不同纤维素与淀粉比率等氮纯化底物瘤胃发酵微生物蛋白质合成量

采用持续动态瘤胃模拟装置 (RSI)研究了 6种不同纤维素和淀粉比率 (C S) :0 .14、0 .44、0 .94、1.92、4.75、15 .76,等氮 ( 14.2 2 % ,风干物质基础 )纯化底物养分瘤胃发酵微生物组分及微生物蛋白质合成量。结果显示 :微生物有机物中氮的含量MN MOM在 5 5 0 %～ 6 64 %之间 ;微生物有机物中RNA含量 (RNA MOM ,% )不受日粮C S影响(P >0 0 5 ) ,仅发现微生物氮含量受到日粮碳水化合物比率影响 (P <0 0 5 )。 72小时发酵后 ,瘤胃微生物蛋白质合成效率与底物纤维素和淀粉比率成乘幂负相关关系 :MN RDN =0 .764 9(C S) - 0 .1 0 6 3,n =6,R =- 0 .93 1;MN FOM(g kg) =2 3 .88(C S) - 0 .0 988,n =6,R =- 0 .881。结果表明 ,在瘤胃可利用氮相同条件下 ,微生物蛋白合成效率取决于适宜的底物结构性碳水化合物和非结构性碳水化合物比率     

瘤胃VFA产量与瘤胃可发酵有机物质关系的研究

本研究用6个处理的日粮(4种不同处理的糊化淀粉尿素、豆饼和常规尿素)在5头安装有瘤胃和真胃瘘管的阉牛中进行6×5拉丁方试验。试验中测定了瘤胃VFA浓度及产量,并同时用体内法和尼龙袋法测定了有机物质的降解率:还研究了体内法测定的瘤胃可消化有机物质(RDOM)及尼龙袋法测定的瘤胃24小时可发酵有机物质(FOM)与瘤胃VFA产量的关系。结果表明:用RDOM预测VFA能(E_(VFA))的平均值为7.222MJ/kg RDOM(r=0.7082):用FOM预测VFA产量的平均值为7.602 mol/kg FOM(r=0.6686)。还发现瘤胃24小时可发酵碳水化合物(F_(CHO))与平均瘤胃VFA浓度相关系数为r=0.7932。在碳水化合物的各种成分中,瘤胃24小时ADF降解量与乙酸产量的相关系数为r=0.7361;瘤胃24小时中性冼涤剂溶解物的降解量与丙酸产量相关系数为r=0.6296,说明对乙酸产量影响最大的是纤维素的降解量,而可溶性碳水化合物的降解量主要影响丙酸的产量。     

硫酸亚铁添加对体外瘤胃微生物发酵的影响

为研究日粮中添加无机二价铁对瘤胃微生物发酵的影响,用人工瘤胃模拟装置发酵72 h研究添加不同水平亚铁(0、30、60、90、120和150 mg/kgDM,源于硫酸亚铁)对体外瘤胃液氨浓度、微生物氮产量和挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)产生量的影响.结果表明:添加亚铁可使发酵液不同时间点氨浓度和总氨产量、有机物发酵率、总微生物氮产量显著提高(P<0.05);与不添加的对照组相比,添加亚铁可使发酵液的总VFA、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸浓度明显增加(P<0.05),但乙酸、丙酸、丁酸摩尔比例没有差异(P>0.05);添加亚铁明显促进瘤胃有机物的发酵,增加瘤胃VFA产生量,过多的亚铁对瘤胃微生物生长有抑制作用.     

无机硫来源对体外瘤胃发酵的影响

利用短期人工瘤胃发酵装置,研究精粗比为4∶6日粮添加硫磺、硫酸钠、硫化钠等三种来源的硫对瘤胃液pH、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)产生量的影响.结果表明:硫的添加量明显影响人工瘤胃发酵中有机物的消失率(P<0.05),日粮中添加硫0.5%时,对照组、硫磺、硫酸钠、硫化钠组间瘤胃液pH、日粮中性洗涤纤维(NDF)消失率、氨态氮浓度有明差异(P<0.05),硫来源没有明显影响人工瘤胃中总VFA、丙酸、乙酸浓度(P>0.05);硫酸钠、硫化钠的作用效果优于硫磺试验组.     

