西施舌基因组DNA的提取及其RAPD反应条件的优化

通过实验比较获得了一种高效、简便的西施舌基因组DNA的提取方法,以该法提取的基因组DNA为模板,对西施舌RAPD分析中的DNA模板浓度、镁离子浓度、dNTPs浓度、引物浓度和Taq酶浓度进行了研究,初步确定了适于西施舌RAPD分析的最佳反应体系:25μL反应体系中,含模板DNA 25 ng,10×PCR缓冲液2.5μL,dNTPs 0.3 mmol/L,MgCl22.5 mmol/L,引物15 ng,Taq DNA聚合酶1.5U。     

荷斯坦奶牛RAPD反应条件的优化

以中国荷斯坦奶牛为实验材料,研究了Mg2+浓度、dNTPs浓度、引物浓度、模板DNA浓度、TaqDNA聚合酶,以及退火温度对RAPD反应的影响,建立一套适合中国荷斯坦牛的最佳RAPD反应体系。反应总体积为20μL,Mg2+浓度为2.5mmol/L,TaqDNA聚合酶浓度为1U,引物浓度为2μmol/L,dNTPs浓度为400μmol/L,模板DNA浓度为100ng。PCR反应程序:94℃预变性2min→40循环(94℃变性1min→36℃退火1min→72℃延伸1min)→72℃延伸5min。     

大麻哈鱼SRAP反应体系正交设计及优化

以大麻哈鱼基因组DNA为模板,利用相关序列多态性(SRAP)技术以及L25(56)正交试验和单因子试验方法,分析了不同浓度的TaqDNA聚合酶、引物、dNTPs、Mg2+、DNA模板对扩增结果的影响,最终确立的PCR最佳反应体系为15μl,该体系含有1×PCRbuffer,TaqDNA聚合酶0.75U,引物浓度0.3μmol/L,dNTPs浓度0.3mmol/L,Mg2+浓度2.5mmol/L,DNA模板100ng。利用此优化反应体系,获得了清晰、稳定、多态性高的DNA谱带。     

荷斯坦奶牛RAPD反应条件的优化

以中国荷斯坦奶牛为实验材料，研究了Mg^2＋浓度、dNTPs浓度、引物浓度、模板DNA浓度、TaqDNA聚合酶，以厦退火温度对RAPD反应的影响，建立一套适合中国荷斯坦牛的最佳RAPD反应体系，反应总体积为20μL。Mg^2＋浓度为2．5μmol／L，TaqDNA聚合酶浓度为1U，引物浓度为2μmol／L，dNTPs浓度为400μmol／L．模板DNA浓度为100ng。PCR反应程序：94℃预变性2min→40循环（94℃变性1 min→36℃退火1min→72℃延伸lmin）→72℃延伸5min．     

甘肃金鳟RAPD反应体系构建及优化

以甘肃金鳟尾鳍为试验材料,提取基因组DNA。对影响甘肃金鳟RAPD扩增的重要参数进行了优化试验,包括模板DNA浓度、dNTP浓度、引物浓度、Taq酶、变性时间、退火温度等,建立了甘肃金鳟RAPD反应的最适体系。即在25μl反应体系中:模板DNA用量为4.0 ng/μl;Mg2 浓度为2.5mmol/L;dNTP浓度为0.5 mmol/L;引物浓度为0.5μmol/L;Taq酶用量为1 U;扩增程序:94℃预变性4 min,94℃变性45 s,36℃退火50 s,72℃延伸1 min,共35个循环,最后延伸10 min。     

鳡鱼ISSR-PCR反应体系的正交优化

利用正交试验设计的方法,对鳡鱼ISSR-PCR反应体系中的Mg2+浓度、引物浓度、dNTPs浓度、DNA模板浓度及Taq DNA聚合酶浓度进行优化分析。建立了最佳ISSR-PCR反应体系,即25μL反应体系中含Mg2+2mmol/L、引物0.4μmol/L、dNTPs 0.2mmol/L、模板DNA 100ng、Taq DNA聚合酶1.0U。并在此基础上对退火温度和循环次数进行梯度试验,得到最佳退火温度为52℃,最佳循环次数35次。     

