冬小麦不同基肥施用方式对土壤氨挥发的影响

用密闭室强制通气装置对冬小麦不同基肥施用方式 (表施、深施和表施结合灌溉 )下的土壤氨挥发损失进行了研究 ,结果表明 :肥料在土壤中的位置对氨挥发损失的影响非常显著。表施处理明显促进氨的挥发 ,该处理试验期间白天累积氨挥发损失达 4 6 0 8%。而深施和表施结合灌溉处理都能有效地抑制氨挥发损失 ,2种施肥方式下试验期间白天累积氨挥发损失均未超过10 % ,表施处理的土壤氨挥发时期达 12d ,而深施和表施结合灌溉的氨挥发时期仅为 6d。     

氮磷钾在冀东春花生上的产量效应研究

为了解决花生生产中肥料用量高、养分利用效率低等问题,为花生减量施肥提供依据,采用肥料定位试验研究氮、磷、钾对冀东春花生生长和产量的影响。结果表明:不施氮、磷、钾肥均显著降低了花生营养生长期的生物量和花生的产量,不施氮肥和磷肥主要通过减少花生单株果数而减产,不施钾肥主要是通过降低花生百果质量而减产;氮、磷、钾对花生产量的贡献率为:K N P。其中,-N(PK)、-P(NK)、-K(NP)、1/2P(NK)、1/2K(NP)处理花生产量分别相当于NPK处理产量的81. 9%,82. 3%,81. 2%,86. 2%,83. 7%,差异均达到显著水平。各施肥处理花生产量高低顺序:NPK 2/3N(PK) 1/2N(PK) 1/2P(NK) 1/2K(NP)-P(NK)-N(PK)-K(NP)。1/2N(PK)、2/3N(PK)处理产量与NPK处理比较无显著变化。N、P2O5、K2O用量分别为180,90,90 kg/hm~2,花生产量4 590. 6 kg/hm~2,土壤氮磷钾收支表观平衡分别为:-9. 4%,109. 5%,-36. 9%,考虑土壤供氮磷钾量后的实际盈余分别为:71. 9%,190. 5%,43. 5%。基于花生是豆科植物,冀东花生产区土壤有效磷较高、速效钾较低的土壤肥力现状,花生种植中减肥增效技术为:基肥减施氮肥和磷肥、保证钾肥,推荐基肥N、P2O5和K2O用量分别为67. 5～90. 0 kg/hm~2,45. 0～90. 0 kg/hm~2和45. 0～90. 0 kg/hm~2。     

淹水条件下的氨挥发研究

在日本“国际农林水产研究中心”实验室用密闭室法测定了淹水条件下不同通气速率、不同温度和尿素施用方法的氨挥发。结果表明,在一定范围内,随着温度和通气速率的提高,氨挥发速率加快,氨挥发量增加;氨挥发高峰一般在施肥后5~8d,施肥18d后基本上检测不出挥发氨;尿素深施混匀有利于降低氨挥发损失,与CaCO3混施因使土壤pH升高而显著增加氨挥发损失,不同施肥处理氨挥发损失积累量占施氮量的26.4%~57.3%,氨挥发是淹水条件下尿素氮损失的主要途径。     

热带——亚热带多雨湿润区旱地土壤尿素氨挥发研究

研究了旱地赤红壤类土壤尿素施用量和施用深度对氨挥发损失的影响。结果表明,随氮服用量增加,氨挥发量增大,氨挥发率在每公顷施氮４５０ｋｇ时,达最大值;随氮肥施用深度增加,氨挥发量和挥发率均减小,施肥深度为６ｃｍ时,氨挥发损失已很小,可忽略不计;氨挥发作用主要发生在施肥后３０ｄ内,但增大施氮量和施肥深度都会使氨挥发持续时间延长。     

毕节地区脱毒马铃薯平衡施肥试验研究

通过 3414脱毒马铃薯平衡施肥试验结果表明 ,毕节地区脱毒马铃薯的最优施肥方案为 ,施N肥 9 0 9～10 0 2kg/ 6 6 7m2 ,P肥 4 0 6～ 4 2kg/ 6 6 7m2 ,K肥 11 4 3～12 18kg/ 6 6 7m2 ,N∶P∶K平均为 1∶0 4 3∶1 2 3。在此施肥方案下化肥的平均利用率为N 4 2 17% ,P2 O539 2 9% ,K2 O72 94 %。     

施肥对甜菜生长季中黑土氮素时空变异特征效应

为揭示施肥对甜菜生长季节黑土氮形态动态变化规律,采用不同施肥处理研究甜菜生长季（5—9 月）东北黑土0~90 cm无机氮（铵态氮和硝态氮）和有机氮各组分（酸解总氮、氨态氮、氨基糖态氮、氨基酸态氮、酸解未知态氮及非酸解态氮）时空动态变异特征。结果表明,施肥处理在甜菜生育前期（5—7 月）对铵态氮和硝态氮时空变化有显著影响。土壤硝态氮主要分布在0~50 cm 且含量高于铵态氮,相比无肥有作物对照(CK2),施氮肥处理在甜菜幼苗期增加了土壤0~30 cm铵态氮和硝态氮含量,同时增加块根糖分增长期（7 月）土壤0~70 cm硝态氮的消耗。与不施氮相比,施氮肥可以增加0~30 cm土壤酸解总氮、氨态氮和氨基酸态氮的含量。土壤酸解总氮、氨态氮和氨基酸态氮含量在0~90 cm呈明显递减的空间梯度变化,但施氮肥处理可以平衡0~50 cm土壤氨基酸含量;土壤氨态氮随着甜菜生育时期进行呈先增加后下降的变化规律;土壤氨基糖态氮含量时空变化不显著;土壤未知态氮含量随时间变化与氨态氮、氨基糖态氮和氨基酸态氮含量变化趋势相反;施氮肥处理(N120)和无作物对照(CK1)土壤非酸解态氮在甜菜生长后期（7—9 月）均出现深层残留。有机氮各组分含量（除氨基糖态氮和氨基酸态氮外）随甜菜生育进程遵循三次曲线方程的分布规律;甜菜生长过程中,土壤酸解有机氮组分中的氨态氮和氨基酸态氮为无机氮主要贡献者。     