无机硫来源对体外瘤胃发酵的影响

利用短期人工瘤胃发酵装置,研究精粗比为4∶6日粮添加硫磺、硫酸钠、硫化钠等三种来源的硫对瘤胃液pH、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)产生量的影响。结果表明:硫的添加量明显影响人工瘤胃发酵中有机物的消失率(P<0.05),日粮中添加硫0.5%时,对照组、硫磺、硫酸钠、硫化钠组间瘤胃液pH、日粮中性洗涤纤维(NDF)消失率、氨态氮浓度有明差异(P<0.05),硫来源没有明显影响人工瘤胃中总VFA、丙酸、乙酸浓度(P>0.05);硫酸钠、硫化钠的作用效果优于硫磺试验组。     

利用体外法研究纳米氧化锌的添加对瘤胃发酵的影响

为探究饲粮添加纳米氧化锌对瘤胃发酵的影响,本试验通过体外发酵法研究了纳米氧化锌不同添加水平(0、50、100、200、400 mg/kg,干物质基础)对瘤胃培养液pH、氨态氮( NH3-N)、微生物蛋白(MCP)、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)以及底物有机物发酵率(FOM)的影响.研究结果发现,在体外培养条件下,纳米氧化锌的添...     

利用体外产气法研究不同瘤胃降解蛋白平衡对瘤胃代谢的影响

旨在探讨利用体外产气法研究不同瘤胃降解蛋白平衡日粮(RDPB,g·kg-1 DM)对瘤胃发酵、总产气量和甲烷产量的影响.试验选用美国Ankom产气系统,采用随机区组试验设计,配置6种不同瘤胃降解蛋白平衡日粮,分别为日粮1(-20 g· kg-1 DM),日粮2(-10 g· kg-1 DM),日粮3(0 g· kg-1 DM),日粮4(10g·kg-1DM),日粮5(20 g·kg-1 DM)和日粮6(30 g· kg-1 DM),每组2个重复,培养期为24 h.结果表明:(1)本研究中6种类型日粮发酵液的pH、乙酸/丙酸、产气量和CH4产生量表现为日粮3(P＜0.01)或日粮4(P＜0.01)值最低.(2)挥发性脂防酸乙酸、丙酸、丁酸以及氨氮的浓度随着瘤冒降解平衡值的增加而增加,表明改变日粮瘤胃降解蛋白平衡可以影响瘤胃发酵.而瘤胃降解蛋白平衡对总挥发性脂肪酸以及原虫数量无显著影响.(3)日粮瘤胃降解蛋白平衡值影响不同时间点甲烷的浓度和24 h甲烷产量.其中以日稂4(P＜0.05)甲烷总产量最低.由此可见,在体外培养条件下,改变日粮RDPB影响了瘤胃发酵液pH、氨态氮(NH3-N)及挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度、总产气量、CH4产生量,综合考虑其对瘤胃发酵和甲烷产量等指标的影响,体外产气条件下适宜的RDPB水平为0～10g·kg-1 DM.     

日粮碳酸钾添加量对体外瘤胃发酵的影响

钾是瘤胃微生物必需的矿物元素之一,为研究钾对瘤胃发酵的影响,试验以短期人工瘤胃发酵装置研究2种日粮类型添加K2CO3对瘤胃有机物发酵、pH和挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)产生的影响.日粮钾的添加量明显影响人工瘤胃的日粮有机物消失率.精粗比为5:5日粮中添加钾0.3%时,对照组和K2CO3组间瘤胃液pH、总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)、丙酸和乙酸浓度没有明显差异,添加0.3%钾明显降低日粮有机物消失率,发酵液氨态氮浓度下降,但使日粮中性洗涤纤维(NDF)消失率提高(P<0.05).精粗比7:3日粮添加钾0.2%对TVFA、丙酸、乙酸和氨态氮浓度没有影响,但使瘤胃液pH明显上升,日粮有机物消失率提高,而NDF消失率下降.试验结果表明,日粮碳酸钾添加量明显影响体外瘤胃发酵.     

