茂兰喀斯特森林干扰状况与林隙特征

调查茂兰喀斯特森林林隙干扰特征,并对林隙特征、林隙的形成方式进行探讨。结果表明:1)林隙大小分布表现出以小林隙为主的偏正态分布,但在总林隙面积比例上,大林隙所占的比例较大;2)林隙大多数在20年前形成,估计林隙形成速率为0.55个·hm-2a-1,返回间隔期为270年;3)林隙密度约为20个·hm-2,林隙平均面积(69.7±45.71)m2,扩展林隙平均面积(152.7±79.43)m2,林隙和扩展林隙占所调查林分面积的比例分别为13.9%和30.6%;4)林隙形成方式以折干为主,但因地形差异,槽谷、坡地、漏斗的主要形成方式分别为干中折断、拔根倒和干基折断;5)大多数林隙由1～4株形成木形成,平均每个林隙的形成木为2.5株。大部分林隙形成木为森林建群种,常绿和落叶树种分别占61.5%和38.5%。林隙形成木以小径级为主,表明本地森林林隙干扰十分频繁。     

Disturbance history and dynamics of an old-growth mixed species mountain forest in the Slovenian Alps

A long history of human presence in the Alps has made studies of natural forest structure, composition, and disturbance processes difficult. In the Slovenian Alps, we identified a mixed European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)-silver fir (Abies alba Mill.)-Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stand with old-growth characteristics that escaped past cutting. We reconstructed the dynamics of the stand using a combination of stand and age structure analyses, dendroecological evidence of past canopy disturbance, and historical evidence of past human activities. The disturbance reconstruction revealed a stand-scale disturbance in the 1850s. Based on the presence of pit-and-mound topography throughout much of the stand and the absence of logging activities found in historical records, we assume this event was caused by strong winds. The current structure and composition of the stand are largely a result of this event. Post-disturbance forest development was dominated by the release of shade tolerant regeneration, especially F. sylvatica. The windthrow also created appropriate conditions (i.e. increased light and exposed mineral soil) for recruitment of less shade tolerant species, including larch (Larix decidua Mill.) and maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.). The results suggest that periodic, intermediate severity wind disturbances, similar to the event documented here, may have had an important influence on pre-settlement forest dynamics in mixed mountain forests of the Alps, and add to the limited available information regarding the historic range of natural variability of disturbance processes. This information may be useful for forest management that attempts to emulate natural processes.     

林火管理对火动态的影响

火是森林生态系统最主要的干扰因子之一。火动态研究是开展科学林火管理的基础。文中总结了当前全球各种植被类型的火动态,分析了不同林火管理政策对林火动态的影响,根据当前火动态恢复与重建的理论与技术发展提出了综合林火管理技术的发展趋势与技术难点。     

Trends in North American and European regeneration research under the ecosystem management paradigm

Forest management on many ownerships in North America and Europe has shifted toward the ecosystem management paradigm. The associated shift toward multiple management objectives and focus on natural development patterns should also be reflected in regeneration research efforts. As new information needs arise, research questions and approaches should be evaluated whether they are still appropriate. Specifically, spatial and temporal scales of research studies need to be expanded to accommodate complex sets of management objectives and constraints, rather than being focused on optimal tree regeneration. At the same time, silviculturists are asked to utilize natural trends as a guide for management, but most natural disturbance studies have focused on stand structures and not the regeneration processes. Criteria commonly used to describe disturbance regimes need to be modified to better guide regeneration research efforts under the ecosystem management paradigm.     

经营干扰对雷竹叶面积指数的影响

根据２０个雷竹标准地调查数据,推导了雷竹叶面积指数的数学模型,结果表明,覆盖保护地栽培使林地退化,林分生长势显著下降,叶面积指数较一般丰产竹林低１０％以上,严重衰退林分要低５０％左右。实施保护地栽培林分应加强营林措施,调整冠层结构,增大叶面积指数,确保竹林持续经营。     

Dry forests in the Southern Interior of British Columbia: Historic disturbances and implications for restoration and management

We critically examine the hypothesis that dry forests in southern British Columbia evolved in the context of a low-severity fire-dominated disturbance regime, that fire suppression has led to ecological conditions which are radically different from the past, and that “restoration” initiatives are required to re-establish former ecological conditions. Four sources of information were used to infer historic disturbance regimes and forest condition and to quantify the nature of disturbance since the early 1900s: (1) patterns of annual and seasonal weather and lightning strikes, (2) topographic variability, (3) records of wildfire, insect attack, and timber harvesting practices, and (4) early systematic forest surveys.     

