青藏高原干旱地区8种主栽小麦品种对旱雀麦的化感作用评价

以青藏高原地区青海省东部干旱区域常见杂草旱雀麦(Bromus tectorum Linn)作为受体,用琼脂共培法对青藏高原青海省东部干旱区域8种主要栽培小麦品种进行化感作用的评价。结果表明:8种小麦品种对旱雀麦的发芽率、发芽势抑制强度为2.78%~69.44%,其中高原448抑制作用最强,乐麦5号抑制作用最弱,青春38、高原437、通麦1号对旱雀麦种子萌发的抑制率都达到10%以上,而互助红、互麦14则对旱雀麦种子萌发表现为负的抑制率。相关性分析得出:处理间化感作用的差异在根长、芽长、干重方面的P值分别为0.0166、0.0194和0.0001,达到显著水平,鲜重P值大于0.5,无相关性。利用化感作用效应指数(RI值)作为化感指标,结合聚类分析得出高原448化感作用最强,青春38、高原437、通麦1号、阿勃化感作用中等,互助红、互麦14号、乐麦5号没有化感作用。     

青海高原地区春小麦品种田间化感作用评价

为明确青海高原地区不同春小麦品种对麦田主要危害杂草旱雀麦Bromus tectorum的化感作用,本研究通过田间一致性试 验对青海高原地区的20个春小麦品种(系)进行化感作用评价,筛选出强化感作用品种。分别于春小麦3～5叶期和成熟期调查受体旱雀麦的生长性状,转化为化感作用指数,并结合聚类分析,将20个小麦品种按化感作用的强弱分为强、中、弱３类。结果表明,20个春小麦品种(系)对受体旱雀麦的田间生长均具有化感抑制作用,其中‘青春38号’‘黑丝麦1号’‘通麦2号’和‘互麦11号’为田间化感作用较强的春小麦品种。该研究为青海高原地区春小麦化感抑草品种选育提供了新资源,同时为青海高原地区化学农药减量和生态环境保护提供了新策略。     

小麦化感作用的种群生态位调节及其生态效应探讨

本文针对利用小麦品种化感抑草潜力控制杂草所涉及的生态效应问题,从化感作用、生态位理论及其关系的角度展开论述,探讨了小麦化感抑草潜力及化感品种释放后的麦田杂草种群消长动态及生态位变化趋势等生态效应及关键科学问题,以期为合理利用小麦化感作用及其化感品种抑草潜力有效控制杂草提供生态依据和重要基础信息。     

播娘蒿、猪殃殃对小麦的化感作用

以10个常规小麦品种为受体,采用室内生物测定法,通过分析麦田杂草播娘蒿、猪殃殃水浸提液对不同小麦品种发芽和幼苗生长的影响,探讨2种杂草对不同小麦品种化感作用的差异,客观评价不同小麦品种的抗草潜力。结果表明,2种杂草对不同品种小麦均存在不同程度的化感作用,以RI值作为化感作用的评价指标,播娘蒿水浸提液对不同品种小麦的化感作用由大到小为衡观35洲元9369山农17周麦24泰山6426西农979新麦26济麦22084380山农21,猪殃殃水浸提液对不同品种小麦的化感作用由大到小为洲元9369周麦24衡观35山农17泰山6426济麦22新麦26084380西农979山农21。     

旱直播稻抑草潜力的评价

利用旱直播稻自身的竞争及化感作用,评价旱直播稻品种（品系）对杂草的抑制作用。采用田间小区试验方法,评价旱直播稻对杂草的竞争能力和耐受能力。通过测定旱直播稻特征化感次生物质含量计算出的化感指数来评价其化感潜力;在旱直播稻播种后45 d,杂草生物量与旱直播稻的生物量成显著负相关、与相对竞争强度成显著的正相关。旱稻品系‘HF04’和‘HF011’对杂草的抑制作用最强,前者抑草能力强表现在竞争力,后者抑草能力强表现在耐受杂草竞争力和化感作用。     

