木材在园林建筑中的应用

本文讨论了园林建筑中木结构的连接方式以及各种防腐、防虫方法，为木材在园林建设中的应用提出建议。     

防腐剂及农村杨木建筑木结构防腐的应用研究

我国北方农村的建筑用材,多以杨、柳、榆等速生树种为主,但这些木材易发生腐朽与虫蛀。本课题对适合农村建筑中杨木等木结构的防腐、防虫剂和防腐涂料的物理化学性能,对菌、虫毒效等进行了一系列的室内外试验,提出了简易的防腐防虫处理方法。在试验基础上,选用效果较好的水溶性、油溶性防腐、防虫剂和防腐油漆,并进一步在北京大兴县农村进行了扩大应用试验。经两年多观察,尚未发现虫蛀与腐朽,但未防腐的檩条已发生虫蛀。     

木材的汽相硼处理—木材防腐处理新方法

木材的汽相硼处理──木材防腐处理新方法陈允适译编硼的汽相处理是从传统木材防腐处理技术基础上发展起来的一种全新的处理方法，它不依靠溶剂，而是使防腐剂的有效成分成汽相直接进入木材。该方法５年前由新西兰林业研究所和英国皇家学院联合研究开发。在新西兰，用硼来...     

防腐处理竹材的室内抗腐性试验

选用经五种防腐药剂处理过的淡竹进行室内抗腐性试验,同时选用毛竹做室内天然耐腐性试验。结果表明:用热冷槽法,浓度为5%的“BB”和3%的“BBF”防腐效果较好,采用浸渍法,浓度为5%的“BP”、“CCB”“FCAP”均具有防腐效力,浸渍时间19天为宜。毛竹的天然耐腐性较差,与木材相比毛竹在较低的重量损失率(20%)下就丧失使用价值。而木材在同等重量损失率范围内则属于稍耐腐或耐腐等级。     

新西兰辐射松的干燥和防腐处理

新西兰辐射松的干燥和防腐处理李瑞芝（山东省林业厅）新西兰人工造林总面积为１３０万公顷，其中９０％是辐射松。为提高辐射松木材的利用价值，经过长期的探索，形成了一套完整、科学的辐射松木材干燥和防腐处理方法。这些方法，对处理其它木材，尤其杨树木材，具有较高...     

木材防腐技术在山海关镇东楼木结构中的应用

针对山海关镇东楼木腐菌及木材害虫种类,采用多种药剂及处理方法,对木材进行防腐处理。经鉴定主要木构件树种为硬木松、软木松、落叶松和云棚类木材。防腐处理后的木材经验测其力学强度无明显变化。采用强制气干法干燥木材,简便易行。     

后干燥处理对防腐木材性能的影响初步研究

试验初步研究了后干燥处理对加铬砷酸铜(CCA-C)、季铵铜(ACQ-C和ACQ-D)三种防腐处理木材中铜的流失影响。结果表明:随着流失次数的增加,CCA-C、ACQ-C、ACQ-D三种防腐处理木材的铜流失量都呈降低趋势,最终降至非常低。随着处理温度的升高,3种防腐材的铜流失量都有所增大。CCA-C型木材防腐剂的抗流失性优于ACQ型木材防腐剂。在同等条件下,ACQ-D防腐材的铜流失率高于ACQ-C防腐材。     

气相硼法木材防腐处理的研究

对马尾松及花旗松木材试样进行了气相硼法木材防腐处理的研究。考察了马尾松木材试样的含水率、防腐处理温度、处理压力及进料温度等因素对防腐处理后试样中硼酸含量的影响。得到了气相硼法防腐处理的优选工艺条件：木材试样的含水率10％,防腐处理温度75℃,防腐处理真空度97．325kPa,进料温度32℃。防腐处理1h,马尾松试样中硼酸的含量为6．13％。对花旗松心材气相硼法防腐处理实验结果表明：对难渗透的木材渗透效果也很好。电子显微镜观察的结果表明：经气相防腐处理和液体浸泡防腐处理试样的细胞壁上均沉积了硼酸固体物质,但硼酸沉积量前者的远远大于后者的。对防腐处理前后试样的机械性能及尺寸变化测试结果表明,木材试样的冲击强度与抗弯弹性模量下降很小,而抗弯强度反而提高了4．6％;木材尺寸变化很小。     