不同剂量苹果酸对奶牛体外瘤胃发酵的影响

选择2头安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的奶牛作为瘤胃液供体牛.采用体外批次培养技术,在培养液中添加终浓度为0、4、8和12 mmol/L的苹果酸,其中0 mmol/L组为对照组,测定培养3、6、9、12、18 h和24 h后的体外瘤胃发酵指标.结果表明,在奶牛日粮中添加不同剂量的苹果酸,均有不同程度的提高瘤胃发酵液pH、NH3-N浓度、总挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)和菌体蛋白(BCP)浓度,显著提高培养底物中性洗涤纤维(NDF)降解率(P＜0.05)的作用.在本试验日粮条件下,培养液中添加8 mmol/L苹果酸有利于促进体外瘤胃发酵,建议在奶牛日粮中苹果酸的添加量为80 g/d.     

产气法研究不同纤维水平日粮对南江黄羊瘤胃发酵的影响

以4只安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的南江黄羊作为瘤胃液供体,用体外产气法研究不同纤维水平日粮对瘤胃发酵特性的影响。试验设为5个酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)水平日粮(14.86%、19.88%、24.52%、28.91%和34.12%)。结果表明:瘤胃液pH随着日粮ADF水平升高而升高。在日粮ADF水平为24.52%时,累积产气量、总挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度和微生物蛋白浓度最高,NH3-N浓度和乙丙酸比例最低。试验表明,日粮纤维水平能够影响瘤胃发酵,当日粮ADF水平为24.52%时是南江黄羊瘤胃发酵的最适纤维水平。     

A model to assess the use of caecal and faecal inocula to study fermentability of nutrients in rabbit

An in vitro gas production trial was conducted using 10 Hyla rabbits to evaluate the use of caecal and faecal inocula in fermentability studies. Caecal content (CI) and hard faeces (FI) were used as inocula. Six legume and six cereal concentrates were used as substrates. Gas production was recorded 19 times at 2–24 h intervals throughout fermentation (120 h). The fermentation characteristics (degraded organic matter, OMd; potential gas production, A; volatile fatty acid, VFA; ammonia, NH₃) were measured by testing the inoculum and substrate (legumes vs. cereals). The inocula were different (p < 0.01) in OMd (818.2 vs. 799.4 g/kg OM for CI and FI respectively), A (255.0 vs. 267.1 ml/g OM), total VFA (67.3 vs. 53.2 mmol/g OM) and NH₃ content (21.2 vs. 19.8 mmol/l). Moreover, the significant differences in the (acetate + propionate)/butyrate ratio (5.02 vs. 4.09 for CI and FI respectively, p < 0.01) and in the branched chain proportion (isobutyrate + isovaleriate)/total VFA (0.044 vs. 0.031, p < 0.01) indicate that the inocula differed in fermenting legumes or cereals, but the equations for estimating caecal fermentation characteristics from those of faeces showed R² values from 0.673 to 0.975 (p ≤ 0.01). Our results confirm that in vitro fermentation characteristics of faeces were highly related to those of caecal content.     

In vitro study of the biochemical origin and production limits of odorous compounds in cattle feedlots.

