Ozone,Acid Deposition,and Mycorrhization Effects on Loblolly Pine and White Oak

Abstract

Above- and below-ground responses of juvenile loblolly pine (Pinus taedaL.) and white oak (Quercus albaL.) to tropospheric ozone (0.0, 0.06, and 0.12 μL L^-1 O₃), acid precipitation (pH 4.8, 4.2, and 3.6), and induced ectomycorrhizal colonization (Pisolithus tinctorius [Pers.] Coker & Couch vs. natural mycobiont), alone and in combination, were examined. After 30 weeks, the filtered air treatment (ozone 0.0) reduced foliar injury but also produced smaller stem diameters, lower total foliage and total shoot dry weights, decreased needle density, and shorter root systems in inoculated pine, growth responses not found in uninoculated pine. Height growth of inoculated oak was increased by the filtered air treatment while leaf density was reduced by 0.12 μL L^-1 O₃, results also not found in uninoculated oak. Ectomy-corrhizal colonization percentages in pine decreased with increasing O₃ concentration regardless of mycorrhizal treatment, and the filtered air treatment produced the highest infection percentages in inoculated oak as well. Rains of pH 4.2 stimulated height growth in inoculated pine while diameter decreased in inoculated oak but increased in uninoculat-ed oak with declining pH. Also, pH 4.2 rainfall increased root weight in inoculated oak while that of pH 4.8 reduced foliar injury but also shoot weight in oak regardless of mycorrhizal treatment. Generally, the my-corrhization response to increasing rainfall acidity was reduced colonization. Independent of the other treatments, inoculation produced a substantial increase in above- and below-ground growth of both pine and oak, and also increased foliage density but reduced specific root length in each species. Overall, these results indicate that the growth responses to O₃ and acid deposition of loblolly pine and white oak are strongly influenced by mycorrhization, but that the magnitude of these responses is exceeded by those to mycorrhization alone. However, the propensity revealed here for both O₃ and acid precipitation to suppress mycorrhizal colonization in these two species may indicate the potential for a gradual reduction in long-term forest productivity in the southeastern United States.     

接种内生菌根菌对尖叶杜英高生长的影响

在不同栽培模式下(营养袋苗、盆苗、地栽苗)应用内生菌根菌对尖叶杜英幼苗进行人工接种,接种苗木高生长均明显高于未接种苗.其中营养袋苗接种苗生长速度明显大于对照苗,比对照快了26.85%;盆苗接种苗高生长量高于对照苗8.14%;地栽苗接种苗高生长量高于对照12.88%.试验证明,在幼苗期对尖叶杜英接种内生茵根茵,能显著促进其高生长.     

接种彩色豆马勃菌株对松树苗生长的影响

马尾松(Pinus massoniana)和湿地松(Pinus elliottii)苗根系感染彩色豆马勃(Pisolithus tinctorius)菌株形成菌根后,对苗木的高、地径和侧根生长均存在显著的促进作用。但不同的接种方法,存在一定的差异,其中A处理(点穴式接种)的感染率最高,马尾松苗69.4%,湿地松苗61.7%;D处理(拌土接种式)的最低,分别是27.2%和43.1%。与对照相比,A处理马尾松和湿地松苗高分别增加20.1%和32.0%;地径分别大24.0%和29.0%;侧根数量分别多79.6%和55.8%;而D处理苗高分别增加8.0%和3.8%,地径分别大4.0%和16.1%,侧根数量分别多12.3%和29.3%。     

外生菌根菌接种对红椎生长及光合作用的影响

接种 11种外生菌根菌株对红椎苗期生长产生了影响。试验苗 2 6周时测定的各生长指标统计分析结果表明 ,接种处理间在干质量、苗高、地径、须根数等指标上均有极显著或显著差异 (P<0 .0 1) ;与未接种对照苗相比 ,接种苗平均高增加 2 0 %～ 75 % ,地径增加 5 0 %～ 10 5 % ,须根数增加4 1%～ 2 4 5 % ,干质量增加 10 0 %以上。试验表明 ,菌根菌接种不仅显著促进植株地上部分的生长 ,且有利于根系的发展。另外 ,不同菌株对红椎根系亲和力的差异性 ,反映出宿主对各菌根菌株的不同依赖性。菌根菌接种还对试验苗净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间 CO2 浓度、光合耗水量等有一定的影响。菌株 Pisolithus C9132、MH72 7、C92 16,Rhizopogon 94 80 ,Tricholoma 9810等对红椎苗期生长效果较好 ,为优良菌株 ,可用于红椎苗期接种     

