水稻早世代稳定特异性的研究

利用9个具有早世代稳定遗传特性的水稻品系和7个栽培稻作为主体亲本杂交配组，在130个组合F2群体963个株系中，发现28个组合中出现73个稳定株系。遗传分析表明水稻早世代稳定既不是质量性状遗传也不是数量性状遗传，是按株群分离的遗传方式，出现稳定株系的组合F1群体发生了分离，F2群体中既有性状不分离的稳定株系又有孟德尔     

基于“多基因聚合-早世代组配”策略的水稻分子改良研究

传统水稻育种技术最主要瓶颈是选择效率低和周期长。为了提高水稻优异材料选育和杂交稻组配效率,创新水稻分子育种策略,利用分子标记辅助选择多基因聚合和早世代杂交组配,展开水稻恢复系分子改良和杂交新组合的调查评价。供体亲本H318与恢复系亲本华占进行杂交,通过选择和设计关键有利基因的分子标记,利用毛细管电泳基因分型技术,将Wxb、fgr、Xa23、Pi2、Pi46以及Pita 6个稻米品质、香味、抗白叶枯病和抗稻瘟病相关功能基因进行聚合利用。通过多世代的田间生物学性状调查,米质、抗性等表型鉴定,获得14份以恢复系华占为遗传背景,目标基因纯合的优质、双抗和香型稳定的水稻株系。依据材料稳定遗传特性,将改良后代株系与生产应用的不育系进行测配和组合的调查评价,筛选获得潜在优良杂交稻。在育种进程中采用"多基因聚合-早世代组配"策略,实现多个有利基因快速聚合,定向改良稻米品质和抗病性等关键性状,并且促进杂交水稻组合的高效选育。     

一种新型水稻的研究进展(综述)

早稳型水稻是一种新型的杂交水稻,它由三倍体与二倍体杂交产生的F2代的稳定株系选育而成,具有新颖性、可遗传的早代稳定等特点,其F2代稳定这一特异现象难以用经典的遗传学理论解释,现有的研究表明一种特殊的基因控制着早代稳定的遗传,但对这一特殊的基因有待进一步的研究证实.目前对这种新型杂交水稻的深入研究在胚胎学、     

同源四倍体和二倍体水稻香味的遗传分析

本研究用1.7%KOH 溶液浸泡叶片法分析了同源四倍体水稻和二倍体水稻的香味遗传。采用的香稻品种:香籽、香芒糯、京香1号和早香17。包含1个香稻品种的各种杂交组合的 F_1植株均无香味。在 F_2代,4个四倍体杂交组合无香味与有香味植株的分离比例符合35∶1,5个二倍体杂交组合的分离比例符合3∶1,而且正反交的分离比例没有差别。     

水稻早世代稳定株系的农艺性状分析

育种实践表明，水稻品种间和亚种间杂交后代农艺性状发生疯狂分离，纯合个体的出现一般需经7~10代，5~8年^[1,2]。采用花培^[3,4]和远缘杂交染色体消除技术^[5,6]虽已应用于缩短作物育种时间，但仍耗时耗力。在作物如小麦、大麦、花生、水稻 ^[8~13]等育种实践中，偶尔会遇到杂种F2不分离的现象。吴先军等^[11]提出了水稻早世代稳定现象的概念，即水稻杂交后代F3以前出现农艺性状整齐一致、以后世代不分离的遗传现象。由于水稻早世代稳定现象在育种中具有巨大的应用潜力，对其遗传机制和育种应用进行深入而系统的研究具有重大的理论探讨价值和现实意义。     

不同倍性杂交后代桑叶品质性状的遗传特性

旨在揭示桑树杂交后代群体的遗传特性,为种质创新和品种遗传改良提供技术和理论支撑。以桑树2个不同倍性杂交亲本和组合后代群体为材料,对其桑叶中主要营养成分、活性物质含量和体外抗氧化能力等品质性状的遗传变异进行了研究。结果表明:杂交组合后代群体中不同性状遗传差异较大,其中水分和灰分含量性状遗传相对稳定,而可溶性糖、粗蛋白、粗纤维、多酚类、黄酮类物质含量及体外总抗氧化能力、清除·OH能力等变异系数较大。杂交组合后代群体中桑叶营养物质含量均值均小于相应亲本均值,活性物质含量及体外抗氧化能力均值均高于相应亲本均值。对桑树杂交后代进行优良单株筛选可获得较高的遗传增益。     

CIMMYT牧草与普通玉米杂交后植物学形态变异研究

[研究目的]为发掘利用CIMMYT牧草生长繁茂和抗逆能力强等优良遗传特性,改良普通玉米材料的抗逆性和创制新型饲草材料.[方法]以CIMMYT牧草和4个普通玉米自交系为遗传交配材料,比较研究了CIMMYT牧草和4个杂交(回交)后代材料的植物学形态特征及其与普通玉米的差异.[结果]CIMMYT牧草能将其生长繁茂、分蘖力强、生物产量高的特性遗传给杂交后代材料,并有较强的世代传递能力;该牧草幼苗、植株及其生长习性、花器官、种子特征等与普通玉米差异明显,其与普通玉米的杂交后代基本保持了它的生长发育特性,但花器官和种子特征更偏向于普通玉米;回交后代除保持了一定的分蘖特性、明显的多穗和返祖现象外,其余特征特性与普通玉米基本没有区别.[结论] CIMMYT牧草生长繁茂和生物产量高的特性能遗传给杂交后代,世代传递能力较强,通过遗传改良途径,能将CIM-MYT牧草的优良特性转育到普通玉米中,培育出饲草玉米育种新材料.     

