体外法研究延胡索酸二钠对瘤胃微生物发酵活力及甲烷产量的影响

为探讨延胡索酸二钠对瘤胃甲烷产量及瘤胃微生物发酵活力的影响,本研究共设计了3个试验来阐明该问题。试验1采用体外批次培养,研究了不同日粮条件下(高牧草日粮、中等水平牧草的日粮和低牧草日粮)添加延胡索酸二钠(0,4和7mmol/L)对山羊瘤胃微生物发酵及甲烷产量的影响。结果表明,较对照相比,添加延胡索酸二钠显著提高了累积产气量、pH值和TVFA产量(P<0.05),降低了甲烷产量(P<0.05),其中高牧草日粮组下降幅度最大。试验2探讨了延胡索酸二钠对黄化瘤胃球菌发酵粗饲料活力的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比;添加延胡索酸二钠显著提高了黄化瘤胃球菌数量及其对黑麦草的降解率(P<0.05);试验3探讨了延胡索酸二钠对瘤胃真菌发酵粗饲料活力的影响,结果显示,延胡索酸二钠显著降低了厌氧真菌发酵的总产气量、干物质消失率及羧甲基纤维素酶酶活(P<0.05)。结果说明,延胡索酸二钠在降低甲烷产量方面与发酵底物的天然特性有关,其中对高牧草日粮的作用效应最为显著;延胡索酸二钠可提高瘤胃混合微生物与瘤胃纤维降解菌发酵粗饲料的能力,但对瘤胃真菌的发酵活力具有抑制效应。     

Effects of Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract on fermentation of amino acids, bermudagrass and starch by mixed ruminal microorganisms in vitro

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract (Amaferm) on the in vitro ruminal fermentation of coastal bermudagrass, soluble starch and amino acids. Mixed ruminal microorganisms were incubated in anaerobic media for either 24 h (Amaferm alone, soluble starch, amino acids) or 48 h (bermudagrass). Amaferm was added to the incubation bottles (n = 4) at concentrations of 0, .4 or 1.0 g/liter. When mixed ruminal microorganisms were incubated with only Amaferm, the 1.0 g/liter concentration increased the production of hydrogen (H2; P less than .001), methane (CH4; P less than .01), acetate (P less than .05), butyrate (P less than .01), total VFA (P less than .05) and NH3 (P less than .05). Addition of both levels of Amaferm to soluble-starch fermentations tended to enhance the production of H2 (P less than .11), CH4 (P less than .15), acetate (P less than .29) and total VFA (P less than .19); propionate production was increased (P less than .10) by 1.0 g/liter Amaferm, resulting in a decrease (P less than .05) in the acetate:propionate ratio. Fermentation of amino acids plus 1.0 g/liter Amaferm enhanced the production of acetate (P less than .05), propionate (P less than .05), valerate (P less than .01) and total VFA (P less than .10) and decreased the acetate:propionate ratio (P less than .05). In addition, NH3 production tended (P less than .19) to increase with both levels of Amaferm. When bermudagrass was the substrate, few changes in fermentation products were observed with Amaferm treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

日粮不同NDF/NFC水平对周岁后荷斯坦奶牛生产性能、营养物质消化率、瘤胃发酵特征和甲烷排放的影响

本试验研究了日粮中不同中性洗涤纤维/非纤维性碳水化合物（NDF/NFC）水平对周岁后荷斯坦奶牛生产性能、营养物质消化率、瘤胃发酵特征及甲烷产量的影响，并在此基础上建立了甲烷排放预测模型，旨在获得我国生产模型下的甲烷排放规律和甲烷转化因子，为提高奶牛能量利用效率、建立国家或区域性温室气体排放清单和探索减排策略提供科学依据和支撑。将45头体况良好，平均为15月龄的荷斯坦后备奶牛随机分为3组，每组15头牛：低日粮NDF/NFC组（NDF/NFC=0.60）、中日粮NDF/NFC组（NDF/NFC=0.75）和高日粮NDF/NFC组（NDF/NFC=0.90），试验期为70 d，包括14 d的预饲期和56 d的正试期。结果表明：1）提高日粮NDF/NFC水平显著降低了奶牛的干物质采食量、有机物采食量、平均日增重、干物质和粗蛋白的表观消化率（P<0.05）；2）提高日粮NDF/NFC水平显著增加了瘤胃内总挥发性脂肪酸产量、乙酸的相对含量和乙酸/丙酸比例（P<0.05），显著降低了丙酸的相对含量（P<0.05）；3）随着日粮NDF/NFC水平的提高，瘤胃甲烷和甲烷能产量、甲烷/代谢体重、甲烷/干物质采食量、甲烷/有机物采食量、甲烷/中性洗涤纤维采食量显著提高（P<0.05）。甲烷转化因子也随着日粮NDF/NFC水平的增加而显著提高（P<0.05）；4）基于体重、采食量、营养物质含量和NDF/NFC分别建立了甲烷预测模型，其中基于干物质采食量和中性洗涤纤维采食量建立的预测模型的决定系数最高（R²=0.77）。因此，提高日粮中NDF/NFC水平可显著降低周岁后荷斯坦奶牛的生产性能、营养物质消化率和瘤胃内丙酸的相对含量，可显著提高瘤胃甲烷产量和甲烷转化因子。     

