兽药长效制剂的研究进展

本文对兽药长效制剂的特点、产生与发展作以简要介绍，并着重阐述了长效制剂中最常见的两类剂型——缓释制剂和控释制剂近年来在国内外的应用情况，分析了长效制剂亟待解决的问题，并对其发展前景进行了展望。     

含阿维菌素类药物长效注射剂的研究概况

概述了用亲水性或疏水性缓释材料制备的溶液型长效注射剂、用氢化蓖麻油或乙基纤维素等疏水性缓释材料制备的类似于胶体状态的长效注射剂和长效混悬注射剂等几种含阿维菌素类药物(AVMs)的长效注射剂.其中长效混悬注射剂包括AVMs以微粒状态或以载药微粒状态悬浮于制剂中的水悬或油悬注射剂;侧重概述了用AVMs/明胶微球制备的一种具有脉冲式释药的长效注射剂和用AVMs/氢化蓖麻油固体分散体制备的长效注射剂.同时对制剂的组成特点、缓释原理和缓释效果都作了综述和分析.     

动物药品新剂型概述

主要介绍了一些新型的动物药品制剂,包括脂质体制荆、微型胶囊、毫微型胶囊、β-环糊精分子胶囊、长效制剂、固体分散体和控释制剂.     

动物药品新剂型概述

主要介绍了一些新型的动物药品制剂,包括脂质体制剂、微型胶囊、毫微型胶囊、β-环糊精分子胶囊、长效制剂、固体分散体和控释制剂。     

动物药品新剂型概述

本文主要介绍了一些新型的动物药品制剂。包括脂质体制剂、微型胶囊、毫微型胶囊、β-环糊精分子胶囊、长效制剂、固体分散体和控释制剂。     

氟苯尼考混悬剂与常规制剂对鸡大肠杆菌病的疗效比较

长效制剂能够延长药物在动物体内作用时间,减少用药次数,提高临床治疗效果。氟苯尼考混悬剂是特殊工艺制成的长效注射剂,通过试验表明,其对大肠杆菌病的治疗效果与常规制剂治疗效果相当,能够减少给药次数,方便临床应用。     

兽药长效制剂的国内外应用情况

<正>1.国外应用情况1.1口服长效制剂目前,国外研究的口服长效制剂主要为控释胶囊和缓释大丸剂。最早投放市场的是瘤胃巨丸剂PARATECT Bolus(辉瑞公司生产),是一种甲噻嘧     

欧孢美诺在猪体内的药物代谢动力学研究

目前,在兽医临床用药中,长效制剂用得较为普遍,三效青霉素、长效阿莫西林、长效磺胺等相继开发成功并应用于实践,且在体内药物作用时间可达3～5天.     

长效盐酸头孢噻呋注射液治疗猪呼吸道疾病效果实验

为研究分析由本课题组研发的长效盐酸头孢噻呋注射液治疗猪呼吸道疾病的临床效果,同时与市售的同类产品进行疗效比较。本试验在上海市3个规模化猪场同时段进行,以患呼吸道疾病的猪为试验对象,将病猪随机分为两组,记为A组和B组,分别给予本课题组研发的长效盐酸头孢噻呋注射液和市售普通制剂治疗,观察两组动物在治疗1个疗程后的治疗效果。结果显示:长效盐酸头孢噻呋注射液对于治疗猪呼吸道疾病具有显著的疗效,与普通制剂相比,长效制剂的治愈率和有效率更高,适合在临床中推广应用。     

五种微量元素缺乏症防治制剂对肉仔鸡血液甲状腺素水平的影响

用用自制的定量控释制剂和长效注射制的各2个剂量防治肉仔鸡硒、碘、铜、锌、锰五种微量元素缺乏症，分别在用药后第15、30和45d采集肉仔鸡静脉血液做T3、T4分析。结果显示，这两种制剂均能提高肉仔鸡血液T3、T4的水平，但长效注射制剂对其提高幅度低于控释制剂。     

Pharmacokinetics and anti-trichomonal efficacy of a dimetridazole tablet and water-soluble powder in homing pigeons (Columb a livia)