森林中的火干扰研究综述

介绍火灾资料分析、火疤木年轮分析等有关火干扰的研究方法.从林火干扰对森林更新、全球气候、森林景观结构维持生物多样性等几方面分析火干扰对森林的影响,认为火干扰的作用具有双重性.高强度火会导致森林生态系统内各种生物死亡,易使林木遭受病虫危害,从而破坏生态系统平衡;而低强度、小面积火的作用有利于改善森林环境,维持森林生态系统平衡,促进森林演替.     

旅游干扰下风景区生态系统作用机制分析

文章分析风景区的游憩活动和土地利用方式对风景区生态系统格局、过程和功能的影响,归纳风景区生态系统作用机制,提出应用耗散结构理论调控风景区内的环境与人的相互关系,以保证风景区生态系统的稳定性和健康性,实现风景区生态系统的可持续利用。       

取原状土的扰动分析

取土样及土工实验过程中产生的附加应力及应力释放，使土样产生扰动，从而使土样的原位有效应力产生变化，这一变化过程是不可避免的。     

中度干扰对不同光照条件下草地物种多样性的影响

生物多样性保护是全球范围内的生态学问题,以往的观念是,人类活动是导致生物多样性急剧下降的主要原因,所以全球范围内都加快了生态环境的保护。但目前很多的森林、草地及自然资源出现了过度保护现象,导致生物多样性并没有随着环境保护的加强而增多。为了研究干扰对物种多样性的影响,本文设计了在不同光照条件下的人为干扰实验,运用Margalef丰富度指数、Sinmpson指数、Shannon-Winener指数和Pielou均匀度指数,研究了无人为干扰和中度干扰在不同光照条件下对物种多样性和植物生物量的影响,并以此为生态服务和生物多样性保护策略提供依据。结果表明,不同人为干扰强度和光照强度对物种的数量特征和分布特征产生了影响,有人为干扰样方中的物种多样性比无人为干扰样方中的高,中度干扰样方中物种数量多于轻度干扰样方。有光照的样方中物种数量比荫蔽样方中的物种数量要高。光照强度和人为干扰对地面现存生物量有影响,并且光照强度的影响要大于人为干扰。     

Decision support for evaluating landscape departure and prioritizing forest management activities in a changing environment

We evaluated changes (hereafter, departures) in spatial patterns of various patch types of forested landscapes in two subwatersheds (“east” and “west”) in eastern Washington, USA, from the patterns of two sets of reference conditions; one representing the broad variability of pre-management era (∼1900) conditions, and another representing the broad variability associated with one possible warming and drying climate-change scenario. We used a diagnostic set of class and landscape spatial pattern metrics to compare current spatial patterns of test subwatersheds against the two sets of reference conditions. In a companion decision support model built with the EMDS modeling system, we considered the degree of departure in the subwatersheds, relative to the two sets of reference conditions along with two additional criteria (vulnerability to severe wildfire and timber harvest opportunity), to determine the relative priority of landscape restoration treatments, and the potential for timber harvest to underwrite the treatments. In the decision support model, the current spatial pattern conditions of physiognomic types, cover types, forest structural classes, and those of late-successional and old forest patches of the two subwatersheds were compared against the two sets of reference conditions. The degree of departure in spatial patterns of physiognomic conditions was moderate in both subwatersheds in the pre-management era and climate-change comparisons. The situation was similar for the cover-type departure analysis, but spatial patterns of cover types increased in similarity to the reference conditions in the western subwatershed under the climate-change scenario. Spatial patterns of structural conditions showed a high degree of departure in both subwatersheds when compared to either set of reference conditions, but similarity improved in the eastern subwatershed under the climate-change scenario. Spatial patterns of late-successional + old forest structure were strongly similar to the broad envelope of conditions represented by the pre-management era reference in the western and moderately similar in the eastern subwatershed, but declined in both subwatersheds when compared with the climate-change reference conditions. When the degree of departure in spatial patterns of all patch types was considered along with vulnerability to severe wildfire and timber harvest opportunity, the eastern subwatershed rated higher priority for landscape improvement using either set of reference conditions. We conclude by considering uncertainties inherent in the analysis approach, types of sensitivity analysis needed to investigate model performance, and broad implications for forest managers.     