水稻亚种间、品种间杂交揭示杂草稻的起源和进化

杂草稻是在稻田或可耕地周边生长的类似杂草并兼有野生稻和栽培稻特性的稻属植株或群体。迄今对杂草稻的发生和进化尚有很多的争论和假说,本研究通过水稻亚种间和品种间的杂交试验以及亲本与杂交后代籼粳分化分子标记的遗传分析,对杂草稻起源和进化途径进行了探讨并提出了相应的防控策略。研究结果显示:亚种间和品种间特定亲本杂交组合(7个籼/粳,4个籼/籼)的后代中均可分离出类似杂草稻的植株,其频率为籼/粳>籼/籼;籼粳交或籼籼交F2-F4代群体中产生类似杂草稻植株的频率随世代增加呈现递增趋势(F2最低为1.26%,F4最高为15.35%),这与双亲的遗传背景有密切关系,即籼、粳亚种的遗传背景差距越大,其杂交组合后代中产生杂草稻的机率越高;籼/粳交组合安山稻/9311F3代分离群体中类似杂草稻的植株以籼型为主(占52.8%);韩国粳稻品种安山稻在籼粳组合中不论作母本或父本,杂交后代都易产生类似杂草稻单株,这可能与其籼粳组分遗传异质性较高有关;粳/粳组合后代中未鉴定出类似杂草稻的植株,预示粳稻品种间杂交可能不易产生杂草稻。本研究为杂草稻的防控和利用研究提供参考依据。     

桑树不同倍性杂交后代桑叶品质性状的遗传特性

为分析桑树杂交后代桑叶品质性状的遗传特性,对种质创新和品种遗传改良提供材料、技术和理论支持,本研究以2个不同倍性桑树杂交亲本和组合后代群体为材料,通过对桑叶中水分、灰分、可溶性糖、粗蛋白、粗纤维、多酚类物质、黄酮类物质含量及体外总抗氧化能力等指标的测定,研究了桑叶品质性状的遗传倾向。研究结果表明：2个组合所有杂交后代不同性状遗传差异较大,其中桑叶中水分和灰分含量2个性状变异系数小于10%,遗传相对稳定,而可溶性糖、粗蛋白、粗纤维、多酚类、黄酮类物质含量及体外总抗氧化能力、清除.OH能力等变异系数较大,遗传多样性丰富,在群体中选择特异性状单株具有很大潜力。2个杂交组合后代群体中桑叶营养物质(水分、灰分、可溶性糖、粗蛋白和粗纤维)含量均值均小于相应亲本均值;活性物质(多酚类、黄酮类)含量及体外抗氧化能力(总抗氧化能力、清除.OH能力)均值均高于相应亲本均值,对杂交后代进行优良单株筛选可获得较高的遗传增益。综合分析杂交后代桑叶品质性状的遗传特性,可为桑树种质创新和品种遗传改良提供材料、技术和理论支持。     

小豆杂交F2世代结荚高度遗传变异及选择策略

选用不同结荚高度的5个小豆亲本材料进行杂交,研究4个杂交组合F2世代结荚高度性状的遗传变异。结果表明：各组合结荚高度在该世代均有较丰富的变异;含有高结荚亲本的3个组合F2世代,结荚高度均出现个别超高亲材料,遗传力为62.48%~74.49%,可以在早世代进行较严格的选择。从遗传进度值看,3个组合F2世代群体,都具有将结荚高度提高5cm以上的选择空间。相关性研究表明,小豆结荚高度性状表现在不同种植环境条件下,具有较好的相对稳定性;杂交后代结荚高度可在播种后9d~18d通过第一节高度进行间接鉴定。文章讨论了播种技术环节和施肥对小豆结荚高度的影响。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Evolution under domestication involving disturbance of genic balance

Summary An hypothesis is developed that the rapid change from wild plants into domesticated crops principally involves the selection of alleles with non-functional gene products which leads to reduced control of the highly integrated metabolism and morphogenesis previously accumulated by lengthy natural selection. Such disturbance of the genome produces altered physiological and morphological development which, although deleterious in nature, serves mankind better and has been selected.     

Genetic variation for disease and nematode resistances and forage quality in perennial diploid and tetraploid lucerne populations (Medicago sativa L.)

