黄土沟壑区开采沉陷对地形因子的影响研究

以黄土沟壑区的采煤沉陷区为研究对象,以地面数字高程模型和开采沉陷预计结果为基础数据,基于ArcGIS平台对煤矿开采沉陷区的地形数据进行分析处理,研究开采沉陷前、后地形因子的变化特征,并对不同地形因子之间的相关性进行了分析.研究结果表明:黄土沟壑区地面高程、坡度、坡向、起伏度等各种地形因子均受开采沉陷影响而发生改变,开采沉陷和地形因子之间存在明确的量化关系,而平均高程、起伏度、曲率、沟壑密度等因子与地面坡度之间存在显著的相关性.研究结果有助于揭示煤矿开采沉陷区的地形地貌演变规律,为保护西部矿区的生态环境提供技术支持.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区土地利用空间分布与地形因子关系研究

以地处黄土丘陵沟壑区的安塞县为例,以土地利用现状图和数字高程模型为基础数据,在ArcGIS9.3软件的支持下,分别从高程、坡度、坡向三个方面对地形数据和土地利用数据进行叠加分析处理,研究土地利用空间分布格局与地形因子的关系。研究结果表明:土地利用空间分布与地形因子关系密切,并呈现一定的规律性。随着海拔的增加,草地的分布比例增大,林地的分布比例先增大后减小,耕地、园地、水域和工矿用地均呈减少趋势;平坦地区是耕地、园地、水域和工矿用地的优势分布区,大坡度区域是林地和草地的优势分布区;坡向由阴坡转向阳坡的过程中,林地的分布比例减小,耕地、园地、草地和工矿用地的分布比例增加,水域基本不受坡向影响。在此基础上,构建研究区土地利用空间分布三维景观图,再现土地利用空间分布与地理环境的关系。该研究有助于实现不同地形上土地利用类型的合理布局,优化该区的土地利用结构。     

基于DEM的土地利用与地形因子关系研究——以商州区张地沟小流域为例

依据遥感影像和DEM数据,通过引入地形分布指数和土地利用程度综合指数,进行Kendall双参数相关性分析,研究张地沟小流域不同地形因子条件下土地利用的分布特征,以揭示流域内土地利用与地形因子的相互关系。结果表明:张地沟小流域土地利用基本符合自然规律;人类活动主要集中在海拔较低的缓地和斜坡地,坡向多为阴坡和半阳坡;高程、坡度和坡向对草地、林地和建设用地的分布影响较为显著,农地和果园的分布受地形因子影响不显著。针对目前土地利用现状,丹江上游低山丘陵区土地利用结构优化建议为:虽然地形较平坦,但海拔高水热条件较差的山顶区应退耕还林或还草以减少水土流失;整治坡耕地,护沟保地;依据坡向光照条件,调整作物布局。     

新疆伊犁果子沟地质灾害风险评价及其致灾因子

近年来,由气候变化引起的新疆山区地质灾害有增加的趋势。本文选取伊犁G30高速公路果子沟段为研究对象,采用国产ZY-3立体测图卫星数据制作山区高精度DEM和地形参数,运用GIS空间分析技术评估滑坡、崩塌、泥石流地质灾害风险,并采用频率比灾害风险指数进行致灾因子的敏感性分析。结果表明:(1)ZY-3的高精度DEM能够有效的计算崎岖的地形参数,获取的坡度、坡向、地表高程、沟谷密度等能够更好地进行灾害评估;(2)通过致灾因子分析得出,植被指数、坡度、坡向、地表高程、沟谷密度、地层岩性、断裂密度7个因子均与地质灾害相关,其中,植被指数最为敏感,在道路两侧影响尤为突出,这与道路建设、过度放牧等人类活动密切相关;(3)果子沟区域的地质灾害风险以道路边坡滑坡为主,分布在G30高速公路两侧,对道路造成的危害大,因此,G30高速公路两侧属于地质灾害高发区,需重点防治。     

黑河上游山区植被的空间分布特征及其影响因素

以祁连山区的生态植被为研究对象,应用MOD IS NDVI遥感数据及DEM地形高程数据,定量分析了海拔高度、坡向对植被发育的影响,并对降雨、地温等气候因素对植被生长的影响进行了讨论。结果表明:1)植被指数随高程的增加逐渐增大,在高程3400m处达到峰值,植被发育最好,而后又随着高程的增加逐渐减小;2)在海拔3400m以下,植被指数随着降雨量的增大而增大,随着地表温度的增加而减小;在海拔3400m以上,植被指数则随着降雨量的增加而减小,随着地表温度的增大而增大;3)受太阳辐射的影响,在高程3200m~3600m范围内,坡向为NE0~70o,NW 330~360o之间的区域植被长势最好,这一变化则主要受地温的影响。其它高程范围内,植被长势与坡向关系不明显。     

