鸡球虫病免疫:Ⅰ.球虫病特点和免疫原理

采用免疫方法控制球虫病已经成为一种趋势，因为它可以从根本上免除球虫抗药性和肉蛋品药残带来的一系列问题。但是随着进入市场球虫病疫苗种类的增多也带来不少问题。球虫病疫苗有毒苗和弱毒苗之分．有三价、四价、五价、七价甚至八价之分。有商品肉鸡用的，也有种鸡用的。商家宣传也各有动人之处，令人眼花缭乱．不知何以适从?如果你了解了球虫和球虫病的重要特点，了解了球虫免疫的原理就能够释疑解惑，就能够理性地选择和正确使用球虫病疫苗。本文拟就上述几个方面介绍，以飧读者。     

鸡球虫病免疫技术要点

在鸡的各种传染病中,球虫病是发生率较高的,尤其是集约化养鸡场更易暴发球虫病。由于球虫病造成的死亡和生产能力下降,以及治疗过程中产生的药残等问题,给我国养鸡业带来了巨大损失。采用免疫方法减少球虫病的发生。是减少损失的有效措施。（1）疫苗选择与保存。建议选择联合苗，用此类疫苗免疫，效果最为理想。球虫疫苗对温度比较敏感，适宜的温度为2—8℃。     

球虫病免疫拉制之二:肉鸡球虫疫苗免疫操作规程和现场管理

鸡球虫病是严重危害养鸡生产的肠道疾病之一,每年在全球造成养鸡业损失达到30亿美元。药物防治带来耐药性、药物残留问题,而球虫疫苗更加安全有效,免疫保护效果可保持到肉鸡出栏。本文论述球虫疫苗的种类、免疫操作规范和现场管理要点,为肉鸡球虫病的防控提供参考。     

谈谈影响鸡球虫病疫苗免疫效果的因素

鸡球虫病是一种危害严重的寄生虫病。鸡球虫病疫苗是近几年开发出的一类逐渐被用户所认识并接受的新产品。它的使用，解决了生产实际中药残高、球虫易产生耐药性等许多难题。由于球虫病疫苗既符合现代绿色食品的需要，又可解决药残高、球虫易产生耐药性等问题，因此具有广阔的应用前景。但多数用户对该类产品的特性和用法不很了解，疫苗的保存或使用因操作不当而造成免疫失败时有发生，因此，正确认识影响鸡球虫病疫苗免疫效果的因素非常重要。     

鸡球虫病疫苗免疫的机理和效果分析

鸡球虫病一直困扰着养殖业,是一种严重危害养鸡业发展的寄生虫病。几乎所有鸡场都存在本病。近年来,理想的球虫疫苗免疫带来了新的希望。本文就球虫病疫苗免疫的若干事宜进行探讨。     

球虫免疫和疫苗研究的进展

球虫免疫和疫苗研究的进展山于集约饲养家禽，球虫病仍然是一个全球性，对养禽业具有经济意义的重要疾病．球虫病通常是靠化学药物控制的，因而增加了发生球虫的抗药虫株，急需发展替换的战略．发展有效的球虫班苗是可能的，因为这种寄生虫的自然感染是自我控制的，并且最...     

强效艾美耳牌鸡球虫疫苗免疫效果的研究

本实验研究了强效艾美耳牌鸡球虫疫苗免疫预防鸡球虫病的效果。实验结果表明：强效艾美耳牌鸡球虫疫苗是安全有效的，基保滴服免疫的效果优于拌料免疫，滴服免疫不仅对攻毒后鸡有100％的保护效果，而且能有效地控制球虫病的发生，对小鸡的生长也有明显的保护作用。与常用抗球虫药氯苯胍相比，强效艾美耳牌鸡球虫疫苗预防鸡球虫病的效果优于氯苯胍，其对小鸡增重率、料肉比显示的效果也优于氯苯胍。     

两种球虫疫苗对肉仔鸡的免疫效果

本试验就目前市场现有的强、弱毒两种球虫疫苗对肉仔鸡进行了免疫试验。结果是强毒株疫苗组进行一次免疫与弱毒株疫苗组二次免疫效果相同，而且每只上市肉仔鸡提高效益0．208元。为今后如何选择球虫疫苗防治鸡球虫病提供依据。现将试验方法和试验结果报道如下。     

鸡球虫DNA疫苗研究进展

鸡球虫病是严重危害养禽业的一种寄生虫病。一直以来,鸡球虫病主要依靠药物来进行防制。但是,随着球虫抗药性问题的日益严重、抗球虫新药开发困难及人们对食品安全的关注,药物在球虫病控制中的作用越来越受到限制,因而人们期望用更好的手段来控制鸡球虫病。DNA疫苗是近年发展起来的一种新型疫苗,因其安全、稳定、高效和易于制备而得到广泛研究。随着鸡球虫保护性抗原基因的不断发现,以及对细胞因子等免疫佐剂在抗球虫感染中的作用不断深入探索,鸡球虫DNA疫苗的研究引起人们的广泛关注和极大兴趣。本文就鸡球虫DNA疫苗作用机理、抗原基因、载体、免疫佐剂、免疫途径、免疫剂量、免疫程序及DNA疫苗研究进展方面展开一系列论述。     

鸡球虫微囊型疫苗的研制及免疫效果

研制了微囊型鸡球虫疫苗并对其免疫效果进行探讨。结果表明,强毒微囊组获得的饲养效果最好,其相对增重率和相对饲料转换率分别为104.8%和100%;弱毒水剂组为74.1%和136%,而弱毒微囊组为49.4%和188%。强毒微囊组对球虫病的控制效果也明显好于其他组,其发病率、病变记分、血便记分分别为20%,6分和3分,而弱毒水剂组和弱毒微囊组分别为40%、10分、7分和50%、18分、8分。所研制的这种新型微囊球虫疫苗,具有使用方便,节省人力物力;疫苗大小适中,流动性好容易与小鸡饲料混合均匀等优点。由于微囊型球虫疫苗投服方便,因此能适合各种规模的鸡场使用,也适合鸡场进行多次或长期免疫使用。这种微囊剂型球虫疫苗的进一步完善和推广应用,可为我国鸡球虫病的免疫预防提供新的剂型。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.