两种防腐处理方法的改进

迅速变化的木材工业不得不对硼化防腐处理重新作出评价。本文说明了两种防腐处理方法(高浓度硼化处理和蒸汽硼化处理)改进的理由。新西兰防腐木材人均消耗量是世界上最高的,因为建筑法规规定用于住宅建筑的木材必须进行防腐处理。木材防腐工业是在50年代中期发展起来的。由政府组成一个调查     

ACQ木材防腐剂及防腐处理木材

为使民众更多的了解和使用ACQ木材防腐剂和防腐处理木材，本文对其基本理化性质、防腐性能、对人、畜和环境的安全性、对木材性质的影响、处理工艺以及注意事项等作了详细的介绍。     

Effects of administrative land-use and technical land-form constraints on timber production at the landscape level

Abstract

This study quantified, across a landscape in Eastern Finland, the influence of administrative land-use and technical land-form constraints on timber production. Spatially explicit data about the nature conservation areas, land use plans and steep slopes were integrated with Multi-source National Forest Inventory (MS-NFI) data. The Finnish forestry model MELA was used in the calculations related to updating forest data and estimating different scenarios of timber production with and without constraints. In the study area, the annual volume of maximum sustainable cutting removal defined for the next 30 years was decreased by one-third due to restrictions. The presented approach could be used, for example, to assess timber availability at the landscape level. Future challenges include ensuring the compatibility of spatially explicit data obtained from different sources, identifying the feasibility of forest management operations in the restricted area, and incorporating near-nature forest management operations in the forest planning system in order to estimate the timber production.     

Simulated cavity tree dynamics under alternative timber harvest regimes

We modeled cavity tree abundance on a landscape as a function of forest stand age classes and as a function of aggregate stand size classes. We explored the impact of five timber harvest regimes on cavity tree abundance on a 3261 ha landscape in southeast Missouri, USA, by linking the stand level cavity tree distribution model to the landscape age structure simulated by the LANDIS model. Over 100 years, mean cavity tree density increased constantly under all timber harvest regimes except for even-aged intensive management. This was due in large part to the continued maturation of the numerous stands that were >70 years old at the start of the simulations. However, compared to the no harvest (control) regime, the uneven-aged, the mixed, the even-aged long rotation, and the even-aged intensive harvest regimes reduced the cavity tree density by 9–11, 11–13, 15–18, and 28–34%, respectively, as more old stands were cut. Forest managers and planners can use this information to evaluate the practical consequences of alternative timber harvest regimes and consider the need for activities such as cavity tree retention.     

SBB防护剂处理木材湿胀性、力学性能及阻燃性能等效果的研究

木材保护药剂SBB处理马尾松材后对木材湿胀性、力学性能及阻燃性能影响的研究结果表明:处理材的气干湿胀率与未处理材相比有所增大,(NH4)2HPO4与SBB质量配比对试材湿胀率的影响不明显。质量比为1∶3的(NH4)2HPO4与SBB的混合液以10%浓度处理的试材的体积湿胀率为最小,且该混合液处理的试材阻燃性能最佳。随着药剂处理浓度的增大,处理材顺纹抗压强度增大较明显,处理材静曲强度和抗弯弹性模量略有降低。     

Simulating restoration strategies for a southern boreal forest landscape with complex land ownership patterns

Restoring altered forest landscapes toward their ranges of natural variability (RNV) may enhance ecosystem sustainability and resiliency, but such efforts can be hampered by complex land ownership and management patterns. We evaluated restoration potential for southern-boreal forests in the ∼2.1 million ha Border Lakes Region of northern Minnesota (U.S.A.) and Ontario (Canada), where spatially distinct timber harvest and fire suppression histories have differentially altered forest conditions (composition, age–class distribution, and landscape structure) among major management areas, effectively resulting in forest landscape “bifurcation.” We used a forest landscape simulation model to evaluate potential for four hypothetical management and two natural disturbance scenarios to restore forest conditions and reduce bifurcation, including: (1) a current management scenario that simulated timber harvest and fire suppression practices among major landowners; (2) three restoration scenarios that simulated combinations of wildland fire use and cross-boundary timber harvest designed to emulate natural disturbance patterns; (3) a historical natural disturbance scenario that simulated pre-EuroAmerican settlement fire regimes and windthrow; and (4) a contemporary fire regime that simulated fire suppression, but no timber harvest. Forest composition and landscape structure for a 200-year model period were compared among scenarios, among major land management regions within scenarios, and to six RNV benchmarks. The current management scenario met only one RNV benchmark and did not move forest composition, age–class distribution, or landscape structures toward the RNV, and it increased forest landscape bifurcation between primarily timber-managed and wilderness areas. The historical natural disturbance scenario met five RNV benchmarks and the restoration scenarios as many as five, by generally restoring forest composition, age–class distributions, and landscape structures, and reducing bifurcation of forest conditions. The contemporary natural disturbance scenario met only one benchmark and generally created a forest landscape dominated by large patches of late-successional, fire-prone forests. Some forest types (e.g., white and red pine) declined in all scenarios, despite simulated restoration strategies. It may not be possible to achieve all objectives under a single management scenario, and complications, such as fire-risk, may limit strategies. However, our model suggests that timber harvest and fire regimes that emulate natural disturbance patterns can move forest landscapes toward the RNV.     