黄土高原南部地区农业用地驱动力分析与动态模拟

利用黄土高原南部地区TM和ETM+遥感影像,在获取区域农业土地利用变化及其驱动因子数据的基础上,采用Binary Logistic回归模型,定量分析区域内农业用地的动态演化特征与空间分布格局,并运用ArcGIS软件进行不同类型农业用地变化模拟与输出。结果表明:1)黄土高原南部地区耕地的分布主要受距县城中心的距离、高程、坡度、坡向、人口密度、地均GDP的影响,其中受坡度影响最大,发生比expβ是0.83130204,高于其他因子;其次是高程和人口密度,发生比expβ分别为0.99932988和1.00011472。2)林地的分布主要受坡度和坡向的影响,坡度影响最大,坡向次之,发生比expβ分别为1.09136459和0.99209087。3)草地的分布受坡度和人口密度的影响较大,发生比expβ分别为1.02784089和0.99843133。影响黄土高原南部地区农业土地利用的自然和人文因素相对集中,主要包括坡地形度和人口密度,这说明该区域农业土地利用的人为干扰较强烈,人类活动是研究区农业土地资源和土地生态系统变化速率不断加快的重要因素。     

基于地形梯度的青藏高原冰川分布格局及成因

目前,冰川分布与变化的影响机理还存在不确定机制。为探究地形因子对冰川分布格局的影响,本文以第6版Randolph冰川编目数据和NASADEM为数据源,运用均值变点法、分布指数和地理探测器等方法,对青藏高原冰川在地形起伏度、海拔、坡度和坡向等地形梯度上的分布格局及其与地形因子之间的响应关系进行分析。结果表明：（1）青藏高原冰川对坡向、坡度的适宜性较广,对地形起伏度、海拔的选择性较强,且在高地形起伏度、高海拔上呈现优势分布。（2）地形对冰川发育影响较大,各地形因子对冰川空间分布的影响显著不同。海拔和地形起伏度是控制冰川分布的主要因素,且交互探测结果表明二者共同作用对冰川空间分异性影响最大。（3）在海拔和地形起伏度梯度上,喜马拉雅山脉冰川优势分布范围最广,其次是喀喇昆仑山脉,其余10座山脉冰川的优势分布均呈近似正态分布,但不同山脉形态各异。     

基于DEM的天山山区气温时空模拟研究

山区气温主要由太阳辐射决定,在地球表面的分布与区域地形特征密不可分(特别是山区)。采用GIS分析技术,借助DEM和气温观测数据等,在传统气温统计模型的基础上,利用地形的坡度、坡向、地形遮蔽度等因子进行山区气温空间小尺度模拟修正,构建了分布式山区地形修正模型。结果表明,该修正模型模拟效果优于常规气温统计模型;天山山区气温分布规律和趋势与其他方法研究结果一致,温度空间分布差异以冬季最小,夏季最大;气温垂直递减率季节变化为:夏季春季秋季冬季,冬季在1 000~2 000 m之间存在明显逆温现象;气温随坡度的变化率表现为在0°~15°地形上较为剧烈。该修正模型为山区任一地域单元气温空间分布的较高精度计算提供了一种可行的方法,对山区气温模拟和生态水文过程等相关研究具有一定的参考价值。     

地形因子对老哈河流域土壤有机碳的影响

研究流域尺度土壤有机碳与地形因子关系,对准确估计大尺度土壤有机碳变化具有重要意义。文中选取老哈河流域支流-黄花甸子流域为试验区,通过现场采样采集148个土壤剖面,2220个土壤样品(0-100cm),运用地统计学和GIS技术相结合的方法,研究土壤有机碳的空间分布特征与地形因子的关系。结果显示:研究区土壤有机碳与高程(440～906m)呈线性关系;与坡度呈单峰型曲线关系;土壤有机碳总体呈现半阴坡半阳坡阴坡阳坡。主成分分析表明,海拔梯度变化是影响土壤有机碳的主导因素(p0.05),其次是坡度(p0.05),最后是坡向(p0.05)。     