接种菌根菌对桉树生长的影响

以尾叶桉和巨尾桉为材料 ,1993和 1994年在广东省开平市镇海林场建立了 2个外生菌根菌接种试验 ,均采用裂区设计 ,4次重复 ,每试验均 2个树种为主区 ,菌根菌处理为副区。试验 1有 8个外生菌根菌处理 ,每处理小区 6株或 9株 ,试验 2有 3个外生菌根菌处理 ,每处理小区 9株。造林后 ,定期观测树高、地径或胸径。试验结果表明 :树种内菌根菌效应分析发现 ,巨尾桉所有指标在菌根菌间存在显著差异 ,尾叶桉只是某些指标在菌根菌间有显著差异 ,表明两树种对相同菌根菌处理的反应不同 ;树种联合方差分析表明 ,试验 1中所有指标在区组间、树种间、菌根菌处理间均有显著差异 ,从方差分量看 ,树种效应 >树种×菌根菌互作效应或菌根菌效应 ;试验 2中树高指标在树种间和菌根菌处理间均存在显著差异 ,而 2 4个月时胸径指标在树种间无显著差异 ,但胸径在菌根菌处理间有极显著差异 ,树高指标的方差分量为树种效应 >树种×菌根菌互作效应或菌根菌效应。胸径的方差分量为菌根菌效应 >树种×菌根菌互作效应 >树种效应。分析表明树种×菌根菌互作效应存在时间上的不稳定性 ;同时 ,讨论了外生菌根菌应用中树种因素的重要性。     

外生菌根真菌菌剂的制备及其对松苗生长效果的研究*

从不同林型下分离获得的外生菌根真菌纯培养菌株中,选择了劣味乳菇、美味红茹、赭丝膜菌、彩色豆马勃四株菌根菌,进行菌剂制备及其对松苗生长效果的试验。结果表明,PDMA和PD培养基是培养外生菌根真菌较适合的培养基,木屑、麸皮、米糠、玉米粉、珍珠岩、蛭石等是培养菌根菌菌剂较适宜的基质。供试菌对油松、马尾松、落叶松、樟子松、红松苗都具促进生长作用,效果较明显的是丝膜菌,其次是劣味乳菇、美味红菇、彩色豆马勃;对促进火炬松苗生长效果最明显的是劣味乳菇,其次是美味红菇、彩色豆马勃。四种菌对湿地松苗生长效果均高于对照。     

火炬松和湿地松幼苗蔗糖含量与生长潜势关系的研究初报

火炬松(Pinux taeda L.)和湿地松(Pinus elliottii Engelm)是我国南方重要的外引用材树种,经过多年的试验研究,已选出一批较好的种源、家系和单株,并建立了种子园。当前早期鉴定和早期选择已成为必不可少的一项研究内容,近几年来越来越多的研究者指出,林木幼龄期的某些性状或生理生化指标与成熟期性状之间存在一定的相关性,认为树木生长的早期选择是可能的,尤其从生理生化方面来探索林木早期预测的研究已引起人们的高度重视。但     

Soil Amendment Effects on Growth and Sprouting Success in a Pennsylvania Northern Red Oak Stand on Extremely Acidic Soils

Abstract

On the Laurel Hill, anecdotal accounts reported coppice regeneration of oaks to be limited. Possible causes of poor sprouting success were large stump size, deer browsing, season of cutting and poor tree vigor. Our study site had been partially cut three years before this study to salvage some northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) which had died. We attempted to increase Q. rubra vigor, as measured by increasing basal area growth, with soil amendments of 6,600 kg/h dolo-mitic lime, 110 kg/h K2O equivalents and 220 kg/h P2O5 equivalents while accounting for other growth variables. The objective was to improve overall Q. rubra sprouting success by increasing vigor prior to harvest. The soil amendments increased soil available calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K) and phosphorus (P) and reduced available aluminum (Al). Foliar concentrations of Ca, Mg and K were increased. Basal area increment of treated Q. rubra trees increased by 10 percent and terminal elongation increased by nearly 100 percent. Two years after treatment, the trees were cut during the dormant season and all stumps were protected from deer browsing. After two years, 80 percent of the stumps had sprouted. No effect of lime and fertilizer on the sprouts was found.     