Influence of forest planning alternatives on landscape pattern and ecosystem processes in northern Wisconsin,USA

Incorporating an ecosystem management perspective into forest planning requires consideration of the impacts of timber management on a suite of landscape characteristics at broad spatial and long temporal scales. We used the LANDIS forest landscape simulation model to predict forest composition and landscape pattern under seven alternative forest management plans drafted for the Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest in Wisconsin. We analyzed 20 response variables representing changes in landscape characteristics that relate to eight timber and wildlife management objectives. A MANOVA showed significant variation in the response variables among the alternative management plans. For most (16 out of 20) response variables, plans ranked either directly or inversely to the extent of even-aged management. The amount of hemlock on the landscape had a surprising positive relationship with even-aged management because hemlock is never cut, even in a clear cut. Our results also show that multiple management objectives can create conflicts related to the amount and arrangement of management activities. For example, American marten and ruffed grouse habitat are maintained by mutually exclusive activities. Our approach demonstrates a way to evaluate alternative management plans and assess if they are likely to meet their stated, multiple objectives.     

几种木材处理方式对云南松人工林的云南松材剖面密度影响的研究

采用热压、水煮和汽蒸对云南松人工林的云南松材进行了处理,对经处理的云南松材剖面密度进行了测定。结果表明,3种处理方式对其云南松材的剖面密度都有影响。其中水煮处理的影响最大;而3种处理方式对云南松材不同部位的剖面密度的影响也不同,以对端部的影响为最大。     

Integrating fire risk considerations in landscape-level forest planning

The low timber returns of Mediterranean forests, together with their high fire risk, has led to negligent forest management. Absence of management has in turn been blamed for increasing the risk of fire, thus forming a vicious circle of low profitability, little management and high risk of fire. Developing forest planning tools that maximize both economic objectives and fire resistance could help to revive the forest sector in the region and generate long-term fire prevention strategies. In the present study, we simultaneously maximized timber income and the overall fire resistance of the landscape to generate management plans for a typical forest landscape in the Pre-Pyrenees of Catalonia (North-East Spain). The risk of fire was integrated into the economic objective by incorporating potential fire losses in the expected net income. Landscape metrics describing fire resistance were also included in problem formulations. The results show that this approach greatly improves management efficiency in terms of economic profitability and fire resistance.     

赣北竹亚科种类调查报告

本文调查了赣北的竹亚科种类,共计36种,在此基础上对赣北的竹亚科种类进行了分析,并从食用、药用、用材和园林绿化四个方面提出了开发利用建议。     

橡胶木防霉防蓝变药剂的现场试验

现场试验的结果表明，F1/F2混剂处理的橡胶木圆盘、单板的防霉及防蓝变效果较F2及五氯酚钠要好。F1/F2及五氯酚钠各制剂处理的板材基本上无霉菌感染及蓝变。在真空加压试验中，0.02?可保持橡胶木板材在气干过程中12天基本不霉变及蓝变，但对白霉的防治效果较差；0.0094?与0.018?混合剂可保持像胶木板材气干时15天不长霉或蓝变，增加F1/F2的浓度可能会在气干时保持更长的时间。     

楸树育苗技术

楸树具有较高用材、药用价值,对有毒气体抗性强,为优良的绿化树种,在现代城市园林和乡村新农村建设中得到大力推广。但其自繁能力差,野生植株较少,在生产中以播种育苗繁殖为主要繁育途径。