Livestock odors are closely correlated to airborne concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOC), which are a complex mixture of carbon-, sulfur-, and nitrogen-containing compounds produced primarily during the incomplete anaerobic fermentation of animal manure by microorganisms. Volatile fatty acids, alcohols, and aromatic ring compounds comprise a substantial fraction of VOC, yet very little is known about their biochemical origin and environmental factors controlling their production. The anaerobic production of fermentation products and consumption of substrates (CP, starch, and nonstarch carbohydrate) were analyzed in slurries of fresh (< 24 h) and aged (> 1 d) cattle manure over several weeks. Ethanol, acetate, propionate, butyrate, lactate, and H2 were the major products of fermentation. Aged cattle manure produced twice the concentration of VFA during incubation produced by the fresh manure (P < 0.001). Aromatic compounds (phenols, indoles, and benzoates) remained unchanged in both manures. Production of VFA from fresh manure was inhibited when the pH fell below 4.5. It is likely that the presence of calcareous soil, which has a high buffering capacity, and lactate-consuming microorganisms minimized acidification in the aged manure slurries. Low starch content limited VFA production in the aged manure. Starch was the likely biochemical source for fermentation products in both manures based on the strong negative correlations between fermentation product and starch content (r = -0.944 and -0.773) and ratio of fermentation products produced to starch consumed (r = 0.64 and 0.72) for fresh and aged manure, respectively. Nonstarch carbohydrate served an indeterminate role in the production of fermentation products. Nonstarch carbohydrate decreased by 4.7 and 23.4 g/L in the fresh and aged manure, respectively, whereas the starch content decreased by 18.6 and 22.4 g/L in the fresh and aged manure, respectively. The concentration of CP did not change, which suggests a balance between protein consumption and new bacterial biomass production. We conclude that the types of substrates in cattle manure and the feedlot soils where they are deposited are significant factors in the production of odors.     

Use of the in vitro cumulative gas production technique for pigs: an examination of alterations in fermentation products and substrate losses at various time points

An experiment was conducted to examine changes in VFA and ammonia concentrations at different time points using 4 fermentable carbohydrate-rich feed ingredients as substrates and feces of unweaned piglets as inoculum. Fecal inoculum was collected, pooled, and mixed from 9 specially raised (no creep feed or antibiotics) crossbred piglets at 3 wk of age. Inulin, lactulose, molasses-free sugar beet pulp, and wheat starch were used as substrates and were fermented in vitro for 72 h (3 replicates per substrate). Cumulative gas production was measured as an indicator of the kinetics of fermentation. In addition, 3 bottles of substrate per time point with similar contents (amounts of substrate, inoculum, and media) were incubated but were allowed to release their gas throughout incubation. For these latter bottles, fermentation fluid was sampled at incubation time points including every hour between 1 and 24 h and at 48 h, and fermentation end products (VFA, lactate, and ammonia) and OM disappearance were measured. Dry matter and ash were analyzed from the postfermentative samples. The pH of the contents from these bottles was also recorded. The correlation in time between fermentation end products and cumulative gas produced was determined. The results showed that the prolongation of fermentation to 72 h, especially in the case of fast-fermenting inulin and lactulose, may lead to a different end product profile (P < 0.001) compared with the profile observed at the time at which most of the substrate has disappeared. Therefore, we concluded that the fermentation product profile at the end of in vitro fermentation at a specific time point cannot be used to compare fermentability of carbohydrate sources with different fermentation kinetics in terms of gas production.     

Effects of fermentable carbohydrates and low dietary phosphorus supply on the chemical composition of faecal bacteria and microbial metabolites in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs

The objective was to determine the effects of fermentable carbohydrates on phosphorus (P) metabolism, the chemical composition of the faecal mixed bacterial mass (MBM) and the microbial activity in the large intestine (LI) of pigs. Eight barrows (mean BW 35.9 ± 0.9 kg), fitted with simple T‐cannulas at the terminal ileum, were either fed a low‐P corn–soybean meal‐based control diet or 75% of the control diet supplemented with 25% cellulose, starch or pectin according to a 4 × 3 Latin Square design. Both pectin and cellulose caused higher faecal than ileal P recoveries. Ileal volatile fatty acids (VFA) levels were more pronounced for the starch (p < 0.05) rather than the cellulose and pectin treatments, whereas pectin resulted in a higher faecal VFA concentration in comparison to starch and cellulose (p < 0.05). The differences in faecal VFA concentrations corresponded to the pH values obtained in faeces. The N content of MBM was higher (p < 0.05) when cellulose was supplemented. Pectin caused a decrease in the P content of the MBM compared to the control (p < 0.05). As a result, the N:P ratio was significantly higher for the pectin (N:P = 4.33) than for the control treatment (N:P = 2.63), while the Ca:P ratio remained constant for all treatments, suggesting changes in the accumulation of N, P and Ca in MBM, probably due to changes in the species composition and activity of the microflora.     