甘薯不同品种对两种入侵杂草的竞争作用和化感作用

本研究通过盆栽试验和生物测定试验,分别研究了9个不同农艺性状的甘薯品种对三叶鬼针草Bidens pilosa和粗毛牛膝菊Galinsoga quadriradiata的竞争作用和化感作用。结果表明,‘烟薯25’‘宁薯10号’和‘西瓜红普薯’等6个品种的竞争平衡指数(CBa)大于0,其中‘宁薯10号’的竞争优势最强,对三叶鬼针草的株高和根长的抑制率分别为62.29%和63.31%;生物测定中仅有‘17234’和‘宁薯10号’两个品种表现出明显的化感作用,其中‘17234’的化感作用指数(AI)最大,对粗毛牛膝菊的株高和根长的抑制率分别为74.32%和82.58%。结合甘薯品种的竞争作用与化感作用进行聚类分析和综合评价,‘宁薯10号’的CBa和AI分别达0.74和0.63以上,为竞争作用和化感作用均较强的抗(耐)性品种;‘烟薯25’虽然对两种入侵杂草的CBa分别达到0.85和0.70,但其AI＜0.1,表现为具有竞争优势的非化感品种;尽管‘17234’的CBa＜0,但其AI＞0.67,说明其为强化感作用的品种。结果表明,甘薯对入侵杂草的抗(耐)性决定于其自身的竞争作用、化感作用或两者的共同作用。这为进一步利用甘薯不同品种对入侵杂草的种间关系实施替代控制提供了科学基础。     

利用前茬作物残茎根防除直播稻田杂草

采用滤纸培养皿法,研究了五种油菜和七种小麦残茎根对直播稻田主要杂草千金子、稗草和鳢肠的化感抑草作用,并采用模拟大田环境的盆钵法对抑草作用较强的品种进行验证试验和对下茬水稻的安全性进行评估.结果显示:史力丰和汇油50两个油菜品种的水提取液对三种杂草均表现出较好的抑制作用,尤其对千金子的萌发抑制作用较强,抑制率分别为65.33%和55.33%,对杂草的幼根也具有十分明显的抑制作用,化感指数RI值分别达到-0.82和-0.85;不同浓度的史力丰残茎根的水提取液对杂草表现出低浓度促进、高浓度抑制的现象;模拟大田试验中,史力丰的残茎根在25 kg/m3的混土用量下能很好地抑制千金子、稗草和鳢肠生长.彤值分别可达-0.91、-0.64和-0.67,且对水稻较安全.研究表明,在田间留一定量的史力丰残茎根进行浅耕混土处理是杂草生态防除的一项有效措施.     

不同基因型小麦麦茬对杂草的化感抑制作用

采用改进的田间抑制圈生物测定方法,分析了10种不同基因型小麦材料麦茬对杂草生长的影响.结果表明,不同基因型之间以及同一基因型的不同材料之间对杂草的影响均呈现显著差异,说明化感作用基因在稳定遗传的同时存在一定的变异.以现代品种"丰产3号"麦茬地杂草的生物量为对照,其他小麦品种麦茬对杂草均有一定的抑制作用;对10个小麦品种麦茬地杂草的生物量与残茬滞留时间(天)逐步回归分析发现,杂草生长与时间存在明显的正相关关系,其中小麦残茬抑制杂草生长的化感作用有效天数为3～29天,而后杂草生物量逐渐增大,最后达到稳定;染色体组型为AA、AABB及AABBDD的麦茬化感抑制作用均随残留时间的变化而逐渐减弱,抑制杂草的平均有效期分别为21、24和25天,说明小麦在从二倍体到四倍体到六倍体的染色体组变异与倍体变化的长期进化过程中,小麦的遗传可塑性可能有助于化感作用的增强.     