Effects of laidlomycin propionate and monensin on the in vitro mixed ruminal microorganism fermentation.

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of laidlomycin propionate and monensin on the in vitro fermentation of ground corn, Trypticase, or alfalfa hay by mixed ruminal microorganisms. Ruminal fluid was collected from two steers fed 9.27 kg DM of a high-concentrate (62.2% ground corn and 17.4% cottonseed hulls) diet per day and composited. In the first study, no ionophore was included in the diet; the diet in the second study contained 11.1 g of laidlomycin propionate per ton of feed. The animals were allowed an adjustment period of 14 d for each dietary treatment before samples were collected. When ruminal fluid from unadapted animals was used, both monensin and laidlomycin propionate decreased (P<.05) CH4 concentration and the acetate:propionate ratio with ground corn and alfalfa hay. Monensin reduced (P<.05) in vitro dry matter disappearance of alfalfa and increased (P<.05) final pH in the ground corn and alfalfa hay fermentations. Both laidlomycin propionate and monensin decreased (P<.05) concentrations of acetate, propionate, isobutyrate, isovalerate, CH4, and NH3 in Trypticase fermentations. When ruminal fluid from adapted animals was used, both ionophores still reduced the concentrations of most fermentation products. However, there was generally less inhibition compared with fermentations inoculated with unadapted mixed ruminal microorganisms. In the presence of 5 mM maltose, mixed ruminal bacteria produced high concentrations (10 to 11 mM) of lactate, and addition of both ionophores to these fermentations was effective in reducing (P<.05) lactate production. In conclusion, laidlomycin propionate alters the mixed ruminal microorganism fermentation in a manner similar to monensin, but, at the concentrations used in this study, monensin seemed to be a more potent inhibitor.     

Effects of Sodium Nitrate and Disodium Fumarate Mixture on Ruminal Methane Production,Fermentation Parameters,Fatty Acids Profiles and Rumen Microbial Population in Water Buffalo In vitro

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different sodium nitrate and disodium fumarate ratios on ruminal methane production, fermentation parameters, fatty acids profiles and microbial population in water buffalo in vitro in presence of α-linolenic acid. Three female water buffaloes (body weight of (650±50) kg) with permanent rumen fistula were selected as the donors of rumen contents. Treatments additives were prepared as sodium nitrate and disodium fumarate mixtures at ratios of 2:1, 1:1, 1:2. Control group without any sodium nitrate or disodium fumarate. All groups were added with 0.25 mg·mL^-1 α-linolenic acid. The concentration of sodium nitrate and disodium fumarate mixtures was 1 mg·mL^-1. The results showed that mehtane production were reduced with different ratios of sodium nitrate and disodium fumarate mixture, the average decrease was 90.63%. The total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) concentration and most rumen microorganisms population were significantly reduced (P<0.05), but the concentration of acetate, EPA and CLA, ratios of acetate to propionate ratio and UFA/SFA were significantly increased (P<0.05) with sodium nitrate and disodium fumarate mixtures at ratio of 2:1. 3) Sodium nitrate and disodium fumarate mixtures at ratio of 1:2 had no significant effect on TVFA content, fatty acid content and rumen microbial populaiton(P>0.05). 4) The concentrations of EPA, CLA and UFA/SFA ratio were increased (P<0.05) with sodium nitrate and disodium fumarate mixtures at ratio of 1:1, but Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and atypical butyrivibrio populations were decreased. It can be concluded that different proportion of sodium nitrate and sodium fumarate mixture can cause methane reduction, the adverse effect of sodium nitrate on rumen fermentation can be alleviated by the increased proportion of disodium fumarate.     