Long-term influence of fire and harvesting on boreal forest age structure and forest composition in eastern Québec

In boreal forests, historical variations in the area disturbed by natural disturbances or harvesting have rarely been compared. We measured temporal and spatial variations in areas affected by severe fires and clearcutting throughout the 20th century in a 57, 332 km² section of the eastern Canadian boreal forest. We examined the effects of these disturbances on spatio-temporal variations in the abundance of forests >60 years. Natural variability for the abundance of forests >60 years was estimated from simulations of natural disturbance regimes. We also measured compositional and structural differences between three categories of stands originating from relatively recent disturbances (∼50 years; clearcutting, fires, and clearcutting followed by fires), and one category of stands that were undisturbed for at least 200 years. At the regional level, we observed that forests >60 years gradually became scarcer throughout the 20th century due to a gradual expansion of harvested areas, an effect most pronounced in the southern part of the region, where mature and old forest abundance was clearly outside the range of natural variability at the end of the studied period. At the stand level, forest composition and structure differed between stand-origin categories: clearcutting-origin stands contained more balsam fir (Abies balsamea), fire-origin stands more black spruce (Picea mariana), and fire/clearcutting-origin stands more hardwoods (Betula papyrifera and Populus tremuloides). Overall, we estimate that strict forest management targets based on natural disturbance regimes will be difficult to achieve in eastern North-American boreal forests, most notably because contemporary disturbance rates, including both clearcutting and fire, have gradually become higher than the fire rates observed during the preindustrial period.     

Ecological control of forest pest： a new strategy for forest pest control

In comparison with integrated pest management and chemical control, the authors put forward a new strategy of forest pest control, named ecological control of forest pest （ECFP）. This paper reviewed the development history, summarized the concept and principles of ECFP, discussed the technology and methods of ECFP, and evaluated the ECFP and its application conditions.     

Line thinning fosters the abundance and diversity of understory Hymenoptera (Insecta) in Japanese cedar (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cryptomeria japonica</Emphasis> D. Don) plantations

We investigated the effects of line thinning on the abundance of Hymenoptera in two Japanese cedar plantations in northern Hyogo Prefecture, central Japan, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of this silvicultural treatment for ecosystem management. Line thinning is a silvicultural treatment practiced in Japan, where linear stand sections are cut (25%–35% of the total number of trees) retaining one to two rows of trees. We used Malaise traps to capture Hymenoptera from the line-thinned stand (treatment plot, including thinned and retained sections) and the unthinned stand (control plot). Overall, the total number of Hymenoptera was greater in the treatment plot than in the control plot. The treatment plot hosted more functional groups and families of Hymenoptera than the control plot in both plantations. In the Kuchiotani plantation (high-elevation site), the overall abundance of Hymenoptera and of many Hymenopteran functional groups were positively correlated with both species richness and biomass of understory plants. In the Sugi plantation (low-elevation site), understory vegetation was less developed and there was no correlation with abundance of Hymenoptera. Our study indicates that line thinning is an effective silvicultural treatment for future management of overstocked Japanese cedar plantations because it can fulfill biodiversity objectives, but the effectiveness may depend on silvicultural and landscape factors.     

干扰对长白山北坡次生林群落结构和树种多样性的影响

阔叶红松(Pinus koraiensis)林为中国东北东部山地物种最丰富、生产力和生物量最高的森林群落类型,具有结构复杂、土壤肥力高、群落稳定性强的特点(徐振邦,1985).长白山区是阔叶红松林的核心分布区(吴方正,2003),但由于多年的采伐和其他人为干扰,形成了大面积的次生林.     

Altitudinal differences in bark stripping by sika deer in the subalpine coniferous forest of Mt. Fuji

Deer expansion is a growing concern for forest ecosystem management. In Japan, upward expansion to subalpine and alpine areas has reached alarming proportions in recent years. We examined bark stripping by sika deer along an altitudinal gradient in the subalpine coniferous forest at three altitude ranges (1800-2000 m, 2000-2200 m, and 2200-2400 m) on the southern slope of Mt. Fuji. We tested differences in densities and diameter at breast height (DBH) of trees and those with bark-stripped stems of all tree species among the three altitude ranges. Then, we compared the relative densities of deer, based on pellet counts, to determine the impact of deer in relation to deer use and forest stand patterns across the altitudinal range studied. The results of the study show that differences in bark stripping by sika deer depended largely on the elevation and the species. Larger stems were sparsely distributed in the lowest elevation zone between 1800 and 2000 m. The relative density of deer was highest in the areas exhibiting high bark-stripping intensity on small regenerating trees of the dominant coniferous species, Abies veitchii, and on broadleaf species. In the highest elevation zone between 2200 and 2400 m, smaller stems were densely distributed, and the relative deer density was lowest where the bark-stripping intensity on small stems was lower for all three species studied. The damage to subalpine tree stems corresponded to the availability of palatable tree species with a small diameter, as reflected by the successional stage along the elevational gradient of subalpine forest on Mt. Fuji. These results suggest that the continuous impact of bark stripping on the dominant tree species might cause severe changes in forest succession.     