双氟磺草胺的除草活性及对不同小麦品种的安全性评价

双氟磺草胺为三唑并嘧啶磺酰胺类除草剂,为了明确其在我国北方麦田的应用前景,采用室内生测法研究双氟磺草胺的杀草谱、除草活性及对不同小麦品种安全性。双氟磺草胺对麦田常见阔叶杂草活性较高,对麦田恶性杂草播娘蒿、麦瓶草、麦家公、猪殃殃和荠菜的除草活性均高于常用除草剂苯磺隆,毒力倍数分别为1.56、6.26、1.65、18.27和22.75。济南17和山优2号2种小麦对双氟磺草胺的耐药性分别为苯磺隆的2.57倍和11.66倍。双氟磺草胺在小麦与5种杂草之间的选择性指数(11.16～49.32)远优于苯磺隆。该除草剂对小麦苗期的株高及鲜重有抑制作用,且对不同小麦品种的影响差异显著,其中对临麦2号、济宁13及济南17的株高和鲜重抑制率相对较高,对潍麦8号、山农6号及泰山9818等相对较低。研究表明双氟磺草胺具有很好的应用前景。     

小麦品种(系)对叶枯病的抗病性鉴定研究

1989-1991年连续两年对62个小麦品种(系)进行抗叶枯病鉴定,供试各品种(系)间抗病性有明显差异,但无免疫类型,且中抗、中感类型较多,抗病类型较少;综合评定结果表明,尉氏132、鲁215953、郑州83203等5个品种(系)为抗病类型,占8.07％;豫麦2号、陕农7859、西安8号等31个品种(系)为中抗类型,占50％;豫麦17号、冀麦5418等21个品种(系)为中感类型,占33.87％;感病和高感类型,占8.6％。在研究品种(系)抗性与生物学特性的关系中,发现品种(系)抗性与植株形态,如株高、单茎叶面积等有一定相关性。     

狗尾草水提取物对6种植物的化感作用

采用室内培养皿法测试了狗尾草地上部分水浸提液对小麦、高梁、绿豆、黄瓜、萝卜等农作物和牛筋草（杂草）的化感作用。结果表明：狗尾草水浸提液对植物种子萌发和幼苗生长具有较高的化感抑制作用;当水浸提液的质量浓度为0．0250g／mL时,除绿豆外,小麦、黄瓜、萝卜和高粱等农作物的种子萌发均受到显著或极显著的抑制作用,其发芽率的彤值分别为-0．56、-0．17、-0．28、-0．27;在0．0500g／mL浸提液处理下,除黄瓜苗高、苗鲜重、根鲜重、绿豆根鲜重外,5种农作物根和苗的生长受到极显著的抑制,小麦、绿豆、黄瓜、萝卜、高粱根长的脚值分别为-0．75、-0．60、-0．61、～1．00、-0．61;当浸提液浓度为0．030g／mL时,牛筋草种子不能萌发,而小麦、绿豆的叶绿素含量和可溶性糖含量则从生理生化水平反映出不同程度的化感效应。综合研究结果可知,狗尾草显示出极强的化感作用,为进一步分离、鉴定和开发环境友好型除草剂提供了理论依据和支持。     

小麦幼苗及其次生代谢产物丁布对杂草的异株克生活性

研究了小麦活体、小麦水提液及小麦次生代谢产物丁布对几种杂草的异株克生活性。小麦与马唐、反枝苋、野燕麦、早熟禾、稗草等杂草混播的盆栽试验呈现出小麦播种密度越大,杂草种子萌发率越低的趋势。小麦水提液对马唐、反枝苋、早熟禾、稗草、野燕麦根和茎的生长均有明显的异株克生作用,IC₅₀(根)<1.5 mg/mL,IC₅₀(茎)<3.0 mg/mL,而对黑麦草、圆叶牵牛无明显的抑制活性。除马唐外,小麦水提液对供试杂草种子萌发抑制效果不明显。小麦次生代谢产物丁布对3种不同杂草的根、茎总体抑制效果为反枝苋>马唐>野燕麦,IC₅₀(根、茎)<1.5mg/mL,IC₅₀(种子萌发)<3.5 mg/mL。比较IC₅₀可知,生物活性:丁布>小麦水提液。丁布是小麦中具有异株克生活性的次生代谢物。     

Ecological adaptation of weed biodiversity to the allelopathic rank of the stubble of different wheat genotypes in a maize field