乌鲁木齐河流域天山云杉林空间分布格局分析——基于GIS技术的应用

以天山中部乌鲁木齐河流域为研究区,基于研究区DEN数据、二类森林资源调查数据及Landsat数据,运用3S(GIS、RS、GPS)技术,采用分布频率指数、生境综合指数定量分析流域尺度1989 ～2013年云杉林与地形因子(坡度、坡向、海拔)的关系,结果表明:1)云杉林分布面积大小与海拔服从韦伯函数分布,83％的云杉林分布在海拔2000 ～ 2600m,海拔2200～2400m是其最宜分布区;2)云杉林在坡向上的分布受生境综合指数制约,在生境综合指数最优(0.7 ～0.8)的阴坡分布58.93％的云杉林,在西北坡和东北坡分布30.25％云杉林,在生境综合指数最低(0.3 ～0.4)的阳坡则无云杉林分布;3)使用高斯函数可定量刻画云杉林在不同坡度上的分布状况,83％的云杉分布在坡度16°～45°之间,陡坡(26°～ 35°)云杉分布频率最大,达35％;4)云杉林海拔分布下限为1770m.上述研究明确并量化了天山云杉林分布规律及其与环境因子间的关系,为研究区森林调整与经营提供理论依据.     

Modeling grassland net primary productivity and water-use efficiency along an elevational gradient of the Northern Tianshan Mountains

Mountainous ecosystems are considered highly sensitive and vulnerable to natural disasters and climatic changes.Therefore,quantifying the effects of elevation on grassland productivity to understand ecosystem-climate interactions is vital for mountainous ecosystems.Water-use efficiency(WUE)provides a useful index for understanding the metabolism of terrestrial ecosystems as well as for evaluating the degradation of grasslands.This paper explored net primary productivity(NPP)and WUE in grasslands along an elevational gradient ranging from 400 to 3,400 m asl in the northern Tianshan Mountains-southern Junggar Basin(TMJB),Xinjiang of China,using the Biome-BGC model.The results showed that:1)the NPP increased by 0.05 g C/(m2·a)with every increase of 1-m elevation,reached the maximum at the mid-high elevation(1,600 m asl),and then decreased by 0.06 g C/(m2·a)per 1-m increase in elevation;2)the grassland NPP was positively correlated with temperature in alpine meadow(AM,2,700-3,500 m asl),mid-mountain forest meadow(MMFM,1,650-2,700 m asl)and low-mountain dry grassland(LMDG,650-1,650 m asl),while positive correlations were found between NPP and annual precipitation in plain desert grassland(PDG,lower than 650 m asl);3)an increase(from 0.08 to 1.09 g C/(m2·a))in mean NPP for the grassland in TMJB under a real climate change scenario was observed from 1959 to 2009;and 4)remarkable differences in WUE were found among different elevations.In general,WUE increased with decreasing elevation,because water availability is lower at lower elevations;however,at elevations lower than 540 m asl,we did observe a decreasing trend of WUE with decreasing elevation,which may be due to the sharp changes in canopy cover over this gradient.Our research suggests that the NPP simulated by Biome-BGC is consistent with field data,and the modeling provides an opportunity to further evaluate interactions between environmental factors and ecosystem productivity.     

Uncertainties of snow cover extraction caused by the nature of topography and underlying surface

Manas River,the largest inland river to the north of the Tianshan Mountains,provides important water resources for human production and living.The seasonal snow cover and snowmelt play essential roles in the regulation of spring runoff in the Manas River Basin(MRB).Snow cover is one of the most significant input parameters for obtaining accurate simulations and predictions of spring runoff.Therefore,it is especially important to extract snow-covered area correctly in the MRB.In this study,we qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed the uncertainties of snow cover extraction caused by the terrain factors and land cover types using TM and DEM data,along with the Per(the ratio of the difference between snow-covered area extracted by the Normalized Difference Snow Index(NDSI) method and visual interpretation method to the actual snow-covered area) and roughness.The results indicated that the difference of snow-covered area extracted by the two methods was primarily reflected in the snow boundary and shadowy areas.The value of Per varied significantly in different elevation zones.That is,the value generally presented a normal distribution with the increase of elevation.The peak value of Per occurred in the elevation zone of 3,700–4,200 m.Aspects caused the uncertainties of snow cover extraction with the order of sunny slopesemi-shady and semi-sunny slopeshady slope,due to the differences in solar radiation received by each aspect.Regarding the influences of various land cover types on snow cover extraction in the study area,bare rock was more influential on snow cover extraction than grassland.Moreover,shrub had the weakest impact on snow cover extraction.     

