Research in Non-Timber Forest Products

Abstract

Summary Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) have emerged as a complex set of issues reflecting changes in society and how natural resources are regarded. These issues range from the sustainability of forest management practices to the relationship of diverse cultures and communities to public lands and their resources. Research and its relationship to this set of issues is a relatively unknown aspect of NTFPs.

This paper reports on early NTFP research by scientists in the USDA Forest Service's Pacific Northwest Research Station. It characterizes efforts over approximately five years and identifies their key elements. It also discusses the role research has and could play in addressing the problems and questions associated with NTFPs and sustainable forestry .     

An Overview of Non-Timber Forest Products in the United States Today

Summary

As people become more interested in personal health and family activities, demand for wild forest products has increased. This increased demand coupled with an increased concern for sustainable m anagement practices has focused attention on the variety of issues and products involved in the non-timber forest products industry. Forest management organizations have gradually increased funding for research and management of non-timber forest products over the past two decades. The broad categories of U.S. non-timber forest products include floral greens, Christmas greens, ornamentals and craft materials, wild edibles, medicinals, ceremonials/culturals, and native transplants. The increase in resource pressure has had many policy reactions, including restricted access, harvesting fees, and harvest limits. Opportunities for public input to policy decisions on federal, state and private land are often unclear or nonexistent. Researchers, managers, and policy makers are working to understand the multitude of issues surrounding non-timber forest products, including biology, management, public policy and equity issues.     

退耕还林地经济林发展问题探讨

阐述目前退耕还林工程退耕地还经济林发展现状,分析退耕地经济林发展中存在的主要问题与原因,提出对策建议。     

新疆精河县经济林资源现状分析

掌握好经济林资源动态,对于指导区域林业生产、科学规划、合理经营具有重要的意义。利用遥感、地理信息系统和全球定位系统技术,结合实地调查,对精河县经济林资源树种、品种的面积进行了分析。结果表明:精河县经济林总面积7 210.71hm2,其中精河枸杞面积为7 043.08hm2,盛产期精河枸杞面积为3 140.96hm2。     

华南地区林木种质资源保存和利用初探

林木种质资源的保存与利用对林业可持续发展有重要意义,文章阐述了我国华南地区林木种质资源保存和利用的意义、原则和途径,讨论与分析了其现存的主要问题,提出了华南地区林木种质资源保存和利用的具体策略和建议。     

南方经济林经营管理策略

根据南方经济林生产现状,分析了南方经济林生产与管理中存在的问题,结合国内外市场对经济林产品需求,提出了保障南方经济林健康,稳定,持续发展的经营管理策略。     

浙南次生阔叶林群落结构特征研究

浙南次生阔叶树种资源丰富,常见的自然恢复乔木阔叶树种达60余个,频度大于10%的有青冈、木荷、苦槠、白栎、甜槠、枫香、红楠、野漆、栲树、樟、冬青、檫木、野柿和杨梅14个;但树种总量较为集中,其中青冈、木荷、苦槠和白栎4个树种的立木总量占全部阔叶树种的65.14%。天然恢复条件下林分一般由1～5个乔木树种组成,其中乔木树种4个以下的占48.3%,乔木阔叶树种4个以下的占乔木树种4个以下的57.4%,只有10%的样地乔木树种数量超过10个;单位面积的乔木树种在3000株/hm2以下的占89.9%,不足2000株的占78.7%,1000株以下的占32.6%。根据各样地乔木层主要树种的重要值,浙南次生常绿阔叶林中青冈、苦槠、木荷、甜槠、枫香、石栎、米槠等种群为群落的优势种群。     

南方集体林区森林资源产权变动管理对策研究

从森林资源产权完整性的角度考察认为,南方集体林区森林资源产权经历了四次较大的变动,指出当前南方集体林森林资源产权变动管理中主要存在产权不清、主体虚置、评估体系不健全、公益林补偿不到位、产权主体利益受损、监督机制不健全等问题。提出通过构建森林资源产权监管制度、规范森林资源产权变动、建立生态公益林权益补偿管理制度、改革商品林管理制度、建立森林资源产权信息系统等5项对策,以促进森林资源产权变动管理,保护森林资源产权主体合法权益。     

Non-Timber Forest Products Marketing Systems and Market Players in Southwest Virginia

Abstract

Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are important in rural southwest Virginia as a source of household income. Marketing system of crafts, medicinal and herbal, and specialty wood products are studied using exploratory and qualitative research methods. Fifty market players at various levels in marketing chains are interviewed to get the information on elements of marketing system -products, product differentiation, value addition, pricing, promotion, distribution, and marketing chains. NTFP trade is a common phenomenon in southwest Virginia. The greatest opportunity exists for local level marketing of crafts and specialty wood products. In the case of medicinal and herbal products, very little local value addition takes place within the region, and as a result local market players have little control. Policy interventions are required to enhance the returns to local collectors, which will also contribute to sustainable management of forest resources.     