宝天曼自然保护区林火干扰下不同恢复阶段栎林群落幼苗库动态特征

依据空间代替时间的方法,研究地表火干扰下不同恢复阶段栎类群落幼苗库的动态特征。结果表明:在地表火干扰后栎林群落内有木本幼苗25科37属49种,随着火烧迹地植被的恢复,乔木幼苗种类数量增多,灌木幼苗数量减少,但栎类幼苗始终占据优势;林下幼苗库的密度随恢复时间增加逐步变小,栎类幼苗密度则呈现出从高到低再升高然后变低的趋势,栎类幼苗密度在火后1年最高,平均达到(2.30±2.9)株·(10 m²)^-1;林下幼苗库恢复1年与恢复10年之间、恢复15年和对照林的密度差异显著,但恢复1年与恢复5年、恢复10年的幼苗库与对照林的幼苗密度之间没有显著差异;栎类幼苗密度变化出现2个过程,恢复1年与恢复5年、恢复10年与恢复15年幼苗密度之间有显著差异,但不同恢复阶段的栎类幼苗库与对照林相比没有显著差异;幼苗库不同恢复阶段的Shannon-Wiener指数(H')之间有极显著差异;相邻恢复阶段共有的幼苗物种较多,相似系数较大,以每2种不同恢复阶段的栎林群落进行比较,其共有物种数量为4～17种。随演替时间的增加,乔木实生苗比例逐渐增加,乔木根蘖苗的比例不断减少,到植被恢复后5年,栎类群落林下没有发现根蘖苗生存,而林下灌木幼苗也在恢复10年的群落内消失。林火干扰对栎类Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ级的幼苗高度分配和苗木转化率有显著影响,但火烧干扰对Ⅳ级以上幼苗的高度分布和转化率影响不显著。     

Moving riparian management guidelines towards a natural disturbance model: An example using boreal riparian and shoreline forest bird communities

Forest harvesting strategies that approximate natural disturbances have been proposed as a means of maintaining natural species’ diversity and richness in the boreal forests of North America. Natural disturbances impact shoreline forests and upland areas at similar rates. However, shoreline forests are generally protected from harvest through the retention of treed buffer strips. We examined bird community responses to forest management guidelines intended to approximate shoreline forest fires by comparing bird community structure in early (1–4 years) post-burned and harvested boreal riparian habitats and the adjacent shoreline forest. We sampled riparian areas with adjacent: (1) burned merchantable shoreline forest (n = 21), (2) burned non-merchantable shoreline forest (n = 29), (3) 10 m treed buffer with 25% retention in the next 30 m (n = 18), and (4) 30 m treed buffer (n = 21). Only minor differences were detected in riparian species’ abundance and bird community composition between treatments with greater differences in these parameters occurring between post-fire and post-harvest upland bird communities. Indicators of all merchantable treatments were dominated by upland species with open-habitat species and habitat generalists being typical upland indicator species of burned merchantable habitats and forest specialists typical upland indicators of harvested treatments. Riparian species indicative of burned riparian habitats were Common Yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas), Le Conte’s Sparrow (Ammodramus leconteii) and Eastern Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus) and indicators of 30 m buffers were Alder Flycatcher (Empidonax alnorum) and Wilson’s Warbler (Wilsonia pusilla). Multivariate Redundancy Analysis (RDA) of the overall (riparian and upland birds) community showed greater divergence than RDA with only riparian species suggesting less effect of fire and forestry on riparian birds than on upland birds. Higher natural range of variability (NRV) of overall post-fire bird communities compared to post-harvest communities emphasizes that harvesting guidelines currently do not achieve this level of variability. However, lack of a large negative effect on common riparian species in the first 4 years post-disturbance allows for the exploration of alternative shoreline forest management that better incorporates bird community composition of post-fire riparian areas and shoreline forests.     

论公路养护管理的紧迫性和重要性

强化管理,科学决策,才能全面改变和提高公路桥梁整体服务水平。公路养护管理的紧迫性和重要性被一些相关的管理部门所忽视,其危害是极其巨大的,应引起我们足够的重视.     

5种箬竹属竹种叶绿素荧光特性的比较

利用叶绿素荧光成像技术研究了5种箬竹属（Indocalamus Nakai）竹种叶片光合作用的横向异质性,结果表明,吸光系数Abs、PSⅡ最大量子产量Fv/Fm、光化学淬灭qP的异质性较低,非光化学淬灭NPQ的异质性较高。比较稳态荧光和荧光日变化,胜利箬竹的Fv/Fm、PSⅡ实际量子产量Yield、相对电子传递速率ETR都保持相对较高水平,矮箬竹和小叶箬竹则较低。