木麻黄根瘤内生菌纯培养接种效果试验*

用Ｆｒａｎｋｉａ纯培养接种木麻黄苗木试验，获得了明显效果，苗高、地径、根瘤数、根瘤鲜重及生物量均比对照高。在４个供试菌株中，接种Ｂｒ的效果最好，苗高、地径分别为对照的３．５倍和２．７倍，其次是Ｐ１。接种效果随着苗龄增加越来越明显。苗木的高度、地径、生物量与根瘤数量、根瘤重呈极显著的直线正相关。     

Effects of Simulated Acidic Precipitation and Aluminum on the Growth of Alnus glutinosa and Alnus hirsuta Seedlings and Their Nitrogen Fixation

This study was conducted to examine the effect of simulated acidic precipitation and aluminum treatment on the growth of Alnus species and the contents of nitrogen fixed by Frankia. The growth and nitrogen contents of Alnus species inoculated with nitrogen-fixing organisms were greater than those of noninoculated Alnus species when treated with simulated acidic precipitation. The nitrogen contents were higher in the soils used for the growth of Alnus glurinosa inoculated with Frankia than in those without Frankia inoculation when treated with either acidic precipitation or aluminum. The-development of root hairs treated with simulated acidic precipitation was poor as lhe pH level decreased, and the injury of A. glurinosa was more severe than that of Alnus hirsuta under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The growth and nitrogen contents of A. hirsura inoculated with Frankia were greater than those of non-inoculated species and A. glutinosa when treated with aluminum. The leaves of A. glutinosa became yellowish-brown and fell earlier. Under SEM and light microscopy, the surface layer of roots in both Alnus species was injured severely and the number of root hairs decreased as aluminum levels increased.     

铝对马尾松菌根苗生长及营养元素吸收的影响

以接种褐环乳牛肝菌和未接种的马尾松幼苗为试验材料,采用水培法研究不同浓度铝(Al^3+)处理(0、0.2、0.4、0.8和1.2 mmol·L^-1)对菌根化和非菌根化马尾松幼苗生长、营养元素吸收的影响,揭示菌根化马尾松苗木对Al^3+的适应机制,为减轻马尾松苗木铝毒害现象提供理论和技术依据。结果表明,在相同浓度Al^3+胁迫下,接种褐环乳牛肝菌的马尾松幼苗苗高、生物量、根系形态以及对氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)的吸收能力均优于不接种的马尾松苗。马尾松幼苗苗高、干物质量积累以及根系生长随着Al^3+浓度的增大均呈现先升后降再升的趋势,随着Al^3+浓度的逐渐增大,马尾松幼苗根、茎、叶中的N、P、K含量呈现出低促高抑的趋势,根、茎、叶中Al^3+含量的分配为根>茎>叶。Al^3+胁迫下,接种褐环乳牛肝菌的马尾松幼苗,通过改变马尾松幼苗根系结构,促进了幼苗的生长,特别是根系的生长,以及对N、P、K等营养元素的吸收,抑制了根系吸收Al^3+,提高了马尾松幼苗的耐铝能力。     

桉树接种固氮菌效果的研究

试验表明接种固氮菌能显著提高桉树苗木的生长及苗木各器官的生物量和Ｎ含量,接种苗木高生长比对照（不接种）增加２９．８１％、叶片数增加３７．３１％、叶片干重增加３５．０１％、茎干重增加５５．５９％、根干重增加７８．９３％、总生物量干重增加５５．８９％。不同菌株的增产效果存在差异,接种催娩克氏菌的效果较接种阴沟肠杆菌的好。接种＋施Ｎ８０ｍｇ／株处理的效果优于接种＋施Ｎ３０ｍｇ／株处理的效果。接种与施Ｎ肥的分析结果表明接种催娩克氏菌的效果等于施Ｎ８０ｍｇ／株的效果。     

人工接种对桤木结瘤固氮的效应初探

通过桤木根瘤的Frankia菌的纯菌制剂和悬液接种,进行砂培、土培和田间苗圃的幼苗接种试验,均取得较好的接种效益。砂培菌剂接种者100％结瘤,对照为零,苗高生长为对照的2.6倍;5种紫色土上的悬液接种,结瘤固氮量和苗高生长均有不同程度的提高,田间接种试验亦取得一定效果。     

Growth and nutrient uptake of ectomycorrhizal Pinus sylvestris seedlings in a natural substrate treated with elevated Al concentrations