The anti-trichomonal efficacy and pharmacokinetics of dimetridazole were investigated in the homing pigeon (Columba livia) . Dimetridazole was formulated for drinking water medication and as a prolonged-release tablet. To suppress a Trichomonas gallinae infection successfully, medicated drinking water containing dimetridazole (400 mg/L) had to be administered for at least 3 days. A two-day treatment with a dimetridazole tablet (20 mg/tablet) in fasted, as well as in fed, pigeons was shown to be ineffective. After intravenous administration of 20 mg dimetridazole, the drug plasma concentration-time profile fitted a one-compartment open model with a mean half-life of 3.9 h. The absolute bioavailability of the tablet in fasted pigeons was 83.8%. The bioavailability of the tablet administered with food was reduced by 20%. Dimetridazole was rapidly metabolised to (1-methyl-5-nitroimidazol-2-yl)methanol.     

Prolonged-release hard gelatin capsules of furosemide for the treatment of dogs

The object of this study was to examine whether prolonged-release hard gelatin capsule formulations could be developed for dogs. Different viscosity grades of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) were used to control drug release. Furosemide was chosen because of its wide use in the management of heart failure in dogs. In vitro , selecting different viscosity grades allowed good control of drug release, whereas in vivo the difference between formulations was clearly smaller. Although all formulations gave prolonged release, both inter- and intra-individual variation in the plasma concentration-time curves was high. It is difficult to develop prolonged-release formulations for drugs such as furosemide with highly variable pharmacokinetic properties. However, hard gelatin capsules containing hydrophilic polymers could still be a suitable choice for some drugs.     

Prolonged-release hydroxypropyl methylcellulose matrix tablets of furosemide for administration to dogs

Furosemide is a problematic drug in a prolonged-release product because its absorption is site specific, taking place mainly in the upper parts of the alimentary tract. The aim of the study reported here was to develop prolonged-release furosemide formulations for dogs. The type of preparation selected was a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) matrix tablet. Evaluation was based on dissolution studies, on in vivo disintegration studies in the canine stomach and on bioavailability studies in Beagle dogs. The variables tested were the viscosity grade of the polymer, the amount of polymer and presence or absence of an alkaline compound (potassium carbonate) in the formulation. When potassium carbonate was included, furosemide was absorbed so slowly that drug administration once daily would give plateau drug plasma concentrations, even though the elimination half-life of furosemide is only about one hour.     

Influence of feeding on the bioavailability of ronidazole prolonged-release formulations in pigeons

The influence of feeding on the bioavailability of ronidazole (5 mg per animal) formulated as a hydrophilic-matrix tablet or as lipophilic pellets, was evaluated in pigeons. Administered to fed pigeons, prolonged drug absorption was obtained for both formulations. In non-fed pigeons an immediate grinding of the formulations in the gizzard resulted in rapid drug absorption. This indicates that prolonged residence of the prolonged-release formulations in the crop obtained in the fed condition seemed the only possible means of obtaining prolonged drug release in pigeons.     

抗菌药控缓释制剂的研究进展

抗菌药制成控缓释制剂可减少服药次数和用药剂量,有利于降低药物的毒副作用,可延长有效浓度维持时间,以便更好地发挥抗菌作用。目前上市的抗菌药控缓释制剂类型和品种日渐增多,有经化学结构改造的长效抗生素,还有非胃肠道给药的乳剂,植入式药弹,缓释片和胶囊,局部药物释放系统,DepoFoam等药物缓释系统,国内外许多医疗领域(如器官移植、五官科、呼吸科、骨科等)均有其研究和应用的报道。文章就抗菌药控缓释制剂的制剂新技术、国内外研究应用概况、在兽医临床上的应用情况以及存在的问题进行了综述。     

我国宠物用药现状与思考

通过对我国宠物医院大量的用药现场考察,对当前宠物药品使用现状进行了总结,分析了宠物药品使用存在问题及原因,并提出相关对策.     

Meta-analysis of field trials of antimicrobial mass medication for prophylaxis of bovine respiratory disease in feedlot cattle

One hundred and seven field trials of prophylactic mass medication for bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in feedlot cattle were reviewed. Meta-analysis is the formal quantitative statistical review process that was used to synthesize the data from randomized field trials and draw conclusions concerning the efficacy of prophylactic mass medication in feedlot calves.