硝酸钠和延胡索酸二钠混合物对水牛瘤胃甲烷含量、体外发酵参数、脂肪酸组成和瘤胃微生物数量的影响

本试验旨在研究体外条件下不同比例硝酸钠和延胡索酸二钠混合物对水牛瘤胃甲烷产量、体外发酵参数、脂肪酸组成及瘤胃微生物数量的影响。选取3头体重约为（650±50） kg安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的母水牛作为瘤胃液的供体动物。试验共设4个组，每组5个重复，硝酸钠和延胡索酸二钠的添加比例分别为2：1、1：1、1：2，对照组不添加任何两者混合物。每组均添加0.25 mg·mL^-1的α-亚麻酸，试验组硝酸钠和延胡索酸二钠混合物浓度为1 mg·mL^-1。结果表明：1）添加不同比例硝酸钠和延胡索酸二钠混合物均可显著降低甲烷含量（P<0.05），平均降幅为90.63%；2）高剂量硝酸钠与低剂量延胡索酸二钠（2：1）混合添加时会导致总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）含量和大部分瘤胃微生物的数量显著降低（P<0.05），乙酸含量、乙酸/丙酸、花生戊烯酸（EPA）含量、共轭亚油酸（CLA）含量和不饱和脂肪酸/饱和脂肪酸（UFA/SFA）显著升高（P<0.05）；3）低剂量硝酸钠与高剂量延胡索酸二钠（1：2）混合时对TVFA含量、脂肪酸含量和瘤胃微生物数量无显著影响（P>0.05）；4）添加硝酸钠延胡索酸二钠同剂量（1：1）能显著升高EPA、CLA含量和UFA/SFA（P<0.05），但显著降低了水牛瘤胃溶纤维丁酸弧菌和非典型丁酸弧菌数量。由此可见，添加不同比例硝酸钠和延胡索酸二钠混合物均可降低甲烷产量，随着延胡索酸二钠添加比例的增加可以缓解硝酸钠对瘤胃发酵的不利影响。     

复合抗菌肽对山羊瘤胃发酵和酶活性的影响

本试验旨在探讨复合抗菌肽对饲喂不同精料饲粮山羊瘤胃发酵和酶活性的影响。选取18只4月龄雄性山羊,随机分3组,每组6只。对照组(Ⅰ组)、高精料组(Ⅱ组)、高精料抗菌肽组(Ⅲ组)分别饲喂300、600和600 g/(只·d)精料,同时Ⅲ组在精料中添加3.0 g/(只·d)复合抗菌肽。试验期为60 d。结果表明:1)与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ组瘤胃液乙酸、总挥发性脂肪酸(T-VFA)、甲烷(CH4)、氨态氮(NH3-N)、尿素氮、微生物蛋白(MCP)浓度与(乙酸+丁酸)/丙酸及木聚糖酶、脂肪酶活性极显著或显著增加(P0.01或P0.05),羧甲基纤维素酶(CMCase)、β-葡萄糖苷酶和淀粉酶活性极显著或显著降低(P0.01或P0.05),丙酸、丁酸浓度及果胶酶、中性蛋白酶活性无显著变化(P0.05)。2)与Ⅱ组相比,Ⅲ组瘤胃液丙酸、丁酸、NH3-N浓度及CMCase、果胶酶、中性蛋白酶及脂肪酶活性无显著变化(P0.05),乙酸、T-VFA、CH4、尿素氮浓度与(乙酸+丁酸)/丙酸及木聚糖酶活性极显著或显著降低(P0.01或P0.05),MCP浓度及β-葡萄糖苷酶、淀粉酶活性极显著或显著增加(P0.01或P0.05)。由此说明,复合抗菌肽可调节山羊瘤胃发酵模式,提高饲料利用率,是理想的饲料添加剂。     