酸雨对树木生长和木材材性的影响

根据大量的国内外文献资料就酸雨对树木生长和木材材性的影响进行了综述。主要包括酸雨对树木生长、木材构造、物理力学性质、化学性质和加工利用的影响,并对国内外研究现状、存在问题和发展趋势进行了分析,阐述了有待进一步研究的领域。     

评估森林综合效益的新方法—能值分析法

根据大量的国内外文献资料就酸雨对树木生长和木材材性的影响进行了综述。主要包括酸雨对树木生长、木材构造、物理力学性质、化学性质和加工利用的影响,并对国内外研究现状、存在问题和发展趋势进行了分析,阐述了有待进一步研究的领域。     

Interactive Effects of Mycorrhization and Fertilization on Growth,Nutrition, and Water Relations of Sweet Birch

Abstract

Pisolithus tinctorius(Pers.) Coker & Couch was evaluated as an ectomycorrhizal associate of sweet birch (Betula lentaL.). Sand culture and mine soil growth media were employed, and three fertilization treatments were imposed by application of differing Hoagland's nutrient solution #2 concentrations. The high fertilization treatment suppressed mycorrhizal formation by P. tinctoriusin both growth media, while the medium rather than the low treatment induced the most extensive colonization by this mycobiont. Seedlings with induced P. tinctoriusmycorrhization exhibited enhanced above— and below-ground growth according to shoot dimensions and dry weight and root weight and length. However, these responses were frequently absent with high fertilization, especially in the mine soil. Inoculated seedlings had higher foliar N, P, and K concentrations overall but lower Ca, Mg, and S concentrations than uninoculated seedlings. Those with P. tinctoriusalso had lower concentrations of several potentially phytotoxic trace elements, specifically Zn, B, Mo, and Al. Furthermore, xylem pressure and soil water potentials measured during a simulated drought episode indicated that water uptake was enhanced by these mycorrhizae. Again, however, the above physiological responses were often compromised by high fertilization. Collectively, these results indicate that P. tinctoriusis a viable mycobiont for the inoculation of sweet birch, and when substrate fertility is not excessive, can avail this host of physiological benefits that result in substantial growth enhancement.     

Influences of Thinning and Prescribed Fire on Water Relations of Jeffrey Pine I. Xylem and Soil Water Potentials

Abstract

Forest thinning accomplished with cut-to-length and whole-tree harvesting systems, and prescribed underburning were assessed for their impacts on water relations in eastern Sierra Nevada Jeffrey pine (Pinus Jeffreyi Grev. & Balf.) during a period of extended drought. Predawn and midday measurements of xylem water potential in dominant and codominant crown class trees more than a century old were made on six days spread over three growing seasons, accompanied by measurements of soil water potential completed between the predawn and midday sessions of each day. With the exception of a single predawn session, the only one of a total of 12 in which xylem water potentials did not differ among treatments, the potentials in trees of thinned stand subunits were 0.67 MPa higher on average during predawn sessions and 0.71 MPa higher during midday sessions than those in trees of the unthinned treatment. Differences between the cut-to-length and whole-tree treatments were marginal and uncommon, but when they occurred, potentials were higher in the former. Prescribed fire effects on xylem water potential were also uncommon, but when occurring generally indicated lower stress levels in the burned than in the unburned treatment. Soil water potentials largely coincided with those of xylem water, with higher potentials in either the cut-to-length or whole-tree treatments, and usually both, than in the unthinned treatment on each of the six days of measurement. Underburning influences on soil water were rare, but when evident, potentials were higher in the burned than in the unburned treatment by substantial margins. For a majority of the measurement sessions, xylem water potential was found to be negatively correlated with residual basal area but positively correlated with soil water potential. In turn, coarse fragments and organic matter in the soil profile intermittently influenced soil water potential, with the former a negative factor while the latter was positive. Overall, results of this study suggest that substantial ecophysiological advantages can be derived from density management in older, dry site forests, which at minimum are not compromised by subsequent implementation of controlled underburning.     

施P肥和外生菌根菌接种对蓝桉林产量和养分积累的影响

主要研究施P肥和接种外生菌根菌对蓝桉生长、生物量和养分积累的影响。在云南楚雄的试验表明：接种外生菌根菌只能在幼林期促进树木生长，3a后这种促进作用不显著。施P肥能在幼林期促进蓝桉树高和胸径的生长，但4．5a后这种促进作用也变得不显著。由于施P肥提高了蓝桉的保存率，所以也显著地提高了蓝桉林的生物量。低P处理时，树木保存率低，较大的生长空间促进了树木的后期生长，可能会导致施P肥对后期单株蓝桉树高和胸径生长作用不显著。施P肥还增加了树木N、P和K的养分积累量，提高了上述养分的利用效率。施P肥同时还明显增加了林下植被和林下凋落物P的积累量，但不能明显增加N和K的养分积累量。树木叶片和土壤分析结果进一步说明施P肥对蓝桉幼林作用明显。试验表现出接种外生菌根菌只能在低P情况下促进树木生长，不能在高P情况下促进树木生长的基本趋势。     

