＰ／ｃＧＭＰ比值生后较高，２ｈ内下降，以后处于较低的比值直至２４ｈ     

Teratogenic effects of the interaction acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and ethanol: morphologic and morphometric evaluation of the lingual epithelium in rat fetuses

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the teratogenic effects of the interaction between acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and ethanol on the epithelium of the lingual mucosa in rat fetuses. On the 10th pregnancy day, a single intraperitoneal ethanol dose (2.96 g/kg body weight) (Group I), ASA (200 mg/kg body weight) (Group II) and ASA plus ethanol, in the same doses (Group III), or saline (Group IV - control), were administrated. The epithelial alterations were assessed by means of histological and morphometric methods, on posterior dorsal, anterior dorsal and ventral regions of the tongue. ASA reduced, in rat fetuses, the ethanol deleterious effects on nuclear size in the epithelial prickle cell of the lingual mucosa. On the other hand, ASA did not influence the effects of ethanol in both epithelial layers of the lingual mucosa, when the nuclear shape, cell volume or epithelial layers thickness were evaluated.     

Monitoring of effects induced by recombinant equine interferon-beta 1 in whole blood and separated fractions of peripheral blood of horses.

Interferon is known to induce antiviral mechanisms and to exert immunoregulatory capacities on various cell types. The antiviral capacity of recombinant equine interferon-beta 1 (rEqIFN-beta 1) is most sensitively monitored by indirect quantitation of multiplication of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in blood cells of horses. As few as 0.5 pg rEqIFN-beta 1/ml can be assessed by means of 90% reduction of VSV-replication in whole blood (w.b.) as well as in isolated mononuclear blood cells (MNC) in spite of individual variations. The immunoregulatory influence of 20-50 pg rEqIFN-beta 1/ml is sufficient to cause at least a 50% reduction of mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation in MNC, while higher concentrations are needed in w.b. Of the mitogens tested the best stimulation of proliferation on the equine lymphoid cells was obtained with staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). Release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from phagocytic cells in w.b. or from isolated polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) as monitored by chemiluminescence (CL) does not seem suitable for evaluation of rEqIFN-beta 1-induced immunoregulation as only very high rEqIFN-beta 1-concentrations (10(3)-10(4) pg/ml) result in a minute increase (up to 20%) of CL. Comparative studies on w.b. and isolated leukocyte fractions from identical specimens of individual horses suggest that monitoring of antiviral and distinct immunoregulatory capacities of rEqIFN-beta 1 can be performed on w.b. without loss of information and sensitivity as compared to isolated MNC.     

Pharmacokinetics in plasma and alveolar regions of a healthy calf intramuscularly administered a single dose of orbifloxacin

This study analyzed the pharmacokinetics of orbifloxacin (OBFX) in plasma, and its migration and retention in epithelial lining fluid (ELF) and alveolar cells within the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Four healthy calves received a single dose of OBFX (5.0 mg/kg) intramuscularly. Post-administration OBFX dynamics were in accordance with a non-compartment model, including the absorption phase. The maximum concentration (C_max) of plasma OBFX was 2.2 ± 0.1 μg/ml at 2.3 ± 0.5 hr post administration and gradually decreased to 0.3 ± 0.2 μg/ml at 24 hr following administration. The C_max of ELF OBFX was 9.3 ± 0.4 μg/ml at 3.0 ± 2.0 hr post administration and gradually decreased to 1.2 ± 0.1 μg/ml at 24 hr following administration. The C_max of alveolar cells OBFX was 9.3 ± 2.9 μg/ml at 4.0 hr post administration and gradually decreased to 1.1 ± 0.2 μg/ml at 24 hr following administration. The half-life of OBFX in plasma, ELF, and alveolar cells were 6.9 ± 2.2, 7.0 ± 0.6, and 7.8 ± 1.6 hr, respectively. The C_max and the area under the concentration-time curve for 0–24 hr with OBFX were significantly higher in ELF and alveolar cells than in plasma (P<0.05). These results suggest that OBFX is distributed and retained at high concentrations in ELF and alveolar cells at 24 hr following administration. Hence, a single intramuscular dose of OBFX (5.0 mg/kg) may be an effective therapeutic agent against pneumonia.     

肝素钠对伪狂犬病毒侵染BHK-21细胞和小白鼠的抑制

应用空斑技术,检测肝素钠对伪狂犬病毒（ＰＲＶ）在ＢＨＫ＿２１细胞上形成空斑的数量,证实肝素钠对ＰＲＶ的感染能力有较大抑制作用。小鼠试验证实肝素钠可降低病毒的致病力,但肝素钠对小鼠有一定毒性。     

玉米赤霉烯酮对小鼠胸腺上皮细胞线粒体的影响

为探讨玉米赤霉烯酮对离体培养的小鼠胸腺上皮细胞的作用,本研究以1月龄昆明小鼠为研究对象,采用MTT法、线粒体染色、流式细胞仪分析等方法,离体研究玉米赤霉烯酮对胸腺上皮细胞线粒体的影响。结果表明,高剂量(10~25 μg/mL)玉米赤霉烯酮能显著增强小鼠胸腺上皮细胞线粒体代谢MTT能力,增强线粒体活性,使线粒体膜电位升高。     