Effect of plant oils and aspartate on rumen fermentation in vitro

The effect of plant oils and aspartate (ASP) on rumen fermentation in vitro. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of plant oils (rapeseed - RO, sunflower - SO; linseed - LO; 10% wt/wt) and 8 mmol sodium aspartate on rumen fermentation of a diet (250 mg) consisting of hay, barley and sugar beet molasses (60 : 30 : 10). Rumen fluid was collected from two Slovak Merino sheep fed the same diet twice daily. Mixed ruminal micro-organisms were incubated in fermentation fluid (40 ml) containing rumen fluid and McDougall's buffer (1 : 4). Incubations were carried out in batch cultures for 72 h at 39 degrees C two times in a 3-week intervals. When compared to the control, all supplemented diets (RO, SO, LO, ASP) significantly increased the pH, the mol% of propionate (LO + 8.7%; SO + 10.12%; RO + 8.65%; ASP + 5.86%) and the acetate : propionate ratio and numerically decreased methane production (SO -32.8%; LO, RO -30.08%; ASP -21.56%). Lactate production was also significantly decreased. Addition of plant oils to aspartate-treated incubations partly inhibited the decrease of n-butyrate, lactate and the increase of pH and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) caused by ASP treatment. The effect of combined additives (RO + ASP, SO + ASP, LO + ASP) on methane production SO + ASP (-19.23%) and mol% propionate SO + ASP (+2.66%), LO + ASP (+4.28%) was less effective. All combined additives caused a significant decrease in digestibility of the given feeds. No effect of plant oils and ASP could be observed on the parameters of rumen fermentation (mainly methane and propionate).     

延胡索酸二钠对瘤胃微生物体外发酵不同饲料成分的影响

以黑麦草、高羊茅、稻草、花生壳等粗料成分以及玉米、小麦、可溶性淀粉等精料成分为发酵底物研究了延胡索酸二钠对瘤胃微生物体外发酵的影响。结果表明,延胡索酸二钠显著提高了各种底物的发酵产气量(P<0.01),黑麦草粉、高羊茅草粉、稻草粉和花生壳粉的底物消失率分别比对照组提高了26.22%(P<0.05),14.16%(P<0.05),28.54%(P<0.01)和45.09%(P<0.05);延胡索酸二钠显著提高了小麦、玉米和可溶性淀粉的pH值(P<0.05),但对粗料无明显影响(P>0.05);小麦、玉米和可溶性淀粉处理组的乳酸浓度均低于对照组;各种底物的处理组的NH3-N浓度与对照组无明显差异(P>0.05);各种底物中,小麦的总挥发性脂肪酸(total volatile fatty acid)浓度最高,小麦处理组的乙酸浓度、丙酸浓度、丙酸比例均高于对照组(P<0.05);而乙酸丙酸比降低了0.18(P<0.01),延胡索酸二钠提高了所有底物的丙酸浓度及其比例。综合各指标的发酵情况,延胡索酸二钠对各种底物均有一定的效果,是一种潜在的反刍动物饲料添加剂。     

Dynamics of methanogenesis,ruminal fermentation and fiber digestibility in ruminants following elimination of protozoa: a meta-analysis

Background: Ruminal microbes are vital to the conversion of lignocellulose-rich plant materials into nutrients for ruminants.Although protozoa play a key role in linking ruminal microbial networks,the contribution of protozoa to rumen fermentation remains controversial; therefore,this meta-analysis was conducted to quantitatively summarize the temporal dynamics of methanogenesis,ruminal volatile fatty acid(VFA) profiles and dietary fiber digestibility in ruminants following the elimination of protozoa(also termed defaunation).A total of 49 studies from 22 publications were evaluated.Results: The results revealed that defaunation reduced methane production and shifted ruminal VFA profiles to consist of more propionate and less acetate and butyrate,but with a reduced total VFA concentration and decreased dietary fiber digestibility.However,these effects were diminished linearly,at different rates,with time during the first few weeks after defaunation,and eventually reached relative stability.The acetate to propionate ratio and methane production were increased at 7 and 11 wk after defaunation,respectively.Conclusions: Elimination of protozoa initially shifted the rumen fermentation toward the production of more propionate and less methane,but eventually toward the production of less propionate and more methane over time.     