Models of the effects of elevated concentrations of aluminum (Al) on growth and nutrient uptake of forest trees frequently ignore the effects of mycorrhizal fungi. In this study, we present novel data indicating that ectomycorrhizal mycelia may prevent leaching of base cations and Al. Mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Pinus sylvestris L. seedlings were grown in sand obtained from the B-horizon of a local forest. In Experiment 1, non-mycorrhizal seedlings and seedlings inoculated with Hebeloma cf. longicaudum (Pers.: Fr.) Kumm. ss. Lange or Laccaria bicolor (Maire) Orton were provided with nutrient solution containing 2.5 mM Al. Aluminum did not affect growth of non-mycorrhizal seedlings or seedlings inoculated with L. bicolor. Seedlings colonized by H. cf. longicaudum had the highest biomass production of all seedlings grown without added Al, but the fungus did not tolerate Al. Shoots of seedlings colonized by L. bicolor had the lowest nitrogen (N) concentrations but the highest phosphorus (P) concentrations of all seedlings. The treatments had small but significant effects on shoot and root Al concentrations. In Experiment 2, inoculation with L. bicolor was factorially combined with the addition of a complete nutrient solution, or a solution lacking the base cations K, Ca and Mg, and solutions containing 0 or 0.74 mM Al. Seedling growth decreased in response to 0.74 mM Al, but the effect was significant only for non-mycorrhizal seedlings. Mycorrhizal seedlings generally had higher P concentrations than non-mycorrhizal seedlings. Aluminum reduced P uptake in non-mycorrhizal plants but had no effect on P uptake in mycorrhizal plants. Mycorrhizal colonization increased the pH of the soil solution by about 0.5 units and addition of Al decreased the pH by the same amount. We conclude that the presence of ectomycorrhizal mycelia decreased leaching of base cations and Al from the soil.     

Coinoculation of bioinoculants improve <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia auriculiformis</Emphasis> seedling growth and quality in a tropical Alfisol soil

We conducted a study to find out if arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (Acaulospora scrobiculata, Scutellospora calospora) and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB, Paenibacillus polymyxa) inoculation either individually or in combinations can improve Acacia auriculiformis seedling growth, uptake of nutrients and quality in a phosphorus deficient tropical Alfisol. The seedlings were assessed for various growth and nutrient uptake parameters after 60 days of treatment. Inoculation with P. polymyxa stimulated mycorrhizal formation. Seedling height, stem girth, taproot length, number of leaves and leaf area, plant dry matter production, nodulation, and nodular dry weight were significantly higher for seedlings that were either dual inoculated or triple inoculated compared to individual inoculation of AM fungi or PSB, and uninoculated seedlings. Dual and triple application of AM fungi and PSB also significantly improved the nutrient contents of shoots and roots and nutrient uptake efficiencies. The calculated seedling quality indexes of the AM fungi and PSB inoculated seedling were 25–208% higher than uninoculated seedlings. These findings show that A. auriculiformis seedlings when dual inoculated or triple inoculated performed better than seedlings inoculated with the microbes individually and compared with uninoculated control seedlings. We conclude that bioinoculation is important for the production of high-quality A. auriculiformis seedlings in tree nurseries for planting in nutrient deficient soils.     

Effects of Acidic Precipitation and Ectomycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth,Mineral Nutrition,and Xylem Water Potential of Juvenile Loblolly Pine and White Oak

Abstract

Individual and interactive effects of simulated acidic rainfall and mycorrhizal inoculation on growth and nutrient and water relations of loblolly pine (Pinus taedaL.) and white oak (Quercus albaL.) grown in a loam soil were examined. Seedlings of each species inoculated with basidiospores of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius(Pers.) Coker and Couch, a known my-cobiont of both loblolly pine and white oak, and uninoculated control seedlings received two simulated rains per week of either pH 3.6, 4.2, or 4.8 for 26 weeks. Higher acidity rainfall reduced the growth but increased mycorrhizal colonization of loblolly pine, while both loblolly pine and white oak exposed to these rains exhibited greater foliar injury. Inoculation with P. tinctoriusincreased growth and reduced foliar injury of both species. Foliar concentrations of P, S, and Cu in loblolly pine and white oak, Ca in loblolly pine, and Fe and Zn in white oak decreased with increasing rain acidity while the Al concentration of both species increased. Higher rainfall acidity also reduced soil pH and Ca and Mg concentrations while increasing soil AI. Foliage of inoculated seedlings of both species had higher N and P concentrations and lower Al concentrations than control seedlings. Following the final rain applications, a drought cycle was simulated by withholding irrigation for two weeks during which seedling xylem pressure potential and soil water potential were measured. One day after cessation of irrigation, xylem pressure potential of loblolly pine that had received pH 3.6 rains was lower than that of other treatments. Thereafter, xylem pressure potential and soil water potential of the inoculated treatment decreased below those of the control treatment in both species. These results suggest that acid deposition is detrimental to juvenile loblolly pine and white oak, but the magnitude of this effect is less than the positive response to ectomycorrhizal inoculation.     