Changes of Tight Junction Protein Claudins in Small Intestine and Kidney Tissues of Mice Fed a DDC Diet

DDC (3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine)-fed mice are widely used as a model for cholestatic liver disease. We examined the expression of tight junction protein claudin subspecies by immunofluorescent histochemistry in small intestine and kidney tissues of mice fed a DDC diet for 12 weeks. In the small intestine, decreases in claudin-3, claudin-7 and claudin-15 were observed in villous epithelial cells corresponding to the severity of histological changes while leaving the abundance of these claudin subspecies unchanged in crypt cells. Nevertheless, the proliferative activity of intestinal crypt cells measured by immunohistochemistry for Ki-67 decreased in the mice fed the DDC diet compared with that of control mice. These results suggest the possibility that DDC feeding affects the barrier function of villous epithelial cells and thus inhibits the proliferative activity of crypt epithelial cells. On the other hand, in the kidney, remarkable changes were found in the subcellular localization of claudin subspecies in a segment-specific manner, although histological changes of renal epithelial cells were quite minimal. These results indicate that immunohistochemistry for claudin subspecies can serve as a useful tool for detecting minute functional alterations of intestinal and renal epithelial cells.     

Improvements of Vaginal Atrophy without Systemic Side Effects after Topical Application of Pueraria mirifica,a Phytoestrogen-rich Herb,in Postmenopausal Cynomolgus Macaques

The estrogenic efficacy of topical vaginal application of Pueraria mirifica extract (PM) on the restoration of vaginal atrophy, and the presence of any systemic side effects, were investigated in postmenopausal cynomolgus macaques. Twelve postmenopausal cynomolgus macaques, with complete cessation of menstruation for at least 5 years before start of this experiment, were divided into three groups. They received a topical vaginal application daily of 0.1 or 1% (w/w) PM cream or a conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) cream (a mixture of estrone, equilin, 17β-dihydroequilin, 17α-estradiol and 17α-dihydroequilin at 0.625 mg total estrogen/g cream) for 28 days. Estrogenic efficacy was assessed weekly by vaginal cytology assay and vaginal pH measurement, whilst the plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and sex skin coloration levels were determined at the end of each treatment period to evaluate the systemic side effects. PM significantly increased the proportion of superficial cells in a dose-dependent manner, with a similar efficacy between 1% (w/w) PM and CEE. Together with increased vaginal maturation, PM decreased the vaginal pH to acidic levels, as observed in the CEE group. PM induced no detected systemic side effects, whilst CEE decreased the plasma LH level and increased the reddish color of the sex skin during the posttreatment period. Topical vaginal treatment with PM stimulated the maturation of the vaginal epithelium without causing systemic side effects in postmenopausal monkeys. The implication is that PM could be a safer alternative to treat vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women.     

Sequential observation of 2,6-dimethylaniline-induced nasal lesions in a rat two-stage nasal carcinogenesis model after initiation with N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl) nitrosamine

Male F344 rats received diet containing 3,000 ppm 2,6-dimethylaniline (DMA) after initiation with a single subcutaneous injection of 2,400 mg/kg of N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine (DHPN), and histological and electron microscopic examinations of the nasal cavity were performed at 4, 13, 26 and 52 weeks to examine sequential changes induced by DMA. Severe atrophy of Bowman's glands and epithelial disarrangement were apparent from week 4, followed by dilatation and/or proliferation of Bowman's glands, degeneration of epithelial cells, and proliferation of undifferentiated epithelial cells from week 13. Focal glandular hyperplasias, dysplastic foci, and adenomas were observed from week 26, and carcinomas at 52 week. These nasal lesions were mostly evident in the olfactory mucosa in the nasal cavity, and their severity and/or incidences, other than atrophy of Bowman's glands, increased with the treatment period. Electron microscopically, carcinoma cells demonstrated desmosomes, dense secretory granules identical to those in normal Bowman's glands, a basement membrane, and microvilli. These results suggest that Bowman's glands are the target of DMA, giving rise to nasal carcinomas after DHPN-initiation.     

Morphological and Biochemical Changes During Aging and Photoaging of the Skin of C57BL/6J Mice

The differences between the dorsal skin of 11- and 16-week-old C57BL/6J mice were examined morphologically and biochemically. The dermis of the 16-week-old mice was thinner than that of the 11-week-old mice due to decreases in the amounts of soluble collagen and elastin. Next, the changes in dorsal skin exposed to UVA irradiation for 8 weeks (576 J/cm(2)) were examined in 3 (younger)- and 8 (older)-week-old C57BL/6J mice. The thickness of the dermis was not significantly different between the UVA-irradiated and control mice in either the younger or older group. The increase in the amount of collagen was related to the increase in the level of soluble collagen in the younger mice. In contrast, it was related to the increase in the level of insoluble collagen in the older mice. In the UVA-irradiated older mice, the activity of the latent form of MMP-13 was significantly higher than that in the control mice. These results suggest that aging and UVA-induced photoaging in the skin are histologically and biochemically different phenomena.