不同地区来源桉树青枯病原菌落生长及幼枝水培接种致病力的差异

不同地区来源的12个青枯病菌株菌落生长特征及桉树幼枝水培接种致病力差异显著,菌落形态存在一定的差异,但是菌株菌落生长与致病值之间没有明显的关联。菌株菌液浓度对致病值影响显著,随浓度提高而加强;用于试验的4个桉树无性系感病性统计上没有显著性差别。菌落生长主要集中在平板划线培养后的4天内;第4天时,平均大小从3.53～27.68 mm。虽然菌株间致病值差异显著,如剔除表现最强及最弱的2个菌株,其余菌株间致病值则没有差别,说明不同地区幼林林木在等同气候环境条件下,受青枯病危害的机率类似,但是,个别立地林分可能因特定病原菌株而受害严重。     

The Effects of Seed Mass on Germination, Seedling Emergence, and Early Seedling Growth of Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus L.)

Half-sib seed of several eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) families was used to examine seed mass effects on laboratory germination, and seedling emergence and growth under moderate and low light (47 and 13% full sunlight) in a greenhouse. Percent germination and speed of germination under laboratory conditions were not related to seed mass among half-sib families or multi-family seedlots bulked by seed mass. Percent seedling emergence in the greenhouse was not related to seed mass, but families with heavier seeds exhibited faster emergence. Both rate and percent emergence were significantly increased under low light. Family differences in leaf, stem, root, and total seedling dry mass, primary root length, and the number of first-order-lateral-roots were positively related to seed mass in both light environments. Low light diminished the absolute biomass increment per unit seed mass, but the proportional change in biomass with seed mass was similar between light environments. Rate of emergence also influenced seedling size within families, with earlier emergence increasing seedling dry mass from 7 to 58%, dependent on light environment. Biomass partitioning coefficients were influenced by light environment but largely independent of seed mass.     

磷添加和接种菌根菌对马尾松不同家系容器苗的生长及磷素利用效应

目的 研究不同遗传背景马尾松二代家系容器苗在磷添加和接种菌根菌相互作用下的生长及磷吸收利用差异,为马尾松优质容器苗精准培育提供科学依据。 方法 以3个具有不同遗传背景的马尾松二代家系容器苗为材料,在低P（50 g·m−3基质）和高P（900 g·m−3基质）2个小区内,分别设置接种和不接种菌根菌2个处理,分析马尾松不同家系容器苗生长及磷素利用差异。 结果 磷添加对3个家系马尾松容器苗各生长指标及各器官P吸收利用均有促进作用,容器苗苗高、地径、整株干质量、整株P含量和吸收量高P水平较低P水平分别增加8.70%、21.73%、61.62%、30.25%和112.08%,高径比和根冠比降低10.62%和19.82%。接种菌根菌后,容器苗苗高、地径、整株干质量和整株P吸收量相比不接种分别增加2.34%、6.40%、20.69%和18.08%,高径比、根冠比和整株P含量分别降低4.09%、3.87%和3.23%。接种菌根菌可减小马尾松容器苗不同磷添加水平下地径和根冠比的差异,同时减小不同家系间的生长差异。磷添加 × 接种菌根菌对马尾松容器苗茎和根P吸收量有显著促进作用,高P水平下接种菌根菌对生长的促进作用更明显。不同家系对磷添加和菌根处理的生长响应不同,53号家系对磷添加最敏感,15号家系对接种菌根菌最敏感,37号家系较均衡。 结论 马尾松容器苗磷添加效应较家系和菌根处理明显,生产中可根据3个家系对磷肥的不同响应合理施肥,同时通过接种菌根菌提高磷肥利用效率。     

Effects of Simulated Acidic Precipitation and Aluminum on the Growth of Alnus glutinosa and Alnus hirsuta Seedlings and Their Nitrogen Fixation

This study was conducted to examine the effect of simulated acidic precipitation and aluminum treatment on the growth of Alnus species and the contents of nitrogen fixed by Frankia. The growth and nitrogen contents of Alnus species inoculated with nitrogen-fixing organisms were greater than those of noninoculated Alnus species when treated with simulated acidic precipitation. The nitrogen contents were higher in the soils used for the growth of Alnus glurinosa inoculated with Frankia than in those without Frankia inoculation when treated with either acidic precipitation or aluminum. The-development of root hairs treated with simulated acidic precipitation was poor as lhe pH level decreased, and the injury of A. glurinosa was more severe than that of Alnus hirsuta under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The growth and nitrogen contents of A. hirsura inoculated with Frankia were greater than those of non-inoculated species and A. glutinosa when treated with aluminum. The leaves of A. glutinosa became yellowish-brown and fell earlier. Under SEM and light microscopy, the surface layer of roots in both Alnus species was injured severely and the number of root hairs decreased as aluminum levels increased.     