Pt菌剂对高阿丁枫苗木生长的影响

进行高阿丁枫接种Pt菌剂的育苗效果试验。结果表明:Pt菌剂对高阿丁枫苗木的生长有明显的促进作用。经Pt菌剂处理后高阿丁枫苗木的苗高、地径、侧根数、主根长、地上部分鲜重、地下部分鲜重、全重及一级侧根长分别较不经Pt菌剂处理的对照提高了23.1%、8.7%、23.1%、21.0%、25%、33.3%、26.7%、49.2%。且苗木的径高比不失衡。     

粗枝木麻黄接种弗兰克氏菌的研究

试验结果表明：粗枝木麻黄接种弗兰克氏菌对提高其生长量效果显著。接种不同弗兰克氏菌菌株的粗枝木麻黄苗木的生物量。根瘤重量和数量及叶片Ｎ含量均表现出明显的差异，其中以８８０５２、８７０６６和８７２８７菌株接种效果最好。在接菌与施肥的试验中，接菌不施肥处理的苗木叶片Ｎ含量最高。     

Boric acid-phenolic relationships within the Pinus echinata-Pisolithus tinctorius ectomycorrhizal association

At germination, container-grown shortleaf pine seedlings were inoculated with Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch or left uninoculated, and both groups were fertilized semiweekly with a modified Hoagland's solution supplemented with 0 or 0.4 mM boric acid. After 12, 16 and 24 weeks, seedling root tissue was analyzed for ectomycorrhizal colonization, phenolic concentration and phenoloxidase activity. In addition, phenoloxidase activity was assayed in P. tinctorius that had been cultured in a liquid medium containing boric acid. Inoculation with P. tinctorius increased the root phenolic concentration of 16- and 24-week-old seedlings, and increased root phenoloxidase activity in 12-, 16- and 24-week-old seedlings. Fertilization with boric acid reduced the phenolic concentration of P. tinctorius ectomycorrhizae after 24 weeks. Although boric acid fertilization did not affect the phenoloxidase activity of 12-, 16- and 24-week-old inoculated roots, or that of 16- and 24-week-old uninoculated roots, it increased the phenoloxidase activity of P. tinctorius grown in vitro and 12-week-old uninoculated roots. We conclude that boric acid fertilization influences the phenolic relations of the shortleaf pine-P. tinctorius ectomycorrhizal association, possibly through a boric acid-induced increase in phenoloxidase activity.     

赤松幼苗接种菌根真菌生长效应的初步研究

以赤松幼苗接种松茸菌进行盆栽和圃地栽培试验,研究菌根菌感染数量和菌根菌对苗木生长效应的影响。结果表明:在盆栽条件下,三种处理根系菌根真菌的感染指数分别为80、50、3,截根接种和不截根接种分别为对照的26.7倍和16.7倍,且截根处理是不截根的1.6倍;幼苗苗高、地径生长量显著提高,干重比对照分别增加33.3%和18.5%。在圃地条件下,截根接种与不截根接种的幼苗苗高、地径生长量比对照分别提高5.4%、4.2%和14.9%、6.9%。     

西澳粘滑菇在尾叶桉上的菌根合成*

利用经特殊培养的西澳粘滑菇菌种，人工接种在尾叶桉幼苗根部，３５ｄ后有６０％的幼苗根部都长出１～２个子实体，经鉴定，该子实体为原接种菌。菌根感染率检查结果表明，有８０％幼苗形成菌根。生长８个月的幼苗其平均树高比未接种苗增加５２．２％，地径增加２９．４％，地上及地下部分生物量（干重）分别比对照增加２６８％及２１４．３％。西澳粘滑菇不仅在华南地区桉树上可以完成菌根合成，而且对幼树生长的增产效果十分明显，是华南地区桉树的优良菌根菌。     

Callose in root apices of European chestnut seedlings: a physiological indicator of aluminum stress