稻田春玉米高产高效施肥技术研究

针对湖南省改部分双季稻田为春玉米—杂交晚稻的种植制度 ,作者对稻田春玉米高产高效施肥技术进行了研究。结果表明 :稻田种植春玉米的产量在 6 0 0 0kg/hm2 的施肥技术为 :施N180kg/hm2 ,P2 O56 0kg/hm2 ,K2 O 12 0kg/hm2 ,并以基肥和穗肥二次施用 ,即全部P ,K肥及 1/ 2N作基肥 ,1/2N作穗肥 ,穗肥施用时期 ,中、早熟种 (叶片数在 16～ 17片叶 ) ,在 9叶全展施用增产效果较好 ;迟熟品种则在 10～ 11叶施用增产效果较好。产量在 75 0 0kg/hm2 以上的施肥技术为 :施肥水平应以施N2 2 5～ 30 0kg/hm2 ,P2 O570～ 10 0kg/hm2 ,K2 O15 0～ 2 0 0kg/hm2 ,N素按基肥∶攻秆肥∶穗肥 =1∶1∶2的比例施用为宜 ,攻秆肥在 4～ 5叶全展施用 ,穗肥中、中熟种在 9叶全展施用 ,迟熟品种则在 10～ 11叶施用     

秸秆还田与优化施氮对稻田土壤碳氮含量及产量的影响

针对滨海盐碱地稻田土壤有机质较低、氮肥投入过量,采用田间微区试验研究了秸秆还田与优化施氮对稻田土壤全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、有机碳、可溶性有机碳、微生物碳氮含量及水稻生长特征的影响。设秸秆还田与氮肥两因素,3个碳(秸秆还田)水平:C0:无秸秆还田; C1:秸秆还田4 500 kg/hm~2; C2:秸秆还田9 000 kg/hm~2; 2个氮水平:N1:255 kg/hm~2(优化施氮); N2:400 kg/hm~2(农民传统施氮)。结果表明,与C0、C1处理相比,C2处理时土壤有机碳含量分别增加了100. 46%,28. 06%;分蘖期时C2N2处理土壤全氮含量最高,而成熟期C1N1处理土壤全氮含量最高;秸秆还田与优化氮肥显著增加了DOC(可溶性有机碳)含量,分蘖期与成熟期土壤铵态氮、硝态氮含量均以C1N1最高,分蘖期与成熟期时,与未秸秆还田相比,土壤微生物量碳、氮含量显著增加,且C1N1、C1N2处理含量最高;秸秆还田量4 500 kg/hm~2与氮肥施用量255 kg/hm~2处理可有效增加水稻二次枝梗数、千粒质量、结实率及水稻产量,且高于其余处理。与农民传统施肥管理(C0N2)相比,秸秆还田与优化施氮(C1N1)处理水稻产量提高19. 02%,且显著提高滨海盐碱地稻田土壤碳氮含量。     

小麦高产经济施肥技术指标和参数

通过1986～1990年间80多个田间小麦肥效试验,研究了石家庄地区小麦生产进入高产阶段后不同肥力土壤上小麦肥效曲线方程、高产经济施肥指标。结果表明,不同肥力麦田的小麦高产经济施肥指标为:高肥力麦田亩施N11.1～13.8kg,P_2O_510.7～13.9kg,中肥力麦田亩施N12.6～15.2kg,P_2O_59.8～12.1kg;低肥力麦田亩施N13.3～15.5kg,P_2O_59.1～11.7kg。还研究了小麦目标产量施肥法所需的三个施肥参数:(1)小麦百公斤产量养分吸收量,空白区平均为:N2.32kg,P_2O_51.05kg,K_2O2.72kg;施肥区平均为:N2.82kg,P_2_51.03kg,K_2O_3.15kg。(2)土壤速效磷和碱解氮的校正系数(C_P、C_N)分别为:C_P=0.41+4.01/P,C_N=0.28+0.035P。(3)氮、磷肥利用率(Z_N、Z_P)分别为:Z_N(％)=42.1-0.35P,Z_P(％)=27.6-1.20P(P为土壤速效磷含量)。     

有机肥分期配施对创棉花高产群体生产力的影响

试验于 1998～ 1999年在江苏省棉花科技示范园区金田集团试验基地内进行 ,应用移栽地膜棉种植方式 ,研究有机肥分期配施对创棉花高产的影响 ,旨在为建立创棉花 2 2 5 0 kg·hm-2高产施肥体系提供理论依据。采用随机区组设计 ,设 3个处理 :有机肥全部基施 (C1)、有机肥 1/2基施 1/2花施 (C2 ,注 :花施指第 1次花铃肥时施用。后同 )、有机肥全部花施 (C3 ) ,重复 4次 ,小区面积为 162 m2 。宽窄行种植 ,宽行 1.0 m ,窄行 0 .5 m,株距 2 6.5 cm ,密度为4.95万株· hm-2 。品种为苏棉 8号原种。实际施 N量为 5 92 .5～ 60 0 .0 kg· hm-2 ,N∶…     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.