Summary Twenty-five lucerne populations of the Medicago sativa complex, which were either diploid or tetraploid and wild or cultivated, were analysed for their resistance to four different fungal diseases and to stem nematode. Forage quality, including stem digestibility and saponin content, was also tested.Populations varied in susceptibility to the diseases caused by Colletotrichum trifolii, Verticillium albo-atrum, Sclerotinia trifoliorum and Pseudopezizza medicaginis, and to the nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci. Except for Sclerotinia rot, sativa and falcata subspecies differed in susceptibility, but this grouping of populations did not account for the full range of variation among them. However, the resistance to P. medicaginis was much lower in the sativa than in the falcata populations.Populations also varied significantly in stem fiber content and digestibility. Stem digestibility was negatively correlated to forage yield. Wild sativa and falcata populations had lower fiber content and higher digestibility than cultivated sativa populations. The medicagenic acid was the sapogenin responsible for the anti-nutritional effect of the lucerne measured by the yellow mealworm larvae Tenebrio molitor. The medicagenic acid content was lowest for the pure sativa populations, highest for the pure falcata populations, and intermediate for the French sativa varieties that have some traits originating from falcata germplasm. Some populations could be used in breeding programs to improve disease and nematode resistance, and forage quality.     

Review of Effects of Active Components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on Central Nervous System

In order to explore the pharmacological effects of active components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on the central nervous system,through consulting related literatures,...     

Effects of Pb on Rhizosphere Soil Enzyme Activity and Chemical Constituents of Achyranthes bidentata Blume

[Objectives]The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Pb on rhizosphere soil enzyme activity and chemical constituents of Achyranthes bidentat...     

不同P-Zn配比对小麦幼苗微量元素营养的影响

采用了螯合-缓冲营养液培养方法对小麦进行了苗期培养试验,在3个P水平(0,0.6,3.0 mmol/L)和3个Zn水平(0,3,30 μmol/L)的完全组合下对小麦苗期生长及Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养进行了研究,旨在为小麦微肥施用提供理论依据.结果表明,P、Zn的正常供应促进了小麦生长,二者的缺乏与过量均会抑制小麦发育,且这种影响在冠部表现得更为明显.在小麦苗期,Zn与Cu的吸收存在明显的拮抗作用,但供Zn则促进了Zn和Cu的转运,而Mn转运则受到了抑制;过量供Zn时,大量Zn被转运到冠部,同时明显抑制了(Fe+Cu+Mn)的吸收总量;P的供应显著地抑制了Fe的吸收,但P的供应提高了Zn、Cu、Mn的转运率;P、Zn在对Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn间吸收竞争的影响中,Zn本身的影响要比P的影响更为明显,供Zn明显促进了小麦幼苗对Zn的吸收;在小麦幼苗冠部,Zn与Fe的竞争中,供P利于Zn的吸收,缺P则利于Fe的吸收;而Zn与Cu以及Zn与Mn间的竞争中,缺磷时利于Zn的吸收,供磷后则利于Cu和Mn的吸收.总之,小麦幼苗Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养中,P、Zn的不同配比会不同程度地改变Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn的协同或拮抗效应.     

Isozyme variation between diploid and tetraploid cytotypes of Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth.

Summary Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth. is a wild perennial species related to the cultivated soybean, G. max (L.) Merr. It is composed of diploid (2n=40) and tetraploid (2n=80) cytotypes. Currently, to differentiate the cytotypes, plants are grown out in the greenhouse and chromosome counts made on pollen mother cells. It is a laborious and time consuming process. The objective of this study was to determine whether electrophoretic techniques could be utilized to separate the cytotypes. Electrophoretic examination of seven isozyme systems from seed of 67 G. tabacina accessions revealed banding patterns that could be used to differentiate between diploid and tetraploid cytotypes in the species. Among the tetraploid accessions, the number of bands observed were always greater than the diploids. Some tetraploid banding patterns consisted of bands similar to the diploid tabacina and/or additional bands previously identified in other Glycine species. The patterns of isozyme multiplicity and variation in the tetraploid tabacinas suggests more than one mode of origin for the tetraploids.     

Some physiological and photosynthetic characters of rice × sorghum and rice × wheat hybrids

Summary Some photosynthetic characters as-leaf anatomy, leaf photosynthetic rate and CO₂ compensation pointdistinguishing C₃ and C₄ plants and physiological characters as leaf area ratio, nitrogen content, leaf stem ratio and total shoot-to-root and deep root-to-shoot ratios have been studied in rice × sorghum and rice × wheat hybrids. Rice × sorghum 1. has lower values of photosynthetic rate, leaf nitrogen, total root and deep root-to-shoot ratio and CO₂ compensation point as of rice parent where as, rice × sorghym 2. is superior in all these characters. Both hybrids lack kranz anatomy. Though both rice × sorghum hybrids show characters of C₃ rice plant but rice × sorghum 2. has improved drought tolerance and leaf characters in relation to yield. Rice × wheat hybrid have higher assimilatory area and higher total root-to-shoot ratio. Grains of rice × wheat hybrids are identical to rice grain. However, as grains of rice × wheat hybrid does not contain seed coat, it could be exploited as novel rice germplasm after improvement.Abbreviations T CO₂ compensation point - T21 CO₂ compensation point at 21% O₂ - T2 CO₂ compensation point at 2% O₂ - dR/sR deep Root-to-shoot Ratio - LAR Leaf Area Ratio - CER photosynthetic rate - TR/SR Total Root-to-Shoot Ratio