The results of the meta-analysis indicated that prophylactic parenteral mass medication of calves with long-acting oxytetracycline or tilmicosin on arrival at the feedlot would reduce BRD morbidity rates (p < 0.001). There were, however, unreliable data on the effects of mass medication on mortality rates and performance, insufficient data on the most effective treatment regimes, and no valid data on the efficacy of feed and water medication for prophylaxis of BRD.

This review highlights the gaps in our knowledge and points out the need for additional well-designed randomized controlled field trials of adequate size to assess the efficacy and socioeconomic impact of prophylactic mass medication for BRD in feedlot cattle.

     

硫酸卡那霉素和氟苯尼考联合用药的急性毒效应评价

通过对小鼠进行硫酸卡那霉素和氟苯尼考联合应用的急性毒效应评价,初步探讨这2种抗菌药联合应用的合理性,以期为进一步评价其安全指标提供可靠依据。经查证,硫酸卡那霉素对小鼠腹腔注射的LD_（50）为1 973.95 mg/kg,其95%可信限为1 969.22~1 978.71 mg/kg;氟苯尼考对小鼠腹腔注射的LD_（50）为636.68 mg/kg,其95%可信限为538.5~735.1 mg/kg,该试验利用等效应线图法求出硫酸卡那霉素和氟苯尼考联合用药时的LD_（50）。试验表明,硫酸卡那霉素和氟苯尼考联合用药中,硫酸卡那霉素对小鼠腹腔注射的LD_（50）为510.51mg/kg,其95%可信限为437.52~595.66 mg/kg;氟苯尼考对小鼠腹腔注射的LD_（50）为765.60 mg/kg,其95%可信限为656.15~893.31 mg/kg。结果显示,硫酸卡那霉素和氟苯尼考联合应用后的LD_（50）剂量直线交点落在95%可信限上限之外,即这2种抗菌药的联合用药产生毒效应颉颃,初步认为联合使用具有一定的合理性与可靠性。     

A multicenter prospective evaluation of owner medication adherence for feline cardiovascular disease in the referral setting

ObjectiveThe aim of this paper is to evaluate owners' chronic medication adherence for management of feline cardiovascular disease in the small animal referral setting.Animals, materials and methodsA questionnaire-based study of owners at five multispecialty, small animal referral centers was conducted. Owners completed a written survey evaluating demographics, degree of medication adherence, and difficulties encountered for medication adherence. Owners were free to decline participation in the study.ResultsFifty-four questionnaires were available for review. The most common diagnosis was hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (n = 31, 57.4%). Clopidogrel was the most cited medication that was difficult to administer consistently (n = 13, 24.0%) although twenty owners (37.0%) reported no difficulty consistently administering medications. “Taste of medication” (n = 14, 25.9%) was the most reported reason for difficulty medicating their cat, and most owners (n = 36, 66.7%) stated twice daily was the highest frequency of heart medications they feel they can consistently administer. Fifty owners (92.6%) met the criteria for medication adherence.ConclusionsChronic medication adherence in this study population was high. Clopidogrel was the most difficult medication to consistently administer, and twice a day dosing was the highest frequency of medication administration most owners could achieve. Cardiologists should be aware of these factors when determining optimal treatment protocols for the management of cardiovascular disease in cats.     

Comparison of methods to assess dog owners' therapeutic compliance

Objective To compare different methods for assessing the compliance of veterinary clients administering medication to their dogs.
Procedure Thirty-one owners whose dogs were prescribed amoxycillin-clavulanate, twice and thrice daily, for a duration of five to seven days were recruited from three Sydney veterinary hospitals. Compliance was assessed by electronic monitoring devices, return medication counts, client self-reports and veterinarians' estimation of likely compliance.
Results Electronic monitoring showed owners administered on average 84% (range 7 to 104%) of prescribed medication to their dogs. Both return medication counts and client self-reports tended to overestimate therapeutic compliance when compared with electronic monitoring. When questioned, the majority of owners (71%) claimed perfect compliance with the prescribed regimen. No correlation was found between veterinarians' estimates of owner compliance and that assessed electronically.
Conclusion Electronic monitoring provided valuable information on dose timing and variation, but proved costly and difficult to employ in veterinary practice. Simplicity and low cost of return medication counts makes this method attractive for use in veterinary compliance studies. Client self-reports reliably detected some noncompliers and permitted identification of individual problems or errors. For practical purposes a combination of return medication counts and client self-reports may have merit in future veterinary compliance studies.