体外研究反刍兽新月形单胞菌及与酵母联用对瘤胃微生物发酵的影响

利用体外批次培养技术,分别以羊草、玉米和淀粉为底物,研究了反刍兽新月形单胞菌L9菌株及其与酵母联用对瘤胃微生物发酵的影响。结果显示,以羊草为底物时,添加酵母可显著提高乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸、异戊酸和TVFA浓度(P<0.05),降低乳酸浓度(P<0.05),有降低乙丙比值的趋势(P=0.082),但对异丁酸及pH值无显著影响(P>0.10),添加L9菌可显著提高pH值、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、异戊酸和TVFA浓度(P<0.05),降低乳酸浓度和乙丙比值(P<0.05),但对异丁酸及戊酸浓度无显著影响(P>0.10),在影响pH值、丙酸、丁酸、异丁酸、异戊酸、TVFA浓度及乙丙比值方面,酵母与L9菌株间无显著的互作关系(P>0.10);在降低乳酸及戊酸浓度方面,酵母与L9菌株之间有显著的互作作用(P<0.05),在影响pH值及乙酸产量方面,酵母与L9菌之间有互作效应趋势。以玉米为底物时,添加酵母可显著提高pH值、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、异戊酸和TVFA浓度(P<0.05),降低乳酸浓度和乙丙比值(P<0.05),有提高戊酸浓度的趋势(P=0.082),但对异丁酸无显著影响(P>0.10),添加L9菌可显著提高pH值、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸、异戊酸和TVFA浓度(P<0.05),降低乳酸浓度和乙丙比值(P<0.05),但对异丁酸浓度无显著影响(P>0.10),在影响pH值、乳酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、异戊酸、TVFA浓度及乙丙比值方面,酵母与L9菌株间有显著的互作关系(P<0.05);在影响异丁酸及戊酸浓度方面,酵母与L9菌株之间无显著的互作作用(P>0.10)。以淀粉为底物时,添加酵母可显著提高pH值、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、异戊酸和TVFA浓度(P<0.05),降低乳酸浓度(P<0.05),但对戊酸、异丁酸浓度和乙丙比值无显著影响(P>0.10),添加L9菌可显著提高pH值、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸和TVFA浓度(P<0.05),降低乳酸浓度和乙丙比值(P<0.05),但对异丁酸和异戊酸浓度无显著影响(P>0.10),在影响pH值、乳酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、异戊酸、TVFA浓度及乙丙比值方面,酵母与L9菌株间有显著的互作关系(P<0.05);在影响异丁酸及戊酸浓度方面,酵母与L9菌株之间无显著的互作作用(P>0.10)。结果说明,添加酵母与L9菌株均可有效降低乳酸产量,且均可有效提高玉米及淀粉条件下发酵体系中的pH值,酵母与L9菌株联用更有助于发酵前期pH值的稳定。     

不同能量水平及玉米加工饲粮对瘤胃体外发酵参数的影响

利用体外产气法研究不同能量水平与不同加工方式玉米对瘤胃体外发酵参数的影响。试验以玉米秸秆为主要粗饲料来源设计精粗比为65∶35的等氮饲粮,选用玉米青贮与过瘤胃脂肪调整低、高能量水平,普通玉米与蒸汽压片玉米作为不同加工方式,采用2×2因子试验设计。结果表明,高能水平饲粮的理论最大产气量、48 h总产气量、干物质降解率均显著高于低能(P<0.05),普通玉米高能组的乙酸、丙酸含量显著高于低能组(P<0.05)。同一能量水平下,蒸汽压片处理组的48 h总产气量均显著高于普通玉米组(P<0.05);而低能条件下蒸汽压片组的总挥发酸、丙酸含量显著高于普通玉米组(P<0.05)。不同饲粮营养水平与体外产气参数相关性分析表明48 h总产气量与中性洗涤纤维(NDF)呈显著负相关(P<0.05),与中性洗涤可溶物(NDS)、非纤维性碳水化合物(NFC)和NDS/CP呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。因此,使用蒸汽压片方式处理玉米以及提高饲粮能量水平均可以显著增加体外发酵48 h总产气量;低能水平下,蒸汽压片玉米对改善瘤胃的发酵特性更为明显。     

Effect of Escherichia coli wild type or its derivative with high nitrite reductase activity on in vitro ruminal methanogenesis and nitrate/nitrite reduction