We determined if callose formation in 1-cm-long root apices of European chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) seedlings is affected by naturally occurring high concentrations of aluminum (Al) under laboratory conditions and by low base saturation (BS) of soils under forest field conditions. Under controlled conditions in the laboratory, seedlings were treated with simulated soil solutions in the presence or absence (control) of Al. One day after exposing seedlings to a simulated soil solution containing 168 microM Al, callose formation in the root apices had increased significantly. After 7 days, callose concentration in root apices was significantly correlated with the concentration of free Al3+ ions recovered in the simulated soil solution and with the concentration of Al in fine roots. At four field sites in southern Switzerland, seedlings were grown for five months in either A-horizon soil with a BS above 17% or in a B-horizon soil with a BS below 5%. Callose concentrations were significantly higher in root apices in the B horizon than in the A horizon. Callose concentrations in root apices were negatively correlated with Ca/Al molar ratio in fine roots. We conclude that callose in the root apices of European chestnut could be a useful physiological parameter for assessing Al toxicity under both laboratory and field conditions.     

Effects of complex stress of chronic acid fog exposure with rhizosphere aluminum on nutrient status in Abies firma seedlings

We exposed momi fir (Abies firma Sieb. et Zucc.) seedlings to simulated acid fog of pH 3.0 for about 3 years (from July 1999). During the last year of acid fog exposure, half of the seedlings were subjected to rhizosphere Al stress (complex stress) and the nutrient status of seedlings was determined. Chronic acid fog exposure decreased Fe and Zn concentrations in current-year and 1-year needles, and Al in 1-year needles, but had little effect on major element concentrations. Aluminum treatment had a broad impact on nutrient status in fine roots and needles. In fine roots, increases in Al and Cu concentrations and decreases in B, Mn, and Zn concentrations were observed. In 1-year needles, Al treatment increased Al, B, and Mn concentrations and decreased Cu concentration. The complex effect of acid fog with aluminum on nutrient status was relatively slight. These results show that changes in nutrient status under chronic acid fog exposure and/or Al stress are induced before the decline of photosynthesis in momi fir seedlings, mainly due to Al stress.     

Inoculation of fumigated nursery soil increases nodulation and yield of bare-root red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.)

To determine if inoculation increases nodulation and yield of bare-root red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.), fumigated nursery plots were treated with inoculum and ammonium sulfate (28 kg N ha^–1) in a factorial experiment. Inoculum was alder soil with 100 infective units of Frankia g^–1. Seedlings were evaluated for nodulation at age 10 wk and when lifted, at age 9 mo. Inoculation produced earlier and more extensive nodulation and increased seedling root collar diameter, height, and dry weight. Fertilization decreased seedling height, but did not decrease nodulation. No interaction of fertilization with inoculation was found. Inoculated unfertilized plots had the highest yield of packable seedlings (257 m^–2), and uninoculated fertilized seedlings had the lowest yield (126 m^–2).     

马占相思优势外生菌根菌与根瘤菌双接种效应初报

马占相思（ＡｃａｃｉａｍａｎｇｉｕｍＷｉｌｄ）是速生优良多用途树种,其根部具有根瘤,具有共生固氮功能。为了使根瘤菌更好地促进马占相思的生长,国内外对其根瘤菌进行了大量的研究［１］。其中包括双接种根瘤菌与ＶＡ菌的研究［２］。虽然ＶＡ菌根菌能较好地促进马...     

蓝桉和尾叶桉混合菌根研究 Ⅱ.混合菌根的接种效应

接种苗木在生长量和生物量上均表现出极其显著的生长优势,ＥＣＭ真菌蜡蘑菌单接种及其与４种ＶＡ菌根菌剂混合接种,对苗木生长的促进作用尤为显著。在接种后１６周时,与对照苗相比,蓝桉和尾叶桉接种苗木的高生长量最大增幅分别为２８．８６％（ＬＳ）和８６．６５％（ＬＧ）;两种桉树地上部分平均干质量最大增幅分别为１２９．９３％（ＬＳ）和１３３．３４％（Ｌ）,地下部分分别为１１９．９３％（ＬＦ）和１７４．８３％（Ｌ     

木麻黄根瘤内生菌分离培养和宿主范围的研究

从普通木麻黄、细枝木麻黄和粗枝木麻黄根瘤上分离到具典型孢囊和泡囊特征的放线菌Ｆｒａｎｋｉａｓｐ．菌株１８株,均获得纯培养。ＢＡＰ是木麻黄根瘤内生菌生长的适宜培养基。同一木麻黄根瘤中有不同形态特征与侵染特性的内生菌共存;木麻黄根瘤内生菌在木麻黄不同种内可交叉侵染,还可侵染杨梅、四川木岂木。