饲粮中结构性碳水化合物与非结构性碳水化合物的不同比例对降解后白酒糟体外发酵特性的影响

本文旨在研究添加可溶性淀粉对降解后的白酒糟体外发酵特性的影响,并确定影响发酵的最佳结构性碳水化合物(SC)与非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)的比例.采用黄孢原毛平革菌发酵白酒糟20 d,以降解其木质素含量.在体外发酵各组中添加可溶性淀粉使SC/NSC比分别为1.66、2.06、2.46、2.86、3.26和3.66.每组设5个重复.结果表明,通过黄孢原毛平革菌发酵,白酒糟中酸性洗涤木质素的含量降低了16.4%(P＜0.01),而粗蛋白质含量提高了6.04%(P＜0.01).在体外发酵试验中,随着可溶性淀粉添加量的增加,累计产气量显著增加(P＜0.01).增加可溶性淀粉添加量改变SC/NSC比可显著影响微生物蛋白(MCP)、总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)和氨氮(NH3-N)浓度(P＜0.01).通过SC/NSC比(x)与MCP(y)的回归分析(y=-0.826x2+3.947x+1.189)得出,体外发酵最佳SC/NSC比为2.39.添加可溶性淀粉提高了丙酸在TVFA中的比例(P＜0.05),而降低了乙酸与丙酸比例(P＜0.05).由结果可知,添加可溶性淀粉可提高降解后白酒糟的消化率,并得出体外发酵最佳SC/NSC比为2.39.     

Effect of fats and fatty acid combinations on ruminal fermentation in semi-continuous in vitro cultures

Four in vitro trials were conducted to determine how ruminal fermentation is affected by source of fat, level of fat, and combinations of fatty acids. Trials I and II examined how volatile fatty acids (VFA) were changed by three sources of fat (blended animal-vegetable fat, corn oil and tallow fatty acids) each added to a hay substrate at six levels (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10%). Increasing blended fat caused no changes in VFA levels except to decrease butyric acid from 12.1 to 9.9% of the total VFA (P less than .05). Corn oil and tallow fatty acids both increased propionic acid, causing the ratio of acetic to propionic acids (A/P) to decrease (P less than .01). Trial III tested different ratios of oleic/stearic and linoleic/stearic acids to determine if certain combinations were better for fermentation. There was no evidence of synergism among fatty acids since increasing the ratio of unsaturates steadily reduced A/P. Trial IV was designed to determine how changes in VFA levels reflect changes in fiber digestibility of substrates containing added fat. Volatile fatty acids having significant regressions with fiber digestibility were acetic acid (r = .648), propionic acid (r = -.670), total VFA concentration (r = .742) and A/P (r = .831). Results are interpreted to show that blended animal-vegetable fats are less toxic in the rumen than equal levels of other lipids, and the beneficial effects of blended fat cannot be attributed to a unique combination of fatty acids acting synergistically.     