拟穴青蟹ISSR-PCR条件的优化

分析DNA模板、Mg2+、dNTPs、引物和Taq DNA聚合酶及甲酰胺、二甲基亚砜等对拟穴青蟹ISSR-PCR反应的影响.研究结果确定了获得清晰条带的模板DNA、Mg2+、dNTPs、引物、Taq DNA聚合酶的浓度范围分别为:模板DNA 8～50 ng/μl ,Taq DNA聚合酶0.75～1.0 U, Mg2+1.0～2.0 mmol/L(与引物密切相关),dNTP 0.15～0.20 mmol/L,引物浓度0.6～0.8 μmol/L.甲酰胺的添加并不能优化拟穴青蟹ISSR-PCR反应结果,而低浓度的二甲基亚砜可提高扩增产物的清晰度,但与引物相关.     

合浦珠母贝DNA的抽提和RAPD反应体系的优化

分别从保存于-70℃和95%乙醇的合浦珠母贝组织提取总DNA。结果表明,乙醇保存标本用双蒸馏水预处理后所提的DNA与-70℃保存的标本所提的DNA质量均较好。用抽提的DNA为模板优化RAPD条件,得到适合于合浦珠母贝的RAPDPCR反应条件为:20μL反应体系中包括20ngDNA模板,1×PCRBuffer,0.1mmol·L-1dNTPs,2.5mmol·L-1MgCl2,0.2μmol·L-1引物,1UTaqDNA聚合酶。最佳退火温度40℃。PCR产物用非变性PAGE银染和琼脂糖EB染色检测所得到的主要带型相同,但PAGE能检测到更多的多态带。     

鳜鱼SSR-PCR反应条件的优化探索

以鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)基因组DNA为试验材料,研究MgCl2浓度、dNTPs浓度、Taq DNA聚合酶3个反应参数对微卫星PCR的影响,建立一套适合鳜微卫星PCR反应的最佳体系.结果表明,在25μL的反应体系中,Mg2+、dNTPs、Taq DNA聚合酶3个参数的适宜浓度分别为1.2 mmol/L、0.2 μmol/L和0.04 U/μL.PCR反应程序为94℃变性5 min,94℃30 s,56℃ 1 min,72℃ 1 min,共30个循环,最后72℃延伸5 min.     

鲤浮肿病病毒环介导等温扩增(LAMP)检测方法的建立

本研究针对鲤浮肿病病毒(carp edema virus, CEV)基因组核蛋白编码基因P4a的序列,设计2对特异性引物,以克隆构建的重组质粒为标准模板,通过优化反应体系中引物浓度组合、Mg~(2+)浓度、dNTPs浓度、反应温度和扩增时间等参数,建立了CEV环介导等温扩增(loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP)检测方法。结果表明,CEV-LAMP方法的最佳反应温度为62℃,引物浓度组合为引物F3/B3 0.2μmol/L,引物FIP/BIP 1.2μmol/L, Betaine0.7 mol/L, Mg~(2+) 8.0 mmol/L, dNTPs 1.2 mmol/L,反应时间60 min。反应产物经凝胶电泳呈现梯型条带,添加SYBR Green I荧光染料后,呈现明显的绿色阳性反应。CEV-LAMP法灵敏度高,最低检测限为10 copies/μL,较常规PCR法灵敏度高100倍; CEV-LAMP法特异性强,与锦鲤疱疹病毒(KHV)、鲤疱疹病毒Ⅱ型(CyHV-2)、鳜传染性脾肾坏死病毒(ISKNV)及鲤春病毒血症病毒(SVCV)无交叉反应。CEV-LAMP应用于患病鲤样本检测结果准确,简便快速,可为鲤浮肿病的现场诊断与防控提供技术支撑。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.