The effects of two kinds of Escherichia coli strains, wild-type E. coli W3110 or E. coli nir-Ptac, which has enhanced nitrite reduction activity, on in vitro CH4 production and nitrate and nitrite reduction in cultures of mixed ruminal microorganisms was investigated using continuous incubation systems. Escherichia coli nir-Ptac, a derivative of wild-type E. coli W3110, was constructed by replacing self promoter of nir BD operon encoding subunits of nitrite reductase in E. coli W3110 by tac promoter to make the expression of nir BD higher and constitutive. The nitrite reductase activity of E. coli nir-Ptac was approximately twice as high as E. coli W3110. The culture media consisted of 400 mL of strained ruminal fluid taken from two nonlactating Holstein cows receiving a basal diet of orchardgrass hay at maintenance level (55 g of DM/kg of BW0.75 daily), and 400 mL of autoclaved artificial saliva. Treatments were arranged in two separate 3 x 3 factorials consisting of nitrate (NaNO3; 0, 5, or 10 mM) without E. coli or inoculated with E. coli W3110 or E. coli nir-Ptac, or nitrite (NaNO2; 0, 1 or 2 mM) without E. coli or inoculated with E. coli W3110 or E. coli nir-Ptac. The control culture contained no chemical or microbial additives. Escherichia coli cells were inoculated into in vitro mixed ruminal cultures at approximately 2 x 10(8) to 10(9) cells/mL. Methane production by ruminal microorganisms was decreased markedly (P < 0.001) by the addition of nitrate and nitrite, and by the inoculation of cultures with E. coli W3110 or E. coli nir-Ptac (P < 0.01). With mixed nitrite-containing cultures, E. coli nir-Ptac inhibited (P < 0.001) in vitro nitrite accumulation and CH4 production more than E. coli W3110, which may be due to the tac promoter-enhanced nitrite reductase activity of E. coli nir-Ptac accelerating electrons to be consumed for nitrite reduction rather than CH4 biosynthesis. In conclusion, anaerobic cultures of E. coli W3110 or E. coli nir-Ptac may decrease CH4 production in the rumen. The inoculation of E. coli W3110 or, especially, E. coli nir-Ptac to mixed ruminal microorganisms may decrease nitrite toxicity when ruminants consume high-nitrate-containing forages and when nitrite is applied to abate ruminal CH4 production.     

Effects of supplemental zinc and manganese on ruminal fermentation, forage intake, and digestion by cattle fed prairie hay and urea

One in vitro and one in vivo metabolism experiment were conducted to examine the effects of supplemental Zn on ruminal parameters, digestion, and DMI by heifers fed low-quality prairie hay supplemented with urea. In Exp. 1, prairie hay was incubated in vitro for 24 h with five different concentrations of supplemental Zn (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 ppm) and two concentrations of supplemental Mn (0 and 100 ppm), both provided as chloride salts. Added Mn increased (P < 0.02) IVDMD, but added Zn linearly decreased (P < 0.03) IVDMD. Added Zn tended to increase the amount of residual urea linearly (P < 0.06) at 120 min and quadratically (P < 0.02) at 180 min of incubation, although added Mn counteracted these effects of added Zn. Six 363-kg heifers in two simultaneous 3 x 3 Latin squares were fed prairie hay and dosed once daily via ruminal cannulas with urea (45 or 90 g/d) and with Zn chloride to provide the equivalent of an additional 30 (the dietary requirement), 250, or 470 ppm of dietary Zn. After a 7-d adaptation period, ruminal contents were sampled 2, 4, 6, 12, 18, 21, and 24 h after the supplement was dosed. Supplemental Zn did not alter prairie hay DMI (mean = 4.9 kg/d) or digestibility, although 470 ppm added Zn tended to decrease (P < 0.06) intake of digestible DM, primarily due to a trend for reduced digestibility with 470 ppm supplemental Zn. Zinc x time interactions were detected for both pH (P = 0.06) and NH3 (P = 0.06). At 2 h after dosing, ruminal pH and ruminal ammonia were linearly decreased (P < 0.05; P < 0.01) by added Zn. At 5 h after feeding, ruminal pH was linearly increased (P < 0.05) by added Zn, suggesting that added Zn delayed ammonia release from urea. The molar proportion of propionate in ruminal fluid was linearly and quadratically increased (P < 0.02; P < 0.01) whereas the acetate:propionate ratio was linearly and quadratically decreased (P = 0.02; P < 0.05) by added Zn. Through retarding ammonia release from urea and increasing the proportion of propionate in ruminal VFA, Zn supplementation at a concentration of 250 ppm may decrease the likelihood of urea toxicity and increase energetic efficiency of ruminal fermentation.     

