Condor Bioreserve,Ecuador

Abstract

Ecuador is rich in social and cultural history, natural resources and biological diversity. The Condor Bioreserve (CBR) project of The Nature Conservancy is an effort to bring local, regional, and national voices to the table to find common ground to protect the biological diversity and cultural history of the Andean region adjacent to Quito. This volume is an introduction to the CBR, its management challenges, and management policy options. The papers in this volume represent an overview of some of the issues involved, though it is by no means comprehensive.     

Biodiversity and Watershed Management in the Condor Bioreserve,Ecuador

Abstract

The Condor Bioreserve Watershed Protection Area is a project of The Nature Conservancy of Ecuador that seeks sustainable management of the Area for both biodiversity conservation and watershed production. The management problem is how to ensure that both these objectives are met while simultaneously meeting the diverse needs of the large and growing populations within and adjacent to the Area. For example, metropolitan Quito, a city of three million, depends on the Area's water. Conflict exists over the use of the watershed and the biodiversity within it. The chief threat is overusing biodiversity-destroying it by turning the watershed into a water factory for urban and agricultural uses. Incompatible interests, present competition and conflict must be ameliorated and foreseeable problems avoided in order to conserve biodiversity while meeting the needs of the human population. In this chapter the (1) Area's biodiversity and watershed issues are introduced, (2) the human context (social and decision processes that make up its management) are described, and (3) three common management options are explored to address problems. The first option is agreement on explicit goals, the second is obtaining and utilizing better science, and the third is using a practice-based approach. These options are evaluated for their potential to reduce conflict and realize goals. A practice-based approach is recommended because it makes the most of the limited human capacity to understand and address very complex problems. This approach can simultaneously address the biodiversity and watershed management challenge, inform and improve decision-making, and help find principles of successful ecosystem management. Unlike the two other management strategies, a practice-based approach incorporates moral, scientific, and practical considerations in management and policy decisions. A practice-based approach facilitates achievement of the dual goals of protecting biodiversity and watershed function and production.     

传统村落整体人文生态系统浅析

指出了整体人文生态系统是人与自然环境协同演化发展形成的有机整体 ,传统村落的整体人文生态系统更是人与自然和谐发展的典型范例.从认知、理解、运用三个层面浅析了传统村落整体人文生态系统 ,并以永定县客家土楼传统村落、元阳县哈尼族传统村落为例评价了传统村落的整体人文生态系统 ,以定位该村落的现状 ,分析了其特征来剖析该村落的遗产价值 ,最后提出了对其保护与开发的简要规划.     

森林生态系统中人为干扰影响指标的研究

通过对干扰行为和生态系统的生态过程分析,认为自然干扰属于自然演替的正常范畴,不作为生态完整性评价的影响因子,证实人为干扰在生态系统完整性评价中占有重要地位。文章分析了人为干扰对森林生态系统在结构和功能上的影响,通过对指标的筛选得到人为干扰压力模型,并采用层次分析法(AHP)计算出各指标权重。最后提出对森林生态系统完整性评价的新思路。     

浅谈草坪机械系统的优化研究

近几年来，我国草坪业迅速发展，大大促进了草坪生产与管理过程的机械化。草坪机械品种和数量日益增多，仅研究单个机器远不能满足生产的需要。因此，合理地安排草坪生产过程，系统地运用机械进行高效率的作业就成为当今草坪工作者十分关注的问题。     

谈建设国家森林公园的生态意义社会意义及经济意义

本文从生态环境的可持续发展、森林资源的保护的角度,论述了建设国家森林公园的生态意 义、社会意义及经济意义。     

栗茶复合生态系统综合效益评价

为了研究不同遮荫度对栗茶复合生态系统综合效益的影响,采用层次分析法对不同遮荫度下栗茶复合生态系统的生态、经济、社会及综合效益进行了评价。结果表明:栗茶混交的各种效益均高于纯茶园和纯板栗园。就生态效益和社会效益而言,以遮荫度为40%~50%的栗茶复合园为最佳,其效益指数分别为0.1998和0.1168;而遮荫度为30%~40%的经济效益最佳,其效益指数为0.6697;从综合效益来看,以遮荫度为30%~40%的栗茶复合园为最高,其效益指数达到了0.9747;而纯板栗园的最低,其效益指数仅有0.4587。     

Combining the socio-economic-cultural implications of community owned agroforestry: The Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska

Agroforestry systems usually are examined for their biological components and somewhat for economic feasibility but rarely for their sociocultural merits. A relatively young agroforestry system was examined in view of sociocultural, biological, and economic factors through the use of decision matrices. Decision criteria were used to evaluate an agroforestry system against two alternative landuse options, a corn-soybean rotation and renting the land to an agricultural producer. Economic, sociocultural, environmental, and risk criteria were considered simultaneously with a scaled Z-statistic and then compared by using four weighting schemes. When all criteria were weighted equally, the agroforestry system had the greatest Z-score (3.4), indicating the better alternative. Placing weights on economic criteria resulted with renting the land being the best alternative (Z-score 6.6). When sociocultural factors were weighted alone, or when greater weights were placed on sociocultural factors along with moderate weights on economic and risk factors, or when community weighted objectives were used, the introduced agroforestry system had the greatest Z-scores (11.5, 6.3, and 1.1, respectively). Use of weighted decision criteria allowed for sensitivity analysis between alternatives to be explored. This is especially important when using techniques that have a greater emphasis on economic parameters that are not equally important or appropriate cross-culturally. Use of decision matrices provides a more comprehensive method for comparing the multiple, interactive, and long-term benefits of the agroforestry system and competing land uses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.