Effects of Refertilization on Growth and Nutrition of Lodgepole Pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) Planted on a Minerotrophic Peatland in Central Newfoundland, Canada

A plantation of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.), whichwas established in 1973 on a ditched minerotrophic fen at plantingspacings of 1.2 m, 1.8 m, and 2.4 m, was refertilized in 1985with control, P, PK and NPK treatments consisting of 60 kg ha^–1phosphorus, 100 kg ha^–1 potassium and 200 kg ha^–1nitrogen. Although each seedling had been spot-fertilized in1973 with a mixture of 71 g urea, 99 g ground rock phosphateand 41 g potassium sulphate, height and needle nutrient assessmentsof the plantation in 1984 indicated poor growth, low concentrationsof needle nitrogen (1.26 per cent) and possible deficiency levelsof needle phosphorus (0.10 per cent) and potassium (0.36 percent). Between 1985 and 1991, height and diameter growth increasedsignificantly in all refertilization treatments. Growth responsewas greatest in the PK treatment and least in the P treatment.Needle weights, determined from 1987 to 1991, did not responduniformly to any of the refertilization treatments. Needle concentrationsof phosphorus increased to levels between 0.20 per cent and0.23 per cent following refertilization with P, PK, and NPK,but by 1988 had decreased to about 0.14 per cent. Needle concentrationsof potassium also increased sharply to 0.60 per cent in 1985following refertilization with PK and NPK, but by 1988 had decreasedto levels between 0.35 per cent and 0.45 per cent. Similarly,needle nitrogen concentrations increased to 1.84 per cent in1985 following refertilization with NPK, then decreased to levelsbetween 1.20 per cent and 1.33 per cent in 1986 and remainedat those levels each year thereafter. Although needle nutrientlevels fell sharply following an initial peak after refertilization,height and diameter growth did not decrease significantly, especiallyin the PK treatment, suggesting that nutrient levels remainedadequate for optimum growth.     

火炬松种源建筑材抗弯性质的变异及与树龄、晚材率、木材密度的关系

福建南屿15年生火炬松31个种源间木材抗弯弹性模量(MOE)的群体平均值为6 702.6 MPa,变化范围为5 042.5～8 610.2 MPa;抗弯强度(MOR)群体平均数为99.11MPa,变化幅度为77.32～119.79 MPa.种源间木材抗弯弹性模量(MOE)、抗弯强度(MOR)存在显著差异,二者广义遗传力大于0.441、0.422,方差分析中遗传方差分量在43.07%～60.79%范围内,环境方差分量范围为39.21%～56.93%,说明MOE、MOR除在遗传上受中等程度控制外,还显著受到环境条件影响.种源内MOE、MOR变异系数远大于种源间变异,说明火炬松材质改良在种源选择的基础上进行个体改良效果较好.树龄、晚材率和木材密度与MOE、MOR在0.01水平上呈显著正相关,木材基本密度估测MOE、MOR优于晚材率.火炬松种源木材MOE、MOR值与引种栽培地点有关.南屿靠近海岸线,并且纬度低于所有种源原产地纬度.火炬松种源原产地地理气象因子中,纬度对木材抗弯性能没有影响,经度与MOE、MOR呈较大的负相关,经度对抗弯性能的影响最大,6-9月降水/年降水次之,其他因素影响不显著.     

几种植物生长物质对松树枝梢生长的调控及对枝梢害虫的防治

采用CEPA、GA3、PP333、B9等植物生长物质,以不同浓度处理马尾松、黑松、湿地松、火炬松枝梢,比较药剂种类和处理浓度对枝梢生长的影响。结果表明: GA3(2 500 mg·L-1)对各供试树种均有显著促进作用(试验3中对湿地松除外);试验1中,5 000 mg·L-1 PP333显著抑制马尾松枝和黑松枝的伸长生长,具有最佳调节效果;试验2中,5 000 mg·L-1 PP333显著抑制湿地松和马尾松枝的伸长生长,具有最佳调节效果;试验3中,5 000 mg·L-1 PP333＋5 000 mg·L-1B9复合制剂显著抑制湿地松和火炬松枝梢的伸长生长,具有最佳调节效果。用"Y"型嗅觉仪测定微红梢斑螟成虫对松梢的嗅觉反应,结果表明处理组枝梢对微红梢斑螟成虫驱避效果明显;微红梢斑螟等松梢害虫危害率调查表明,处理枝梢的被害率也明显低于对照枝梢。