森林资源资产评估咨询人员教育培训探讨

在分析森林资源资产评估咨询人员教育培训现状和问题的基础上,提出了现阶段加强森林资源资产评估咨询人员教育培训的建议,包括建立健全教育培训管理机构、制定教育培训规划、加强培训基地和培训师资队伍建设、强化培训评估、增加经费投入、开展森林资源资产评估学历教育等。旨在为建立森林资源资产评估师制度提供参考和借鉴。     

数码相机用于经济林生态测量的探讨

随着高性能数码相机的普及及图像处理技术的提高，普通数码相机可作为简便易行的经济林生态形态图像传感器。根据数字近景摄影测量原理，初步探讨了利用数码相机及相关图像软件直接进行经济林三维生态测量的方法。结果表明该方法可获得较满意的测量精度。     

Living on the forests: Women and household security in Nigeria

A survey was conducted to obtain information about the use of forest products by rural women for sustaining food and financial security at household level in the Nigerian rainforest zone. Data analysis reveals that the rural women are heavily engaged in harvesting, processing and marketing of forest products; collection of forest products is a specialised activity based on acquired skills and an ecological knowledge of the forests; and collection of medicinal plants is shrewd in secrecy and involves the performance of rituals. Net income generated from natural forests by rural women in the study area varies from about N23,000 to N113,080 per household per season. Forest regeneration has received little attention from both the rural communities and government and this tends to undermine sustained use of the forests.     

基于特色专业的森林工程人才质量培养体系的研究

森林工程专业作为特色专业适应当前经济发展的新要求,制定出以综合素质教育为主线、以创新为重点的人才培养体系,优化教学资源,创新教学方法,提高师资队伍水平,搭建创新平台,从而激发学生的创新能动力,培养出市场化、信息化和国际化的创新型人才。     

南方山地型森林公园建筑的自然生态化设计

森林公园中建筑风格的城市化、异域化、精品化已经成为影响森林公园吸引力的主要因素之一 ,更为严重的是这些建筑破坏了森林公园的自然原生性 ,形成视觉污染 ,有些还对生态环境造成了破坏。这里就建筑如何与自然环境协调及降低生态干扰进行了分析     

集体林权制度改革对南方速生丰产用材林经营的影响分析

南方集体林区是我国速生丰产用材林建设的重点地区。通过对江西、福建、广东、广西速生丰产用材林经营模式的问卷调查,探讨了集体林权制度改革对南方速生丰产用材林经营的影响。调查分析认为,林改后南方集体林区营造速生丰产用材林必须达到一定的规模,以合作组织方式组织经营生产和木材供应;应克服各种影响因素,集约经营,开拓融资渠道,通过高投入高收入的经济模式,不断提高林农经济收入。     

德钦县燕门乡非木材林产品保护与利用情况调查

运用社会调查学、参与式农村调查评估(PRA)、林业快速评估(FRA)方法对澜沧江流域德钦县燕门乡4个村10个村民小组居民的非木材林产品的利用和保护情况作了调查,结论为社区群众利用非木材林产品种类有7大类上千种.依据各自生活条件和所处环境的不同,利用方式和特点各不相同,但存在原始性和过度性利用的特点.在非木材林产品的利用中虽有各级政府及职能部门的干预以及"村规民约"的管理模式,但仍存在许多问题难以实现有效的管理.针对存在的问题,提出了相应的对策和建议.     

中国南部天然常绿阔叶林的地上生物量、净初级生产力、养分分布和养分利用效率

在中国南部的江西九连山自然保护区,观测研究了天然常绿阔叶林的地上生物量、地上NPP(净初级生产力)、养分的积累和分布,以及不同生活型树种的养分利用效率.在两个样地,用相对生长回归法和收获法测定了地上生物量,数值各约为340和270t/hm2,其中叶生物量约为9.6t/hm2.地上NPP约为年9.9t/hm2,其中叶生产力占44％.各种一般养分(N,P,K,Ca,Mg,Na)在森林生态系统中积累的特点是,Na和N在矿质土壤中有高的相对分布,K和Mg属中间地位,Ca和P则高分布于地上生物量中.氮的养分利用效率(NUE)、平均停留时间(MRT)和年生产力(A)表明,针叶树是氮的最高效的利用者,常绿阔叶树次之,落叶树在氮的利用上是最低效的.     

南方林区生物防火林带建设初探

经生物防火林带工程建设的实践和探索。根据生物防火林带的作用机理,模拟湿润亚热带地区顶极植被常绿阔叶林的生物多样性、生活型组成类型和结构的复杂性,结合建设地不同林地的实际情况,提出针叶林地、针阔混交林地、毛竹林地、果园、灌木林地及乔木树种疏林地的生物防火林带建设技术。旨在较短时期(4～6年)内产生阻隔林火效能,减免森林火灾所造成的损失。为人类的生存、经济社会的发展提供资源保障。     

Needs of private forest owners in the context of changing political systems: Lithuania as a case study

During the first half of the 20^th century the Baltic States were independent democratic nations where private forest ownership was practiced. After annexation to the Soviet Union, individuals in the Baltic States lost their ownership rights and collective ownership was introduced. Currently, after the break-up of the Soviet Union, the land restitution process in the forest sector is coming to an end and the ownership pattern as well as tenure rights are settled. A survey was undertaken to investigate the current state of the private forest sector in general, and the needs and expectations of private forest owners (PFO). Results of the study indicated that for private forest owners their forests first of all provide aesthetic and environmental protection values. Lithuanian PFOs lack information of forests and forest management, face extensive bureaucracy and need help in protecting their forests from fires, diseases and timber thieves.     

基于GIS平台的林火景观格局研究构想

现代林火管理需要在整合森林防灭火信息的基础上,对林火发生、发展、蔓延以及可燃物景观格局现状进行系统深入的分析,以期对林分可燃物进行科学合理的空间布局,并实现对林火防区可燃物未来演替格局的预测。通过对相关研究的综述分析,基于地理信息系统(GIS)平台的空间直观模型模拟,是针对把林火作为驱动因子的大时空尺度森林景观变化研究的强有力工具。提出了以林火景观生态格局为核心的研究框架,具体研究成果将直接为林火防区提供灭火策略和灭火指挥辅助决策的数源基础和定量化技术支持。