The objective of this study was to integrate allelopathic bioassay and point sampling methods to investigate the allelopathic rank of the stubble of different wheat genotypes and its effect on weed biodiversity in a maize field. The study consisted of 17 wheat stubble treatments derived from ten wheat genotypes planted individually (monoculture) or in pairs (mixed culture). The maize was planted in the plots immediately following the wheat harvest and the number of weed species, total weed number, weed density, weed height, and weed cover were determined 50 days later. The results indicate a significant rank effect of allelopathic potential in the stubble of the different wheat genotypes. There was a stronger allelopathic effect from the straw in the mixed-culture treatments compared to the monoculture treatments. Acalypha australis and Setaria viridis were the dominant weed species in the maize fields. The regression analysis shows that the weed biodiversity indices were significantly related to the allelopathic rank. The allelopathic potential exhibited spatial heterogeneity in all the scales, which would trigger resource heterogeneity and change the microhabitat conditions. Therefore, weed biodiversity would respond spatially and biologically to the heterogeneous distribution of allelochemicals from the wheat stubble. The allelopathic rank of the wheat stubble would lead to changes in weed biodiversity by regulating the ecological niche of the weed population. The weeds showed resistance or an adaptive response to exterior pressure, including allelopathic pressure. This study on the effect of allelopathic potential on weed biodiversity provides a solid theoretical basis for sustainable weed management of agro-ecosystems.     

Allelopathic Potential of Soliva sessilis Ruiz & Pav. on Wheat

Soliva sessilis (Burweed) is a winter annual weed found in wheat crop of Pakistan. It is thought to have an allelopathic effect on wheat crop. In this regard, an experiment was conducted in 2019 in the department of Weed Science and Botany at the University of Agriculture Peshawar, to assess the allelopathic potential of S. sessilis on various wheat varieties grown in Peshawar, Pakistan. Physiologically matured roots and leaves of S. sessilis were dried, ground and stored. Three common wheat varieties were selected for the research including Atta Habib, Pirsabaq-15, and Shahkar-13. The treatments of the experiment comprised of the aqueous extracts of the roots and leaves of S. sessilis, hot water extracts, methanol extracts, litter, and mulches. A mass of 5?g of S. sessilis was taken for the different extracts for 24?h, however, the methanol extract was kept for 48?h. The effect of the treatments was highly significant on wheat seed germination, radicle length, plumule length, fresh biomass as well as dry biomasses of the three tested wheat varieties. The variety Atta Habib was discovered as the most susceptible variety to the treatments of aqueous extracts, hot water extracts, and leaves’ litter. In contrary, the variety Pirsabaq-15 exhibited a remarkable increase in the various data collection parameters. The leaves of S. sessilis were observed more toxic as compared to the roots. The mulch of S. sessilis indicated stimulatory effect on the wheat varieties. For the interaction effect between treatments and varieties, the leaves and roots aqueous extract and their litter showed inhibitory effect. In conclusion, the leaves and roots of S. sessilis are potentiality allelopathic to wheat crop plants and further study is needed to assess the types of these allelochemicals present in the leaves and roots of the weed.

     

Performance of Bangladesh indigenous rice in a weed infested field and separation of allelopathy from resource competition

This study aimed to identify the potential allelopathic indigenous rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica) varieties from Bangladesh using a performance study in a weed‐infested field and to assess the extent of allelopathic interference relative to resource competition in a glasshouse experiment. Six varieties – namely, “Boterswar,” “Goria,” “Biron” and “Kartiksail” as the most allelopathic, “Hashikolmi” as weakly allelopathic and “Holoi” as nonallelopathic – were raised following a nonweed control method. The infestation levels of weed species were calculated using Simpson's Diversity Index (SDI), which ranged from 0.2 to 0.56. However, a significant correlation coefficient (0.87, P < 0.001) was obtained from these field data compared with the root inhibition percentage from the laboratory bioassay, and the “Boterswar” variety was the most allelopathic. The interactions between the allelopathic variety “Boterswar,” weakly allelopathic variety “Hashikolmi” and Echinochloa oryzicola via a target (rice)‐adjacent (E. oryzicola) cogrowth culture were determined in a hydroponic arrangement. The relative competitive intensity (RCI) and the relative neighbor effect (RNE) values showed that the crop–weed interaction was facilitation for “Boterswar” and competition for “Hashikolmi” and E. oryzicola in rice/E. oryzicola cogrowth cultures. The allelopathic effects of “Boterswar” were much higher than the resource competition in rice/E. oryzicola cogrowth cultures. The converse was observed for “Hashikolmi.” Moreover, the mineral content of E. oryzicola was severely affected by “Boterswar”/E. oryzicola cogrowth cultures’ exudate solution. Therefore, the allelopathic potential of “Boterswar” variety might be useful for developing the weed‐suppressing capacity of rice, which will likely have a significant influence on paddy weed control.     