Fruit and vegetable fiber fermentation by gut microflora from canines

The objective of this study was to assess fermentability by canine gut microflora to include shortchain fatty acid (SCFA) production, organic matter (OM) disappearance, and gas production of vegetable and fruit fiber sources compared to fiber standards (psyllium, citrus pectin, and Solka Floc). Fiber sources included apple pomace, carrot pomace, flaxseed, fruit blend (mixture of peach, almond, nectarine, and plum), grape pomace, pea hulls, pistachio, and tomato pomace. Substrates were fermented in vitro for 4, 12, and 24 h with fecal flora obtained from three healthy dogs. Citrus pectin had the highest OM disappearance, SCFA production, and gas production at all times of fermentation; psyllium was intermediate and Solka Floc was lowest. A wide variation in fermentability was noted among the vegetable and fruit fiber sources. Apple pomace, carrot pomace, and flaxseed had the greatest fermentability as assessed by OM disappearance. Pea hulls and tomato pomace had intermediate OM disappearances, and fruit blend, grape pomace, and pistachio were poorly fermented. Carrot pomace produced the largest amounts of gas and SCFA. Apple pomace produced high concentrations of gas but intermediate concentrations of SCFA. Pea hulls and tomato pomace produced intermediate concentrations of gas and SCFA, whereas flaxseed, fruit blend, grape pomace, and pistachio produced low amounts of these fermentation products. For all substrates collectively, OM disappearance was highly correlated with both gas production (r2 = 0.782 and 0.723 for 12- and 24-h values, respectively) and SCFA production (r2 = 0.737 and 0.738 for 12- and 24-h values, respectively). In general, OM disappearance, gas production, and SCFA production were related to the insoluble:soluble fiber ratio in the samples; as the insoluble:soluble ratio decreased (increased soluble fiber), the OM disappearance, gas production, and SCFA production increased.     

不同能氮同步化释放日粮对奶牛瘤胃体外发酵和微生物蛋白合成的影响

试验以3头安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛为试验动物,试验设计以不同RDN(g)/FOM(kg)比值日粮为底物,利用人工瘤胃体外培养法,通过瘤胃液pH值、瘤胃液氨氮浓度、挥发性脂肪酸含量、微生物蛋白含量这四个指标的测定,评价日粮RDN(g)/FOM(kg)比值分别为20、25、30、35的4种不同能氮同步化释放日粮对瘤胃发酵及微生物蛋白含量的影响。结果表明:随着体外培养时间的延长,瘤胃液pH值不断降低,pH均值以RDN(g)/FOM(kg)=25组为最高,RDN(g)/FOM(kg)=30组最低,差异不显著(P0.05)。NH3-N浓度随着RDN(g)/FOM(kg)水平的增加而增加,当RDN(g)/FOM(kg)=35时,NH3-N浓度均值最高。当RDN(g)/FOM(kg)=20时,细菌蛋白含量和原虫蛋白含量均最高。对于VFA当RDN(g)/FOM(kg)=30时,乙酸含量最高;当RDN(g)/FOM(kg)比值为20时,丙酸含量、丁酸含量最高;TVFA含量以RDN(g)/FOM(kg)=30时最高,乙酸、丙酸比值以RDN(g)/FOM(kg)比值为25时最高。     

In vitro fermentation characteristics of different carbohydrate sources in two dog breeds (German shepherd and Neapolitan mastiff)

Few studies have been published on the normal intestinal biota of canines unlike the wealth of information regarding livestock animal species. The in vitro gas production technique (IVGPT) including measurements of accumulating gas during fermentation and end‐product determinations allows obtaining a complete picture of microbial activity kinetics. The aim of this study was to study the in vitro fermentation characteristics of different carbohydrate sources using inocula from two dog breeds (German Shepherd and Neapolitan mastiff). Faeces sampled from rectum of two GS and NM adult dogs, fed the same dry food, were used as inocula. The samples, diluted and filtered, were incubated at 39 °C under anaerobic condition with nine substrates different for carbohydrate composition (rice, corn, potato, spelt, pure cellulose, beet pulp, wheat bran, inulin and fructo‐oligosaccharide). Gas production was recorded 17 times using a manual pressure transducer. After 48 h, the fermentation was stopped and fermenting liquor was analysed for pH and volatile fatty acids (VFA). Organic matter digestibility (OMD) was calculated as difference after burning the residuals. OMD, gas production and end‐products were significantly correlated with chemical composition of substrates, in particular carbohydrate fractions (total dietary fibre and starch), confirming the effectiveness of the IVGPT in evaluating dog feeds. Concerning the comparison between breeds significant differences (p < 0.01) were found for OMD, gas production, fermentation kinetic parameters and end‐products, suggesting a different pathway of fermentation and consequently, a different anaerobic population.