Effects of a blend of garlic oil,nitrate and fumarate on in vitro ruminal fermentation and microbial population

Although garlic oil and nitrate can effectively suppress ruminal methane (CH₄) production in vitro, the application of these compounds is associated with suppressed total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration. On the other hand, the effectiveness of fumarate as a ruminal CH₄ mitigating agent is variable but its application increases total VFA concentration. We therefore hypothesized that the different characteristics of the compounds can compensate for the shortcomings of the other. The objective of this study was to develop an optimal blend of garlic oil, nitrate and fumarate that can suppress in vitro ruminal CH₄ without affecting total VFA concentration. Three ruminal in vitro fermentation experiments were carried out. The first one, a one factor at a time experiment was employed to investigate the effective concentration of each of the compounds on CH₄ and VFA production by ruminal bacteria. We then applied the fractional factorial design and response surface methodology in the second experiment to determine optimal concentrations of the compounds in the blend. The optimal blending of garlic oil, fumarate and nitrate was determined to be 50 mg/l, 15 mm and 20 mm , respectively. This simulated optimal blend was verified in a 48 h in vitro batch fermentation experiment. The blend achieved the intended goal of suppressing CH₄ whilst maintaining total VFA concentration. The blend and nitrate suppressed archaea populations (p < 0.001) but did not affect the total microbial population (p = 0.945). The observed results could be explained by additive effects of the agents making up the blend. Supplementing a high concentrate diet with the blend can significantly decrease ruminal CH₄ and maintain total VFAin vitro. These findings however, need to be verified in vivo using the optimized ratio of combining the three methane inhibitors as a guide.     

脂肪酸添加剂对奶牛瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸和甲烷的影响

21头安装瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦产奶牛随机分为对照组和试验Ⅰ~Ⅵ组,每组3头,对照组饲喂全混日粮(TMR),试验Ⅰ~Ⅵ组每天饲喂TMR加50.0 g、100.0 g、150.0 g、200.0 g、250.0 g、300.0 g/头复合脂肪酸日粮,主要探讨复合脂肪酸对奶牛瘤胃甲烷(CH4)产量、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)、氨氮(NH3-N)浓度和pH值及产奶性能的影响。结果,TMR中每天添加150.0~200.0 g/头复合脂肪酸,明显(P<0.05)提高奶牛乳脂率和瘤胃乙酸浓度,显著(P<0.05)降低奶牛的CH4释放量、CH4能/GE值和瘤胃NH3-N浓度,对奶牛的标准乳(FCM)、乳干物质、乳蛋白和乳糖均有提高趋势,能有效地提高奶牛的经济效益和生态效益。     

不同精粗比饲粮中添加异位酸对体外瘤胃发酵的影响

本文旨在探讨不同精粗比饲粮中添加异位酸对体外瘤胃发酵的影响.选用4只体况良好、平均体重(25.48±1.51)kg、装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的阉割南江黄羊作为瘤胃液供体动物.用体外发酵法考察在3个精粗比(30∶70、50∶50和70∶30)饲粮中添加异位酸(1％)后的体外发酵参数变化.结果表明:经过24 h体外培养,不添加异位酸时,随精粗比由30∶70升高到70∶30,培养液pH、氨态氮(NH3-N)浓度、乙酸/丙酸和乙酸占总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)的比例均显著下降(P＜0.05);产气量及乙酸、丙酸和TVFA浓度和丙酸占TVFA的比例均显著提高(P＜0.05).当精粗比为30∶70时,添加异位酸pH无明显变化,NH3-N浓度下降,产气量及微生物蛋白质(MCP)和丁酸浓度上升,但各项指标差异均不显著(P＞0.05),而乙酸、丙酸和TVFA浓度均显著提高(P＜0.05).当精粗比为50∶50时,添加异位酸可显著降低NH3-N浓度(P＜0.05),提高产气量及MCP、乙酸、丙酸和TVFA浓度(P＜0.05),而对pH、丁酸浓度和乙酸/丙酸无显著影响(P＞0.05).当精粗比为70∶30时,添加异位酸NH3-N浓度显著下降(P＜0.05),产气量及MCP、乙酸、丙酸和TVFA浓度显著上升(P＜0.05),而对pH和乙酸/丙酸均无显著影响(P＞0.05).饲粮中添加异位酸有利于提高有机物的消化率和NH3-N的利用,增加MCP、乙酸、丙酸和TVFA的合成.在本试验中,对于MCP和TVFA的合成而言,精料比例越高,添加异位酸的效果越好.     