Allelopathic studies of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) is a common name for cereal grasses of a genus of the grass family, cultivated for food since prehistoric times by the people of the temperate zones and now the most important grain crop of those regions. It has allelopathic potential if used as a cover crop for weed control in various cropping systems. Research results indicate that, among modern varieties, there is a variable resistance potential against weeds. Numerous allelochemicals have been identified in wheat, mainly belonging to the categories of phenolic acids, hydroxamic acids and short-chain fatty acids. Some researchers conceived that wheat allelopathy is genetically controlled, but systematic research on gene behaviors is lacking. The negative effects of wheat on other crops under different agricultural production systems have been reported. Research is needed to determine the genetic control of wheat allelopathy prior to the development of allelopathic wheat varieties. Further research is needed to conduct in vitro studies to isolate, identify and quantify allelochemicals from living wheat plants at different growth stages. Also, the relationship between heritages of modern varieties and the allelopathic characteristics of wheat during their evolution and selection by humans is still unclear. There is also a lack of research on the modern varieties as to whether the allelopathic potential can be genetically transferred to the next generation. In the future, more models and assessment systems must be developed to illuminate the essence of allelopathy and the genomes of wheat with allelopathic traits should be constructed to make available allelopathic bioinformation on wheat.     

Breeding spring wheat for improved allelopathic potential

It is becoming apparent that allelopathy plays a significant role in the competitive ability of cereals against weeds; barley, wheat and rice cultivars with high allelopathic activity have been identified. However, direct breeding efforts to improve allelopathy have to date only been reported in rice. In this study, a breeding programme in spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) was evaluated to determine the efficiency of selection of allelopathy and the ability of breeding lines to suppress weeds in the field. The material used originated from a cross between a Swedish cultivar with low allelopathic activity and a Tunisian cultivar with high allelopathic activity. Allelopathic activity was measured as growth inhibition of perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne ) roots when grown together with the wheat cultivars on agar. For screening of F₂ populations, a single plant bioassay was used for the first time. In the F₆ and F₇ generations, three breeding lines with an average improved allelopathy of 20% and one line with an unimproved allelopathy activity, but with the same phenotype as the high allelopathic lines, were tested together with the low allelopathic Swedish parent. The main result from the field study was a 19% average reduction of weed biomass for the high allelopathic lines, but no significant reduction of the low allelopathic breeding line. Early shoot length and early crop biomass (stages 37–39, Zadoks scale) and straw length of the high allelopathic lines were not significantly different from the Swedish parent. A negative effect was that grain yield was reduced by 9% in the high allelopathic lines. It is suggested that the reduced biomass of weeds in plots planted with the highly allelopathic wheat lines is related to differences in allelopathic activity and not differences in plant growth.     

Contribution of allelopathic effects to the overall weed suppression by different cover crops

Cover crops can suppress weeds within agricultural fields due to competitive and allelopathic effects. Glasshouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the relative proportions of allelopathic effects to the total weed inhibition. Six different cover crop species were combined with three weed species in the presence or absence of active carbon over a period of four weeks. Active carbon was used as an adsorbent for allelopathic substances in the soil. Our study revealed that the competition between cover crops and weeds shifted, possibly due to the minimisation of allelopathic effects by active carbon in the soil. We assume that the degree of cover crops allelopathic effects on weeds is species‐specific, both on the side of cover crops and on the weed side. The cover crops Raphanus sativus, Fagopyrum esculentum and Avena strigosa showed the highest allelopathic weed suppression with up to 28%. Additionally, Stellaria media turned out to be the most sensitive weed against allelopathic effects induced by all cover crops, except for Linum usitatissimum and Guizotia abyssinica. The knowledge about the contribution of competitive and allelopathic effects by cover crops would help to create cover crop mixtures with high weed suppressive ability.