Development of potato late blight epidemics: disease foci, disease gradients, and infection sources

ABSTRACT Natural potato late blight epidemics were studied to assess the relative impact of various inoculum sources of Phytophthora infestans in Southern Flevoland (the Netherlands) from 1994 through 1996. Disease surveys were combined with characterization of isolates for mating type and DNA fingerprint pattern using probe RG57. Seventy-four percent of the commercial potato fields with early foci were clearly associated with nearby infested refuse piles. Characterization of isolates from refuse piles and fields confirmed the association. Infected seed tubers, volunteer plants, and infested allotment gardens appeared to be of minor importance for late blight development in potato fields. Several foci in refuse piles, potato fields, and allotment gardens contained more than one genotype. Due to favorable weather in August 1994, infested organic potato fields became major inoculum sources, resulting in the spread of P. infestans to adjacent conventional potato fields. Analyses of disease gradients, both at the field and regional levels, confirmed the role of the organic fields as mid-season infection sources. The mean slope of field gradients downwind of refuse piles (point sources) was significantly steeper (100-fold difference) than the mean slope of field gradients downwind of organic fields (area sources). The genotypic composition of the P. infestans populations along the gradient and of the source populations in the organic potato crops did not differ significantly. Analysis of the region gradient revealed genotype-specific disease gradients. Control measures are recommended.     

基于地形因子的土壤水分反演研究——以延河流域为例

以延河流域为研究区域,应用Landsat5/TM遥感数据和DEM数据进行归一化植被指数和地表温度的反演,并对气温参数进行了高程、坡度、坡向、地形遮蔽等地形因子的订正,更为精细地表达局地温度的空间分布差异。运用ERDAS的空间建模工具,反演得到温度植被干旱指数分布图。结果表明,此方法较好地反映了延河流域土壤的相对干旱状况,是一种比较有效和充分考虑地形因子影响的监测土壤水分的方法。     

The role of glacial gravel in community development of vascular plants on the glacier forelands of the Third Pole

On a deglaciated terrain, glacial gravel is the primary component of the natural habitat for vascular plant colonization and succession. Knowledge regarding the role of glacial gravel in vascular plant growth, however, remains limited. In this study, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was used to investigate plant family composition, species richness, fractional vegetation cover (FVC), and gravel cover (GC) along elevational gradients on the three glacier forelands (Kekesayi, Jiangmanjiaer, and Koxkar Baxi) of the Third Pole (including the eastern Pamir Plateau and western Tianshan Mountains) in China. We then analyzed the spatial characteristics of vascular plants followed by exploring the effect of glacial gravel on vascular plants. Findings indicated that FVC on these glacier forelands generally decreased as the elevation increased or distance from the current glacier terminus decreased. The shady slope (Kekesayi) was more vegetated in comparison to the sunny slope (Jiangmanjiaer) at the glacier basin scale, and the warm and humid deglaciated terrain (Koxkar Baxi) had the highest FVC at the regional scale. Plant family composition and species richness on the glacier forelands decreased with rising elevation, with the exception of those on the Jiangmanjiaer glacier foreland. The relationships between FVC and GC presented negative correlations; particularly, they exhibited variations in power functions on the Kekesayi and Jiangmanjiaer glacier forelands of the eastern Pamir Plateau and a linear function on the Koxkar Baxi glacier foreland of the western Tianshan Mountains. Glacial gravel was found to be conducive to vegetation colonization and development in the early succession stage up until vascular plants adapted to the cold and arid climatic condition, whereas it is unfavorable to the expansion of vascular plants in the later succession stage. These findings suggested that the spatial difference of plant characteristics had close connections with regional climatic and topographic conditions, as well as glacial gravel distribution. In addition, we concluded that aerial photographs can be an asset for studying the functions of micro-environment in vegetation colonization as well as succession on the glacier forelands.     

基于高分遥感影像的亚高寒草甸土壤水分含量反演

通过高分卫星遥感影像计算植被供水指数来反演亚高寒草甸土壤水分含量,结合高分辨率遥感影像(GF-2)和中分辨率的遥感影像(Landsat-7)进行土壤水分反演模型建模验证,揭示高分遥感影像结合植被供水指数法在青藏高原东北缘亚高寒草甸草原上的适用性,同时分析研究区土壤水分分布及其影响因素。基于高分二号（GF-2）、Landsat-7影像数据,以甘南藏族自治州当周草原为研究区,利用植被供水指数（VSWI, vegetation supply water index）构建土壤水分反演模型得到研究区土壤水分含量反演图,通过半方差函数及主成分分析法探索研究区土壤水分空间分布及影响因素。结果表明：研究区土壤水分含量分布状态呈现出一定程度的空间变异,体现在整个研究区内以及各个地块之间,土壤水分含量主要介于0.11%~60.44%之间;土壤水分含量与坡度、海拔、坡向、NDVI、地表温度均呈正相关关系,分布主要受NDVI、坡向、坡度、海拔的影响。综上,利用植被供水指数法结合高分遥感影像监测土壤水分含量是可行的,基于GF-2遥感影像所建立的模型拟合度最优,较Landsat-7遥感影像更具优势。