Effect of salinomycin level on nutrient digestibility and ruminal characteristics of sheep and feedlot performance of cattle

A sheep digestion trial and two feedlot trials with cattle were conducted to study effects of an ionophore, salinomycin, on nutrient digestibility, ruminal metabolism and cattle performance. In trial 1, addition of salinomycin at 5.5, 11 or 22 ppm to 60% concentrate diets fed to ruminal-cannulated rams had no effect (P greater than .05) on apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) or starch in comparison with control diets. Apparent nitrogen (N) digestibility was increased (P less than .05) in animals fed salinomycin. Salinomycin did not affect total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations in the rumen, but resulted in a linear (P less than .05) increase in molar proportion of propionate and a linear (P less than .05) decrease in molar proportions of acetate and butyrate and in acetate:propionate ratios. Shifts in VFA proportions were fully expressed within 4 d after salinomycin was added to the diet. In trial 2, salinomycin was added at 5.5, 11, 22 or 33 ppm to 85% concentrate diets fed to finishing steers. Salinomycin level had a quadratic effect (P less than .05) on daily weight gain and resulted in a quadratic (P less than .05) decrease in feed intake with a resultant average improvement of 10.3% in feed efficiency. Salinomycin (5.5, 11, 16.5 or 22 ppm) and monensin (22 ppm) were added to 90% concentrate diets in trial 3 and produced increased rates of gain without affecting feed intake.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Performance, methanogenesis and nitrogen metabolism of finishing steers fed monensin and nickel

Sixty-four Angus steers initially averaging 354 kg were allotted to a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to determine the effects of dietary Ni (0 or 5 mg/kg supplemental), monensin (0 or 33 mg/kg) and their possible interaction on performance, methane production and N metabolism. The basal diet was a high energy, corn-cottonseed hull based diet containing 10.2% crude protein and .30 mg/kg Ni on a dry matter basis. Monensin reduced (P less than .05) feed intake, did not affect average daily gain and improved (P less than .05) feed conversion over the 102-d study. Nickel supplementation did not significantly alter or interact with monensin to affect steer performance. However, steers fed Ni tended to have higher average daily gains and improved feed conversions. Monensin decreased (P less than .05) in vitro methane production, altered several carcass traits, increased (P less than .05) molar proportion of ruminal propionate and decreased (P less than .05) molar proportion of ruminal acetate. Nickel did not alter methane production, carcass characteristics or ruminal volatile fatty acid proportions. Both monensin and Ni increased (P less than .05) ruminal fluid urease activity when samples were obtained before feeding. A significant monensin X Ni interaction was found to affect ruminal epithelial urease activity. Monensin increased ruminal epithelial urease in steers not receiving supplemental Ni, but had no effect on ruminal epithelial urease activity in steers fed supplemental Ni. Ruminal fluid protein and ammonia-N were decreased (P less than .05) by monensin. Results of this study indicate that Ni may interact with monensin to affect ruminal epithelial urease activity but not performance or methane production in finishing steers.     

In vitro effects of the ionophore lysocellin on ruminal fermentation and microbial populations.

Batch and continuous culture techniques were used to evaluate the effect of the ionophore lysocellin on ruminal fermentation and microbial populations. In batch culture, .5 and 1 ppm (of the fluid) lysocellin markedly decreased (P less than .01) the acetate:propionate ratio without affecting fiber digestion, ammonia concentration, or culture pH. Greater concentrations of lysocellin had negative effects (P less than .05) on fiber digestion and increased (P less than .05) culture pH. In continuous culture, a low level of lysocellin (33 ppm of the diet DM or about .7 ppm of the fluid) decreased pH (P less than .05) and methane (P less than .05) production but had no effect on fiber digestion. Lysocellin tended to increase (P less than .05) OM digestion in corn-based diets but decreased OM digestion in barley-based diets (starch source x lysocellin interaction, P less than .05). In addition, the molar proportion of propionate was increased more in barley- than in corn-based diets. Total anaerobes and amylolytic and lactate-utilizing microorganisms were not affected by the ionophore. In continuous culture, cellulolytic and lactate-producing organisms were insensitive to lysocellin, but, in lysocellin-treated media, cellulolytic organisms were resistant, whereas lactic acid producers were sensitive to lysocellin at 4 ppm. In summary, the ionophore lysocellin alters ruminal fermentation by decreasing ruminal methane production and increasing the molar proportion of propionate; however, effects varied depending on whether corn or barley served as the primary starch source.